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Fig. 1 BMI indices depicting obesity (in kg/m2)

Normal

18.5 - 24.9

Overweight

25 -29

Obese

30 -39

C. S. Kılıç

Severe obesity

(morbid)

≥ 40

in the nature such as avonols, isoavanones, isoavonoids, avones, avans-3-ol, and anthocyanins [2, 21]. General structures of some of these groups are given in Fig.2.

These secondary metabolites have different mode of actions, which contribute to their anti-obesity activities. Possible mode of actions found in the literature are summarized collectively in Fig.3 [9, 13, 21–23].

These mode of actions can be summarized as follows:

– Energy expenditure boosters/regulators: Energy

expenditure can be classied into physical activity, oblig-

atory energy expenditure, and adaptive thermogenesis.

Energy expenditure stimulants such as capsaicin, caffeine,

and green tea work to increase energy expenditure with

the establishment of non-shivering thermogenesis and

thus dissipate excessive energy in the form of heat [2].

– Bulk producers and laxatives: Bulk producers such as

dietary bers result in a sense of fullness and also reduce

appetite. Laxatives on the other hand make way for rapid

excretion of foods and water that can contribute to weight

loss [2].

– Lipase inhibitors (pancreatic lipase inhibition):

Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme of the lipid metabolism

that is associated with the absorption of dietary triglycer-

ides, and thus, when inhibited, fat hydrolysis will also be

inhibited and fat absorption will be reduced [13, 24].

– Appetite suppressants and controllers: Appetite sup-

pressants have the ability to control hunger centers that

are found in the brain and end up in a sense of fullness/

satiety [2].

– Lipid metabolism regulators—thermogenesis:

Suppression of white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion

and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is also an important approach in the ght against obesity [13]. WAT is responsible for energy storage since it converts excess energy and stores it in its cells in the form of TG.However, BAT has a vast number of mitochondria, consumes bioenergy, and emits it in the form of nontremor thermogenesis as it maintains body temperature and energy consumption. Recently, a third type of adipocyte was identied in WAT.These newly found adipocytes are called beige adipocytes and resemble brown adipocytes with higher UCP1 levels. It was understood that the conversion of WAT into beige adipocytes could be achieved with exposure to cold or stimulation with medications and/or hormones and it could provide protection against obesity and insulin resistance [7].

– Preadipocyte/adipocyte apoptosis: Apoptosis of preadi-

pocytes and adipocytes results in decrease in lipid mass, and this effect was found to be longer lasting compared to lipid mobilization and lipolysis [23].

– Lipolysis: Stimulation of hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG)

diminishes fat depots [2]. Hypolipidemic activity acts on plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lowers their concentrations [13].

– α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: α-Amylase

and α-glucosidase enzymes function in the digestion of carbohydrates; thus, inhibition of these enzymes would result in inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption [13].

– Adipocyte differentiation regulators/preventers: These

agents work to suppress late-phase adipocyte differentiation and thus suppress lipogenesis [2].

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Flavone

Flavonol

Flavanone

Flavanol

Anthocyanidins

Fig. 2 Structures of some avonoid subgroups (structures are drawn by Chem & Bio 3D 12.0)

Isoflavone

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Fig. 3 Possible mode of actions of secondary metabolites contributing to anti-obesity activity

C. S. Kılıç

2 Plants Against Obesity

As we have mentioned before, plants are important natural sources having various secondary metabolites with varying biological activities; therefore, it is no surprise that plants have been examined for their anti-obesity activities as rstline treatment. With less side effects compared to synthetic medications or invasive processes such as bariatric surgery, plants have become the rst treatment of choice for many individuals who are obese or overweight. For this purpose, plant parts, extracts prepared from plants, and compounds isolated from plants were investigated for their anti-obesity activities.

There are literally hundreds of reviews along with research studies performed on anti-obesity activities of different plant species. In this chapter, reviews were excluded and individual research studies performed on plants were included, but as you may acknowledge, it is not possible to include every single study, so relatively newer research studies were tried to be included. In Table1, plants with effects that contribute to anti-obesity activity are provided with their Latin names, family names, and used parts. While Latin names are provided, recent changes with respect to plant and family names were checked from “The World Flora Online” website (formerly known as “The Plant List”) and plants

were given both with the names that were provided by the authors of the respective papers as synonyms and their accepted names.

When we look at the table, we can see that edible plants and some spice plants are also present in addition to medicinal plants. Furthermore, some of them are being used in traditional medicine for different purposes, some of which contribute to overall anti-obesity activity. For example, Momordica charantia from Cucurbitaceae family is a wellknown remedy against diabetes [209, 210]. In Table1, it can be seen that fruits of the plant also have hypophagic activity [137] and the leaves are inhibitors of pancreatic lipase enzyme that also contribute to its traditional and clinical usage as an anti-obesity remedy [138]. Photographs related to this plant species and the prepared traditional remedy are given in Fig.4.

In addition to these aforementioned plant species, some plants are used in combination with different plants as mixtures, and some of them are even being sold with different brand names. As you can see in Table2 below, plant species that are involved in these mixtures/combinations have a kind of individual anti-obesity activity. Therefore, combinations of them would yield more effects due to synergistic and/or additive effects. Yun [20] also mentioned this issue and stated that more effective treatments could

Herbal Medicines fortheManagement ofObesity

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Kumar etal. [27]

Athesh and Jothi [28]

Choi etal. [29]

Chege etal. [33]

109

(continued)

Park etal. [41]

Lee etal. [42]

Kim etal. [43]

Lee etal. [42]

Şener etal. [34]

Sung etal. [35]

Sung etal. [37, 38]

Sung etal. [39]

Yang etal. [40]

Martineau etal. [44]

Şener etal. [34]

levels (roots are rst detoxied with an ayurvedic method)

of dietary fat

cholesterol degradation

secretion

3T3-L1 adipocytes, ameliorates excess BW and AW gain

lipogenesis, thus inhibits fat accumulation and serum lipid

levels, decreases adipocyte size, alters adipocytokine

secretion

Improves TAG, TC, LDL-C, free fatty acids, HDL-c serum

levels, and adiponectin levels

blood lipid proles

body fat mass

Leaves Decreases body weight and adipose tissue gains, reduces

lipid accumulation

Reduces body fat, ameliorates weight control, lowers

hyperlipidemia

accumulation

Anti-adipogenic as a partial inhibitor for PPARγ

black)

(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma), slows

down adipogenesis

Leaves Lowers BW (in diabetic rats) Javaid and Waheed [47]

Plant name Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References

Acer truncatum Bunge Sapindaceae Leaves Decreases BW, AW, and AW-BW ratio Gao etal. [25]

Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Seeds Antihyperlipidemic Khan etal. [26]

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ranunculaceae Roots Decreases BW along with BG, TG, TC; increases HDL

Table 1 Plant species having various effects contributing to anti-obesity activity

Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae Rhizomes Inhibits pancreatic lipase, thus delays intestinal absorption

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. Campanulaceae Roots Hypocholesterolemic, reduces cholesterol and increases

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae Aerial parts Reduces TAG and modulates pancreatic digestive enzymes Kasabri etal. [30]

Adinandra nitida Merr ex. H.L.L. Pentaphylaceae Leaves Anti-adipogenic Yuan etal. [31]

Aegle marmelos (L.= Correa) Rutaceae Leaves Anti-adipogenic Karmase etal. [32]

Agave sisalana Perrine Asparagaceae Young leaves Antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, modulates insulin

Agrimonia eupatoria L. Rosaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase

Akebia quinata (Thunb. Ex Houtt.) Decne. Lardizabalaceae Fruits Improves serum lipid proles, reduces differentiation of

Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Leaves Decrease in body weight, fat mass, glucose, and lipids [36]

Allium stulosum L. Amaryllidaceae Bulbs and roots Downregulates expression of genes functioning in

Allium hookeri Thwaites Amaryllidaceae Roots Prevents BW gain, improves insulin resistance, decreases

Allium sacculiferum Maxim Amaryllidaceae Aerial parts Inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by decreasing

Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Bulbs (aged and

Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng Amaryllidaceae Aerial parts Inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by decreasing lipid

Alnus incana (L.) Moench Betulaceae Branch barks

Alnus nepalensis D.Don Betulaceae Leaves Anti-adipogenic Lamichhane etal. [45]

Aloe vera L. Asphodelaceae Whole plant Decreases plasma levels of glucose and lipids Pothuraju etal. [46]

Amaranthus albus L. Amaranthaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase

Amaranthus dubius Mart. Ex Thell. Amaranthaceae Leaves Decrease in BMI, food intake, and serum lipid levels Nderitu etal. [48]

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Kumar etal. [64]

El-Shazly etal. [50]

Elekofehinti etal. [51]

Moreno etal. [54]

Yamamoto etal. [56]

Muralidharan [59]

Kim etal. [61]

Kim and Choung [65]

El-Maoula [67]

Leonido [68]

Zhang etal. [69]

Reduces BW and lipid proles Singh etal. [62]

Reduces BW and adiposity Khalid etal. [63]

Inhibits lipase and amylase, suppresses appetite, reduces the

level of adipocytes

accumulation, reduces size and number of adipocytes,

downregulates lipogenesis, and upregulates fatty acid

oxidation at transcriptional level of genes related to lipid

metabolism

protein) and upregulates STATA-3 genes that result in the

reduction of food intake

Lythraceae Aerial parts Improves hyperglycemia and lipid prole Swilam etal. [49]

tract, reduces adipocyte lipolysis

accumulation, antidiabetic

serum lipid parameters, attenuates excessive lipid

accumulation in white adipocyte tissue and liver

Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Inhibits high-fat diet-induced weight gain, normalizes

expression of genes involved in lipogenesis

leaves)

Basellaceae Leaves Anti-adipogenic via regulating AMPK activity and

Brassicaceae Seeds Reduces BW, improves lipid levels Eldamaty and Abd

total cholesterol excretion

Theaceae Flowers Reduces food intake, increases feces total triglycerides and

Ammannia baccifera L. subsp. aegyptiaca

(Willd.) Koehne (syn. for

Plant name Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References

Table 1 (continued)

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Bromeliaceae Juice Decreases WG, body serum lipid, hepatic lipid

Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Leaves Downregulates FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated

Annona squamosal L. Annonaceae Leaves Lipase inhibitory activity Gorla and Shankar [52]

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Basellaceae Leaves Inhibition of BW gain Sukandar etal. [53]

Arachis hypogaea L. Fabaceae Nutshell Anti-lipase, inhibits fat absorption in the gastrointestinal

Artemisia campestris L. Asteraceae Leaves Decrease in BW, hepatic TG, and TC levels Belgacem etal. [55]

Artemisia princeps Pamp. Asteraceae Aerial parts Suppresses hyperleptinemia, prevents hepatic lipid

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae Bracts (modied

Boussingaulti gracilis var.

pseudobaselloides (Hauman) L.H.Bailey

(syn. for Anredera cordifolia (Ten.)

Steenis)

Brassica napus L. Brassicaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase Jaradat etal. [66]

Brassica rapa subsp. rapa (syn. for

Brassica rapa L.)

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae Leaves Reduces BW and decreases parametrial fat Chichioco-Hernandez and

Camellia nitidissima C.W.Chi (syn. for

Artocarpus lacucha Roxb. Ex Buch.-Ham. Moraceae Stem, bark Anti-adipogenic Lamichhane etal. [45]

Atractylodes lancea DC. Asteraceae Rhizomes Inhibits lipase Jiao etal. [57]

Bauhinia purpurea L. Fabaceae Bark Decreases TC, TG, LDL, increases HDL Ramgopal etal. [58]

Bauhinia variegate L. Fabaceae Bark Decreases cholesterol, TG, VLDL levels, and body weight Balamurgan and

Blumea balsamifera DC. Asteraceae Leaves Suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes Kubota etal. [60]

Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.

(syn. for Boesenbergia rotunda (L.)

Mansf.)

Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Roots

Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy)

Herbal Medicines fortheManagement ofObesity

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Kongchian etal. [71]

Dramane etal. [73]

Kazemipoor etal. [74]

Garg and Singh [62]

Leonido [68]

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(continued)

82, 83]

Choi etal. [83]

Sharma etal. [84]

Patil etal. [77]

Şener etal. [34]

Shalaby and Saifan [79]

Chidrawar etal. [81]

Gopinathan and Naveenraj

[

Gomaa etal. [85]

Rahman etal. [87]

Al-Hallaq etal. [88]

Rajech etal. [89]

Decreases BW, TG, LDL-C, TC, atherosclerosis index,

increases HDL-c

Inhibits pancreatic lipase and trypsin, reduces weight and

Apocynaceae Whole plant Reduces BW, plasma TG, and glycemia Dramane etal. [72]

accumulation

HDL-c levels, inhibits intestinal lipid absorption

food intake

carbohydrate intake

levels of glucose, TG, TC, LDL, VLDL and increases HDL,

decreases body fat stores

Leaves Reduces weight gain and food intake, decreases serum

Fabaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase Habtemariam [75]

Caulerpaceae Thallus Inhibits lipase Nurkolis etal. [76]

hypothalamus, resulting in thermogenesis and lipolysis

Fixed oil of the seeds Inhibits lipase Rosselli etal. [78]

decreases BG and leptin, and increases serum insulin levels

Lauraceae Bark Reduces BW, body fat mass, improves lipid prole,

dietary fats, inhibits pancreatic lipase activity

via inhibition of pancreatic amylase and lipase activity

Leaves Delays absorption of dietary sugar and fat by the intestines

Campanulaceae Roots Improves the restraint of excessive adipose formation and

Convolvulaceae Whole plant Reduces BW and TC, LDL-C, and TG levels, increases

adiponectin

TG levels, increases HDL-c levels

Inhibits enzymes related to carbohydrate and lipid digestion

and absorption

BG levels

fruits

Rosaceae Flowers, leaves,

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Theaceae Leaves Anti-lipase Sharma etal. [70]

Caralluma acutangula (Decne) N.E.Br

(syn. for Desmidorchis retrospiciens

Ehrenb.)

Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Seeds Controls hunger, suppresses appetite, decreases

Cassia auriculata L. (syn. for Senna

auriculata (L.) Roxb.)

Cassia stula L. Fabaceae Leaves Reduces BW and decreases parametrial fat Chichioco-Hernandez and

Caulerpa lentillifera J.Agardh (Green

algae species)

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Leaves Acts on the thermoregulation center found in the

Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil., A.Juss &

Cambess.) Ravenna

Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. for

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl)

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Fruits Reduces BW and food intake Sanadgol etal. [80]

Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.)

Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv.

Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy

Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f Lamiaceae Roots Decreases BW and food intake, decreases absorption of

(convolvulus prostratus Forssk.)

Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Leaves Anti-lipase, inhibition of leptin resistance, increases

Corydalis bungeana Turcz. Papaveraceae Whole plant Reduces BW and lowers lipids Fu etal. [86]

Cosmos caudatus Kunth Asteraceae Leaves Reduces BW, visceral fat mass, plasma TC, LDL-C, and

Crataegus aronia Bosc. (syn. for Crataegus

azarolus var. aronia L.)

Crotalaria juncea L. Fabaceae Leaves Prevents BW gain, decreases cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL,

Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Leaves Decrease in BMI, food intake, and serum lipid levels Nderitu etal. [48]

Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Seeds Raises HDL levels, decreases LDL, cholesterol, TG levels Akmal and Itrat [90]

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C. S. Kılıç

Khalid etal. [93]

kidneys

Bhandari etal. [96]

Al-Yousef etal. [97]

Bahari etal. [98]

and leptin sensitivity

Inhibits pancreatic lipase and α-amylase enzymes

Choi etal. [100]

suppression of AMPK activation in hypothalamus, reduces

body weight

differentiation

Patel and Kumar [102]

Inhibits pancreatic lipase and α-amylase

Azizian etal. [103]

Ntchapda etal. [104]

size

atherogenic activity

Guo etal. [106]

Kongchian etal. [71]

and in liver

atherosclerosis index, increases HDL-c

Sung etal. [37, 38]

Lee etal. [109]

TC, triglyceride, LDL-C levels

thermogenesis, lipolysis, and fat oxidation, reduces

lipogenesis

Khateib [111]

Şener etal. [34]

Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Rhizomes Anti-adipogenic, reduces leptin and serum lipids Majeed etal. [91]

Plant name Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References

Table 1 (continued)

Tubers and rhizomes Lipase inhibitor, decreases TG levels Wongchum etal. [92]

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Barks Decrease in BW, food intake, TC, protects the liver and the

Desmostachya bipinnata L. Poaceae Aerial parts Anti-hyperlipidemic Deepika etal. [94]

Docynia indica (Colebr.) Decne Rosaceae Fruit Hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, decreases BW Loan etal. [95]

Embelia ribes Burm.f Primulaceae Fruits BW gain suppression, reducing lipids, improving insulin

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Zingiberaceae Fruits

Elateriospermum tapos Blume Euphorbiaceae Fruits Decreases calorie intake, reduces fat accumulation via

Fruits Attenuates hyperlipidemia Sarma etal. [108]

Zygophyllaceae Aerial parts

Apiaceae Gum Decreases BW, abdominal fat, and epididymal adipocyte

L. Bark Reduces BW Nasution etal. [105]

Ephedra alata Decne. Ephedraceae Fruits Lipase inhibition Jaradat etal. [99]

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers Asteraceae Leaves and stems Inhibition of lipid accumulation, ROS formation, adipocyte

Eurycoma longifolia Jack Simaroubaceae Roots Increases lipolysis Lahrita etal. [101]

Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Leaves Lipase inhibitory activity Gorla and Shankar [52]

Fagonia cretica L. (syn. for Zygophyllum

creticum (L.) Christenh. & Byng)

Ferula asafoetida H.Karst (syn. for

Narthex asafetida Falner ex. Lindl.)

Ficus glumosa Delile Moraceae Leaves Prevents elevation of TC, LDL-C, VLDL-c, also has

Ficus racemosa

Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Oleaceae Seeds Reduces BW gain, attenuates lipid accumulation in serum

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Ex T.Anderson Clusiaceae Fruits Decreases BW, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, TC,

Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Fruit juice Anti-dyslipidemic Nampoothiri etal. [107]

Geraniaceae Leaves Reduces weight gain and adipose tissue, improves serum

Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex

Buch.-Ham.

Geranium thunbergii Siebold ex. Lindl. &

Paxton

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch Fabaceae Roots Induces subcutaneous adipocyte browning, augments

Thymelaeaceae Leaves Inhibits lipid peroxidation Arika etal. [110]

Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg. (syn. for

Leaves Decreases BW, leptin hormone, and lipid prole Abdel-Rahman and

Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresen.)

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. Apocynaceae Whole plant Decreases plasma levels of glucose and lipids Pothuraju etal. [46]

Hancornia speciosa Gomes Apocynaceae Leaves Controls postprandial hyperglycemia Dos Santos etal. [112]

Helichrysum compactum Boiss. Asteraceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase

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Han etal. [116]

Lodi etal. [117]

fat area

Inhibits pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase enzymes

Tokgöz and Altan [119]

Iftikhar etal. [120]

triglyceride biosynthesis

levels

[121]

Antunes etal. [122]

Miyazaki etal. [124]

Unuon etal. [125]

uid intake and excretion of feces

size and hepatic fat accumulation

Inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase

]

Kumar etal. [126

Inhibits α-amylase, lipoprotein lipase

Jang and Choung [129]

Alleviates hyperlipidemia Banke and Tyagi [128]

layers, adipocyte size and number

Hifnawy etal. [130]

Inhibits α-glucosidase and lipase

Zanchet etal. [131]

circumference

Seo etal. [133]

(continued)

Vadivelu etal. [134]

acting on lipid metabolism

pancreatic lipase

Aerial parts Reduces expression of Dgat1 gene responsible for

Apocynaceae Aerial parts Decreases food consumption and body mass van Heerden etal. [114]

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Calyx Anti-pancreatic lipase, anti-alpha-glucosidase Krishnamurthy etal. [113]

Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex

Decne.

Hoodia pilifera (L.f.) Plowes

Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae Leaves Reduces lipid absorption, inhibition of pancreatic lipase Kato etal. [115]

Cactaceae Pulp and peel

Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Hydrangeaceae Leaves Decreases BW and fat mass, reduces BMI, total abdominal

Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) Britton &

Rose (syn. for Selenicereus monacanthus

(Lem.) D.R.Hunt)

Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae Whole plant Decreases BW, TC, LDL-C, TG, glucose, insulin Husain etal. [118]

Irvingiaceae Bark Reduces BW and fasting blood sugar Omonkhua and Onoagbe

Illicium verum Hook.f Schisandraceae Fruits Decreases BW increase, serum TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex

O’Rorke) Baill.

Fabaceae Leaves

Jacaranda decurrens Cham. Bignoniaceae Leaves Reduces body mass and white adipose tissue, increases

Jatropha tanjorensis J.L.Ellis & Saroja Euphorbiaceae Leaves Lowers cholesterol Amaechi etal. [123]

Kaempferia parviora Wall. Ex Baker Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Improves leptin resistance, prevents BW gain, decreases fat

Kedrostis africana Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Tubers

Kingiodendron pinnatum (Roxb. Ex DC.)

Harms (syn. for Prioria pinnata (Roxb. Ex

DC.) Breteler)

Laminariaceae Thallus Decreases BW gain, food intake, serum and liver lipid

Lagerstroemia parviora Roxb. Lythraceae Leaves Antihyperglycemic Tanquilut etal. [127]

Laminaria japonica J.E.Areschoug (syn.

for Saccharina japonica (J.E.Areschoug)

C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl &

seeds

Arecaceae Fruit pericarps and

G.W.Saunders)

Livistona carinensis (Chiou.) J.Dransf. &

N.W.Uhl

Litsea monopetala Pers. Lauraceae Stem, bark Anti-adipogenic Lamichhane etal.[45]

Lycium barbarum L. Solanaceae Fruits Decreases lipid peroxidation, LDL cholesterol, waist

Lycium chinense Mill. Leaves Lowers BW and serum TG and LDL-C levels Kang etal. [132]

Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance Primulaceae Whole plant Anti-adipogenesis activity, inducing lipid breakdown by

Macrotyloma uniorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae Leaves, seeds Reduces BW, decreases fat absorption via inhibiting

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Kalai etal. [151]

Utami etal. [135]

Barbalho etal. [136]

Jambocus etal. [139]

Ogundipe etal. [140]

Elarabany etal. [141]

Yimam etal. [142]

Zor etal. [145]

Bano etal. [147]

Farhangi etal. [148]

Mahmoudi etal. [149]

Noor etal. [152]

Choi etal. [156, 157]

Kiran and Raju [158]

Anti-α-amylase activity, reduces carbohydrate absorption

and dietary lipid

and increases HDL-c

enhances lipid metabolism in the liver

proles (plasma TG and plasma LDL levels), improves

plasma levels of insulin and leptin

Inhibits α-lipase and α-amylase

HDL-c

syndrome

Leaves Inhibits pancreatic lipase Karale etal. [138]

Inhibits α-amylase and pancreatic lipase

LDL, increases HDL

Improves serum lipids and reduces BW (in patients with

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

induces weight loss via exerting effect of UCP-1

(uncoupling protein-1) at gene and protein levels

Decreases BW, TC, TG, BG, increases HDL Saiju etal. [150]

Inhibits α-amylase enzyme, also has anti-lipase activity

Lamiaceae Leaves Reduces BW gain, hypolipidemic Seyedan etal. [155]

via AMPK activation, downregulates adipogenic

transcription factors

excess BW, cholesterol, and TG concentrations

Seeds Alleviates dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia De Campos etal. [160]

Malus domestica Baumg. Rosaceae Fruits

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Sapotaceae Leaves and fruit pulp Decreases glycemia, insulin, leptin, cholesterol, TG levels

Plant name Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References

Table 1 (continued)

Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Fruits Hypophagic Bano and Akhter [137]

Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae Leaves Inhibits lipase, reduces weight gain, improves plasma lipid

Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Leaves

Moringa peregrina Fiori Seed oil Decreases BW and BMI, TC, TG, and LDL-C, increases

Morus alba L. Moraceae Root bark Controls appetite, manages BW, improves metabolic

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Leaves Anti-lipase activity Birari etal. [143]

Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Fruits Activates AMPK enzyme in differentiated C2C12 cells Nguyen etal. [144]

Nasturtium ofcinale R.Br. Brassicaceae Aerial parts

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae Leaves Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic Zhang etal. [146]

Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Seeds Decreases BW and food intake, BG, serum cholesterol, TG,

Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Leaves and owers

Ocimum gratissimum L. Leaves Reduces BW gain and adipocytes Chao etal. [153]

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Bignoniaceae Bark Inhibits adipogenesis and pancreatic lipase Mangal etal. [154]

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. Nitrariaceae Shoots Lowers LDL, glucose, and TG levels, increases HDL,

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (syn. for

Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus)

Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. Apiaceae Leaves Inhibits adipocyte differentiation, stimulates glucose uptake

Phytolacca americana L. Phytolaccaceae Berries Suppresses appetite, increases metabolic rate, reduces

Picralima nitida T.Durand & H.Durand Apocynaceae Leaves Antidiabetic Teugwa etal. [159]

Herbal Medicines fortheManagement ofObesity

https://t.me/medicina_free

Pekacar and Deliorman

Orhan [163]

[164]

Ping etal. [165]

De Morais Lima etal.

[166]

Sung etal. [167]

Martineau etal. [44]

115

(continued)

Bahadori etal. [169]

Simao etal. [171]

Kamiya etal. [172]

Choi etal. [156, 157]

Leonido [68]

Olonsan etal. [173]

Nikam etal. [174]

Honore etal. [176]

Balamurgan [177]

El-shiekh etal. [179]

Inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme

TC, TG, LDL-C, hepatic triglyceride, and hepatic TC

Leaves

and LDL-C

leptin levels, adipocyte size, and lipogenic gene expression

Anti-adipogenic as a complete agonist for PPARγ, limiting

clonal expansion of pre-adipocytes

Reduces BW Azizah etal. [168]

Inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase

Rosaceae Stem bark Lowers serum TC, TAG, LDL-C, increases HDL-c Xia etal. [170]

Inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase

Fabaceae Leaves Inhibits pancreatic lipase Karale etal. [138]

L. (syn. for Cullen

in white adipose tissue, and thermogenesis in brown

adipose tissue

increase, suppression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis

Fabaceae Flowers Suppression of lipogenesis in the liver, increasing lipolysis

improves insulin sensitivity

adiposity index

serum TG levels, improves adipokine proles

leptin levels, improves insulin resistance

Smilacaceae Roots Reduces BW gain, fat depots, serum lipids, glucose, insulin,

steatosis, decreases lipogenesis, modulates adipokine

activities

Apocynaceae Aerial parts Controls weight gain, improves lipid prole, attenuates liver

Piper betle L. Piperaceae Leaves Inhibits pancreatic lipase Daud etal. [161]

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Inhibits pancreatic lipase Daud etal. [161]

Pistacia atlantica Desf. Anacardiaceae Roots Lipase inhibitory activity Ben Hmed etal. [162]

Pistacia vera L. Leaves

Plantago asiatica L. Plantaginaceae Seeds Decreases abdominal white/brown adipocyte size, serum

Plantago depressa Willd.

Platonia insignis Mart Clusiaceae Seed butter Shows positive effects on lipid prole, especially on HDL-c

Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae Aerial parts Reduces BW gain, adipose tissue weight, serum triglyceride

Populus balsamifera L. Salicaceae Branch barks

Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase Jaradat etal. [66]

Prangos gaubae (Bornm.) Herrnst. & Heyn Apiaceae Aerial parts

Prunus mume Koehne (syn. for Prunus

mume var. tonsa Rehder)

Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Leaves

Psoralea corylifolia

corylifolium (L.) Medik.)

Pueraria thomsonii Benth. (syn. for

Pueraria montana Subsp. Thomsonii

(Benth.) M.R.Almeida)

Salvia plebeia R.Br. Lamiaceae Aerial parts Attenuation of fat accumulation, prevention of BW

Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Leaves Reduces BW and decreases parametrial fat Chichioco-Hernandez and

Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock Leaves Hypoglycemic, decreases body glucose and HbG levels,

Sesbania grandiora (L.) Poir Fabaceae Flowers Antihyperlipidemic, reduces BW, BMI, obesity index,

Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Poaceae Seeds Hypoglycemic, reduces TC, TG, LDL, increases HDL Rani etal. [175]

Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob Asteraceae Roots Suppresses BW, food intake, adipose tissue weight and size,

Smilax chinensis (F.T.Wang) P.Li &

C.X.Fu

Solanum nigrum Acerbi ex Dunal Solanaceae Leaves Reduces BW, inhibits pancreatic lipase activity Aabideen etal. [178]

Solenostemma argel (Delile) Hayne (syn.

for Solenostemma oleifolium (Nectoux)

Bullock & E.A.Bruce ex Maire)

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