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Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
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Table 1 List of Antidiabetic medicinal plants and their mode of action
Plant source Parts used Mode of action References
1. Abies pindrow (pinaceae) Whole plant Increased secretion of insulin [32]
2. Acacia arabica (leguminosae) Seed Increased secretion of insulin [32]
3. Agrimony eupatoria (leaves) Seed Increased secretion of insulin [32]
4. Aloe barbadensis (liliaceae) Leaves Increased secretion of insulin [33]
5. Allium sativum Bulb DPP-4 inhibition [34]
6. Achyranthus aspera (amaranthaeeae) Whole plant Carbohydrate digestion and absorption [35]
7. Aegle marmelos Enhanced insulin release [36, 37]
8. Annona squamosa (annonaceae) Leaves Insulin secretagogue [32]
9. Averrhoa bilimbi (oxalidaceae) Leaves Insulin secretagogue [38]
10. Azadirachta indica Leaves Hypoglycemic effect [36, 39]
11. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Seed
12. Bauhinia forcate link (leguminosae) Leaves Hypoglycemic effect [40]
13. Castanospermum australe Seed DPP-IV inhibition [41]
14. Cathanthrus roseus (apocynaeceae) Leaf Free radical scavenging action [42]
15. Bixa Orellana (bixaceae) Aerial parts Enhanced insulin release [32]
16. Boerhaavia diffusa (nyctaginaceae) Leaves Enhanced insulin release [43]
17. Camellia sinensis (theaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
18. Capsicum frutescens (solanaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
19. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (lauraceae) Dalchini Insulinotropic effect [43]
20. Coccinia indica Leaves Insulinotropic effect [36]
21. Cinnamomum tamala – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
22. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
23. Eucalyptus globulus (myrtaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
24. Eugenia jambolana – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
25. Ficus bengalensis (moraceae) Bark Insulin secretagogues [36, 44]
26. Ficus glomerata Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
27. Ginkgo biloba Leaves Insulin secretion [45]
28. Moringa oleifera – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
29. Momordica charantia – Glucose utilization in the liver [36, 46, 47]
30. Murraya koenigii L.Spreng (rutaceae) Leaves
31. Ocimum sanctum Inorescence Blood glucose lowering effect [39]
32. Pterocarpus marsupium Hard wood Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
33. Premna integrifolia Leaves Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
34. Swertia chirayata (gentianaceae) Whole plant Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
35. Scoparia dulcis (scrophulariaceae) – Hypoglycemic effect
36. Sesbenia aegyptiaca – Hypoglycemic effect [36]
37. Tinospora crispa (menispermaceae) – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
38. Tragia involucrata Whole plant Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
39. T. foenum-graecum Seed Decreased insulin resistance [36]
40. Terminalia bellirica Fruit pulp Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
41. Tinospora cordifollia Stem Decreased insulin resistance [36]
42. Trichosanthes cucumerina Seeds Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
43. Tribulus terrestris Aerial part
44. Vinca rosea (apocynaceae) Leaves Free radical scavenging action [36]
45. Gymnema sylvestre Leaves Blood glucose lowering effect [36, 39]
46. Zingiber ofcinale (zingiberaceae) Rhizome Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, increased GLUT-2 activity
α-glucosidase and α-amylaseinhibition
Increased insulin secretion and regeneration of β-cells in islets
[34]
[48, 49]
[50]
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intestinal enzymes (α-amylase and glucosidase). Steroidal
alkaloids, holaphylline and sarcovagine-D, isolated from
chloroform extract of Sarcococa saligna possess hypoglycemic effect [95]. Combretum dolichopetalum shows promising antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
when treated with isolated compound Echinulin and arestric-
tin B from its roots extract [96]. Berberis aristata shows
dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibiting activity due to Berberine
[86]. Castanospermine, 7-deoxy-6-epi-castanospermine, and
australine obtained from the seed extract of Castanospermum
australe are responsible for showing DPP-IV inhibition
activity in wistar rats [97].
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Table 2 List of antidiabetic medicinal plants phytoconstituents
Active constituents Plant source References
Alkaloids
Allylpropyl disulde, allicin, alliin, diallyl trisulde Allium sativum [34]
Carbazole derivatives: bisgerayafoline D, bismahanimbinol, bispyrayafoline,
O-methyl mahanine, mahanine
Betaine, achyranthine, β-ecdysone
Aegelin, marmesin, marmelosin Aegle marmelos [34, 37]
Gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin Artocarpus heterophyllus [34]
Kaempferitrin Bauhinia forcate link [34]
Castanospermine, australine Castanospermum austral
Catharanthine, vindoline, vindolinene vinblastine, vincristine Cathanthrus roseus, Vinca rosea [36, 39]
Ginkgolides Ginkgo biloba
Barberin Tinospora cordifollia, Barberis aristata [36, 52]
Sotolon, trigonelline, gentianine Trigonella foenum [53, 54]
Harmine, pinoline Tribulus terrestris [55]
Leucocyanidin (3-O-ß- Dgalactosylcellobioside), glucoside of
leucopelargonidin, 3-O-alfa-L-rhamnoside, leucodelphinidine
Anthraquinones
Aloin, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, emodin, crysophanic acid Aloe vera, Cassia tora [56]
Vicine Momordica charantia [57]
Rhein, torachrysone, toralactone, alaternin Cassia tora [58]
Camphor, eugenol, trans-β- ocimene, geraniol, α-pinene, limonene, p-cymene,
1,8-cineole, thujone
Gurmarin, betaine, choline, trimethylamine Gymnema sylvestre [58]
Alaternin, aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin Senna obtusifolia [58]
Aurantioobtusin, catenarin S. obtusifolia [58]
Chrysophanol Rheum undulatum [59]
Aloe-emodin Cassia stula [60]
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone Juncus setchuensis [61]
Lucidin primeveroside Morinda citrifolia [57]
Physcion, rhein Rheum emodi [62]
S-allyl cysteine, allicin, apigenin, alliin Allium sativum [34, 63]
Gurmarin, betaine, choline, trimethylamine Gymnema sylvestre [64]
(−) Hydroxycitric acid
Ferulic acid Curcuma longa [66]
Isoleucine, alanine Aloe vera [15]
Polypeptide-P Momordica charantia [36]
S-methyl and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide Alium sepa [38]
Nitrosamines Areca catechu [38]
Brevifolin Phyllanthus amarus [38]
Lectins, mistletoe lectin I, II, III, viscotoxin B, cycliton Viscum album [38]
Furfural, caprylic acid Agaricus campestris [38]
Procyanidins Grape seed [38]
Carbohydrates
Glucomannan, cellulose, mannose Aloe vera [62]
Protein-bound polysaccharide Alpinia galangal, Aloe vera, Ocimum sanctum [67]
Guar gum, pectin Trigonella foenum, Citrus sinensis, Coccinia
D-threitol, D-arabinitol, palmitic acid Hericium erinaceus [69]
Mucopolysaccharide Opuntia cus indica [70]
Inulin, laevulin Taraxacum ofcinale [71]
Fructo-oligosaccharide Aureobasidium pullulans –
Glycosides
Gymnemic acid and gymnemosides Gymnema sylvestre [52]
Murraya koenigii L.Spreng [51]
Achyranthus aspera –
Ficus bengalensis (moraceae) [44]
Ocimum canum, Coriandrum sativum,
Artemisia roxburghiana, Syzygium aromaticum
Garcinia cambogia, Gymnema sylvestr [65]
indica
S. Singhmura et al.
[58]
[68]
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Table 2 (continued)
Active constituents Plant source References
Vin α-ginsenoside R3
Astragalin, scopolin Morus alba [72]
C-glycosides Trigonella foenum [73]
Momordin, momordicine, charantin Momordica charantia [36]
Tinosporine, cordifolide, tinosporide, cordifole, columbin Tinospora cordifollia, Tinospora crispa [52]
Cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B Helicteres isora [2]
Momordin-a, lufn-a Luffa cylindnica [74]
Kotalanol, salacinol Salacia reticulate, Salacia oblonga [72]
Arbutin, eriolin Arctostaphylos uvaursi [72]
Citrullol, colocynthin, elaterin, elatericin B, colosynthetin Cifrullus colocynthis [43]
Leucocyanidin, pelarogonidin Ficus bengalensis [44]
Taraxacin Taraxacum ofcinale [71]
Flavonoids
Chrysin, isoquercitrin Morus alba [75]
Epigallocatechin-gallate Camellia sinensis, Punica granatum [76]
Myrciaphenones A and B, myrciacitrins I and II Myrcia multiora [77]
Myricetin-3-glucoside Abelmoschus moschatus [78]
Hesperidin, naringin Camellia sinensis [79]
Quercetin, quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside Multiple plant sources [80]
Naringenin Multiple plant sources [79]
Soy isoavones (genistein, diadzein) Glycin max [81]
Proanthocyanidins Vitis vinifera [25]
α-Terpineol, hexanol
Kaempferitrin Bauhinia candicans, Bauhinia forcata [82]
Silymarin, silybin, silychristin, silidianin Silybum marianum [43
Kaempferol, isorhamnetin Ginkgo biloba [83]
Amarogentin Swertia chirayita [84]
Tribulusamides A and B Tribulus terrestris [50]
Shamimin Biophytum sensitivum [17]
Matteuorien Matteuccia orientalis [85]
Polyphenol and derivatives
Curcumin Curcuma longa [66]
Ellagic acid Blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, etc. [86]
Gallotannic acid Syzygium aromaticum [87]
Wedelolactone, dimethyl wedelolactone Eclipta alba [88]
Carvacrol, linalool Ocimum sanctum [43]
Saponins
Asparosides A, B, C, and D Asparagus adscendens [84]
Lactucain C Lactuca indica [52]
Salacinol, kotalanol, ponkoranol Salacia reticulate [89]
Allo-aromadendrene Artemisia pallens [71]
Diosgenin Trigonella foenum graecum [73]
Trigonellin Trigonella foenum graecum [73]
Mulberrofuran-U Morus insignis [71]
Kotalagenin-16-acetate, diterpene, triterpens Salacia oblongaq, Croton cajucara [73]
Azorellanol Azorella compacta [36]
Sulfur containing compound
Ajoene Allium sativum [34]
Panax quinquefolium [57]
Agaricus campestris [43]
]
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4.1.2 Inhibition ofAldose Reductase (AR)
The rhizome of Coptis chinensis was evaluated for AR inhibitory effects via RLAR and human recombinant AR (HRAR)
inhibitory assays. Isolated compound protoberberine-type
alkaloids majorly from the n-BuOH fraction which are epiberberine, coptisine, and groenlandicine are found to exhibit
AR inhibitory effects [41]. The dioxymethylene group and
its oxidized form in the D and A ring of protoberberinetype
alkaloids are responsible for the AR inhibitory [98].
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine chloride and palmatine
iodide) from Coptis japonica root-derived compound possess AR inhibitory effects [51]. Similarly, isoquinoline alkaloids (jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and magnoorine) were
isolated Tinospora cordifolia stem—was evaluated against
lens AR isolated from male Wistar rats. Thus, alkaloids
derivatives may be used as lead compounds in management
of diabetic complications [80].
4.1.3 Inhibition ofProtein Tyrosine
Phosphatase-1B
As PTP-1B is negative regulator of insulin signalling pathway (Sect. 3), its inhibition can be the promising strategy in
the development of the management of insulin resistance
diabetic complications. One of the natural compounds of
canthinone alkaloids from Picrasma quassioides, Picrasma
javanica, Ailanthus altissima, Simarouba amara, Eurycoma
longifolia, Simabacuspidata, and Quassia amaraispicrasi-
dine has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of PTP-1B
[38].Glucose uptake was assayed in β-TC6 pancreatic and
C2C12 muscle cells, which has shown signicant PTP-1B
inhibitory effects [99], suggesting that hypoglycemic activity
of vindogentianine obtained from Catharanthus roseus (L.)
may be due to the enhancement of glucose uptake and
PTP-1B inhibition, thus this could be used for management
of obesity and type 2 diabetic conditions [100]. Rhizome of
Coptis chinensis Franch has shown promising inhibitory
activity towards PTP-1B by isolated protoberberine alkaloids coptisine, berberine, and epiberberine and an aporphine
alkaloid magnoorine [101]. Norditerpenoid alkaloids (nigelladine Anigelladine B, nigelladine C) from the seeds of
Nigella glandulifera Freyn reduce the overexpression of
PTP1B in L6 myotubes, showing effectiveness of the compound in improving the glucose metabolism by induction of
phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3b, and AMPK in the
stimulation of insulin. Eventually compounds’ effect was
found to be blocked by wortmannin (PI3-kinase/Akt inhibitors), thus showing that the effect of compounds is dependent on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [102].
4.1.4 Enhance Insulin Secretion
Quinolizidine alkaloids (lupanine, 13-a-OH lupanine, and
17-oxo-lupanine) from Lupinus species stimulate insulin
secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, by blockage of
β-cell KATP-sensitive channels [103]. Isoquinoline alkaloid
(Berberine), the main active component of an ancient
Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, shows DPP IV and
PTP-1B inhibitory effects [86]. Trigonelline from Trigonella
foenum graecum and Mirabilis jalapa L. exhibits antidiabetic activity via enhancing insulin sensitivity [65, 73].
Mangifera indica-isolated compound mangiferin, a xanthone
glucoside found in the leaves, has antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic properties by pancreatic and extrapancreatic
mechanisms [104]. Aegelin, marmesin, and marmelosin are
the major alkaloids from Aegle marmelos that have been
found to cause regeneration of pancreatic β cells and insulin
secretion [104]. Tribulus terrestris-isolated β carbolines
(harmine, nor-harmine, pinoline) enhance insulin secretion
by β-cell regeneration [89]. Castanospermine, epifagomine,
and fagomine derived from Xanthocercis zambesiaca are
involved in improved insulin secretion [55].
4.1.5 Inhibition ofAdvanced Glycation End
Products
Berberine from Rhizomacoptidis and Cortex phellodendri
has also shown to have the ability of inhibiting renal AGE
levels in diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats [59, 105].
Leonurine, from Herbaleonuri, was shown to have signicant AGEs inhibition [106].
4.1.6 Antioxidant Activity
Oriciacridone C, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(c,c-dimethylallyl)acridone, and oriciacridone F from Stem Bark of Oriciopsis
glaberrima showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity
[93]. Piperumbellactam A, B, and C from Piper umbellatum
show promising antioxidant activity [94]. Bisgerayafoline D,
bismahanimbinol, bispyrayafoline, O-methyl mahanine,
O-methyl mukonal, and mahanine from Murraya koenigii
possess antioxidant activity [107]. Catharanthine, vindoline,
and vindolinine, obtained from Catharanthus roseus, lower
the blood sugar level and show free radical scavenging action
[39, 108]. Vinca rosea-isolated compounds vinblastine and
vincristine also activate free radical scavenging enzymes
[42].
4.1.7 Enhancement ofGlucose Uptake
Extracted from Trigonella foenum graecum, trigonelline,
gentianine, and carpaine compounds exhibit the ability to
downregulate the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and
inhibit the dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
[36]. The alkaloid isolated from plant Tinospora cordifolia
has been found to have a positive impact on phosphofructokinase and hexokinase activity, leading to enhanced glucose
transport as well as improved absorption and carbohydrate
digestion. In the case of gluconeogenesis, the phytoconstituent berberine plays a crucial role by decreasing the activity
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of glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme. Furthermore, compounds, like β ecdysone and betaine, achyranthine isolated
from Achyranthes aspera, have been identied to participate
in absorption and carbohydrate digestion processes. These
bioactive constituents contribute to the efcient breakdown
and utilization of carbohydrates in the body [53].
Castanospermine, epifagomine, and fagomine from
Xanthocercis zambesiaca are involved in carbohydrate
digestion and absorption [55].
5 Anthraquinones (AQs)
The AQs and their derivatives are the class of commonly
available tricyclic aromatic quinones containing anthracenedione or 9,10-dioxoanthracene core and can exist in several
possible isomeric. Effectiveness of AQs against DM and its
complications has been studied and it has been found that it
can act on different antidiabetic targets, suggesting their
potential antidiabetic action for the diabetes management
[35, 109]. Possible mechanisms of antidiabetic action involve
upregulation of IRS-1, PI3K, and expression of GLP-1 level,
PTP-1B, and DPP-4 inhibitions, activation of PPAR-γ, and
inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
5.1 α Amylase andGlucosidase Inhibitory
Activity
Emodin, aloe emodin, alaternin, and questin isolated from S.
obtusifolia L. and R. emodi Wall have been shown to inhibit
α glucosidase [58, 110]. Rhein from R. emodi and R. rhi-
zoma was shown to inhibit both α glucosidease and αamylase
[62]. Physcion from R. emodi and S. obtusifolia was reported
to inhibit α glucosidase activity.
5.2 Inhibition ofDPP 4
Emodin isolated from R. palmatum L. inhibited the activity
of DPP 4 [111]. Damnacanthol-3O-β-D-primeveroside and
lucidin-3-O-β-D primeveroside, isolated from Morinda citri-
folia L. roots, have been found to improve glycemic control.
Physcion isolated from Juncus setchuensis Buchen was
shown to reduce glucose production in H4IIE cells. Rhein
isolated from Rheum rhizoma enhanced insulin-stimulated
glucose uptake in Min6 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes [112].
5.3 Inhibition ofPTP 1B
Emodin, aloe emodin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1 methyl ether,
alaternin, and questin isolated from S. obtusifolia,
Chrysophanol isolated from S. obtusifolia and rhubarb rhizome, Chrysophanol glucosides, chrysophanol-8-O-β-D glucopyranoside, chrysophanol triglucoside, and chrysophanol
tetraglucoside, obtusin, chryso-obtusin, and chryso obtusin2- O-β-D glucoside, physcion from S. obtusifolia, chrysophanol from Cannabissativa Linne, Paeonia lactiora Pallas,
Citrus aurantium Linne, Magnolia ofcinalis Rehd., R. ofcinale, and Prunus armeniaca Linne are found to inhibit
PTP-1B activity.
5.4 Inhibition ofAldose Reductase Activity
Emodin from S. tora L. inhibits aldose reductase activity and
advanced glycation end products formation [113].
5.5 Insulin Secretion
Aloin, barbaloin, isobarbaloine, aloetic acid, aloe-emodin,
emodin, cinnamic acid, and crysophanic acid from Aloe vera
and Cassia tora initiate insulin secretion/synthesis.
Momordica charantia is a rich source of vicine which acts on
insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis. Camphor, eugenol,
trans-β-ocimene, geraniol, α-pinene, limonene, p-cymene,
1,8-cineole, and thujone, which help in pancreatic β-cell restoration and insulin secretion, are reported to be found in
Ocimum sanctum, Coriandrum sativum, Artemisia roxburghiana, and Syzygium aromaticum [114].
6 Flavonoids
Flavonoids can be broadly categorized into three groups: the
bioavonoids, the iso-avonoids (phytoestrogens), and the
neo-avonoids [71]. Numerous studies have indicated that
avonoids exhibit antidiabetic activity by inuencing various
cellular pathways, including those related to glucose transporters, hepatic enzymes, tyrosine kinase inhibition, AMPK,
PPAR, and NF-κB.
6.1 Enhance Insulin Secretion
Epicatechin, derived from the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb, has been observed to inhibit cAMP phosphodies-
terase, thereby modulating insulin secretion [82, 112].
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) obtained from Camellia
sinensis has been found to have the following effects;
glucose- lowering effects, insulin-like effects—increases
tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin
receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and it reduces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in a phosphoinosit-
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ide 3-kinase-dependent manner [115]. Citrus bioavonoids
(hesperidin and naringin) are obtained from Camellia sinen-
sis which target glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis [78]. Pancreatic β-cell restoration and insulin
secretion were being observed due to quercetrin, apigenin,
rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and naringenin which are
extracted from Panax notoginseng [79], Urtica dioica, and
Bauhinia varigtla. Soy isoavones (genistein and diadzein)
are obtained from Glycin max and are found to be involved
in lipid and glucose metabolism by activation of PPARs
[116]. Kaempferitrin obtained from Bauhinia candicans and
Bauhinia forcata affects glycolysis [81]. Proanthocyanidins,
α-terpineol, and hexanol obtained from Vitis vinifera and
Agaricus campestris have insulinomimetic activity [76, 117,
118].
7 Saponins
Glycosidic compound chemically consists of two parts, aglycone and glycone; the aglycone part is also known as sapogenin which is classied to either triterpenoid, neutral, or
alkaloid steroids. This natural phytoconstituent has been
found to have antidiabetic action in the following manner to
regulate the blood glucose level; activation of glycogen synthesis, suppression of the activity of disaccharides, modulating insulin signalling, regeneration of insulin action, and
suppression of gluconeogenesis [119]. Gymnemic acids
obtained from Gymnema sylvestre [120] might have following possible mechanisms: (1) it increases secretion of insulin; (2) it promotes regeneration of islet cells; (3) it increases
utilization of glucose: it is shown to increase the activities of
enzymes responsible for utilization of glucose by insulindependent pathways, increase in phosphorylase activity,
decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase; and (4) it causes inhibition of glucose absorption from
intestine [72]. Ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng
show antidiabetic action by modulating blood glucose levels
by improving β-cell function and enhancing insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake by upregulating the expression of glucose
transporters (GLUT), and suppression of oxidative stress
[64].
8 Conclusion
The signicance of bioactive phytoconstituents from various
plant sources in exhibiting antidiabetic activity can be highlighted. Through extensive research and experimentation,
numerous phytochemicals belonging to different categories
have been identied for their potential in managing diabetes
mellitus. Diverse parts of plants, including leaves, bark,
seeds, and roots, have been utilized to isolate these benecial
phytoconstituents. The extraction of these compounds has
provided valuable insights into their therapeutic effects on
blood glucose regulation and diabetes control. Furthermore,
it is evident that these phytoconstituents act through different
pathways, indicating their multifaceted mechanisms of
action. Some have shown a remarkable ability to increase
insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, aiding in glucose
uptake and utilization by various tissues. Others have been
found to inhibit specic enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, thus contributing to lower blood glucose levels.
However, despite the encouraging ndings, further research
at the molecular level is imperative to fully comprehend the
intricate interactions between these phytochemicals and their
cellular targets. This deeper understanding will pave the way
for their effective translation into therapeutic agents for diabetes management.
In conclusion, the exploration of bioactive phytoconstituents as potential antidiabetic agents holds great promise in
the quest for more accessible and sustainable solutions for
diabetic individuals. By harnessing the power of nature's
pharmacy, we can continue to uncover new avenues for supporting diabetes care and improving the overall well-being
of those affected by this metabolic disorder. As research progresses, the possibility of integrating these natural remedies
into conventional diabetes treatment becomes increasingly
promising, offering hope for a healthier and brighter future
for diabetic management.
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Herbal Medicines fortheManagement
https://t.me/medicina_free
ofObesity
CeydaSibelKılıç
Abstract
Obesity is an important and ever-increasing health problem that is experienced by nearly every country in the
world. Diets, increased physical activity, medications,
bariatric surgery, and gastric botox are among the treatment and prevention options related to obesity. Some of
these options are invasive and have important side effects,
and thus, people seek effective options with less or no side
effects. Natural products are considered to be among
these efcient and safe options, and literally hundreds,
even thousands of plants are being utilized for their weight
loss activities. By all means, it is not possible to cover all
of these plants, but we still would like to include some
recent studies on plants, plant products, and plantoriginated compounds having anti-obesity activity with a
focus on their anti-obesity-related activities.
Keywords
Herbal medicines · Medicinal plants · Obesity
1 Introduction
Obesity is an important health problem that has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), which used
the word “epidemic” related to obesity nearly three decades
ago [1, 2]. WHO states that 13% of the world population
consists of obese adults [3]. Though Western diets with high
energy have been recognized as the major contributing factor, obesity might develop due to certain diseases, certain
medications, genetic factors, environmental factors, sedentary lifestyle, and less and/or untimely sleep with increasing
prevalence and comorbidities [2, 4–7]. In short, obesity can
be dened as the longtime imbalance of energy intake and
C. S. Kılıç (*)
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany,
Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
e-mail: erdurak@pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr
consumption, in which excess energy resulting from this
imbalance is deposited as triglycerides (TG) in white adipocytes [7].
Body mass index (BMI) is an important indicator of obesity severity. Obesity is illustrated by increasing ranges of
BMI as shown in Fig.1 [8]:
Obesity has the potential to result in various important
diseases and disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiac problems, metabolic syndrome, lung diseases, neurological disorders,
arthritis, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, sleep disorders,
obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, blood lipid disorders, insulin resistance, depression, anxiety, infertility, urinary incontinence, stroke, and cancer [2, 5, 9–15]. Furthermore, obesity
was reported to contribute to the progression of COVID-19
following infection with SARS-CoV-2 [12]. In addition to
being an important reason for worsening of life quality and
increase rate in mortality, it has also become an important
economic burden for the healthcare system [16].
Synthetic pharmaceutical medications are used in the
treatment of obesity; however, they are associated with various complications such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects, and fat-soluble vitamin deciency, and
furthermore, some of these medications have been withdrawn from the market due to their serious adverse effects [7,
12–14].
Therefore, researchers started to focus on natural sources
to nd effective anti-obesity agents that have less or no side
effects. For this purpose, natural sources such as plants,
marine algae, fungi, and animal-originated products/compounds were investigated, and among them, medicinal
plants, plant extracts, primary metabolites, and secondary
metabolites isolated from them were examined intensively
due to their long-term safety, metabolic activities, and mode
of actions [17–20].
Among secondary metabolites, polyphenols consisting of
phenolic acids, avonoids and stilbenes, phytosterols, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, and alkaloids have important anti-obesity effects; avonoids have various subclasses
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
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