Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3621_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Midsagittal
plane
Superior (cranial)
Inferior (caudal)
Anterior
Sagittal
plane
T
ransverse
plane
Frontal
plane
Posterior
Figure - Spatial terms are based on imaginary planes dividing the body.
Anatomical Terms Used to Describe Body Sections
Sometimes, in order to study internal body parts, it helps to imagine the body
as being divided into sections. Medical professionals often use terms such as
sagittal, transverse, and frontal (coronal) to describe how the body is divided into
sections. The following list outlines these terms, and Figure 4-6 illustrates the
relevant planes:
●
A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions.
●
A midsagittal plane runs lengthwise down the midline of the body and
divides it into equal left and right halves.
●
A transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) portions.
●
A frontal, or coronal, plane divides the body into anterior (frontal) and
posterior (rear) portions.
Anatomical Terms Used to Describe Body Parts
Many other anatomical terms are used to describe different regions or parts of
the body. For example, the term brachial refers to the arm and the term femoral
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
refers to the thigh. Figure 4-4 illustrates many of the common anatomical terms
Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
used to describe body parts.
Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions
The largest body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The cranial
cavity houses the brain and the spinal cavity contains the spinal cord. The
ventral cavity is divided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic
cavity. The muscle called the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea are contained
in the thoracic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior
abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity. The stomach, small and large
intestines, gallbladder, liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas are all located
in the abdominal cavity. The bladder and internal reproductive organs are
located in the pelvic cavity. Figure 4-7 depicts these cavities. The abdominal
area can be further divided into nine regions or four quadrants, which are
illustrated in Figure 4-8.
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Figure - The two main body cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities.
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
B
Right
A
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Right
iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
(inguinal)
region
Figure - The abdominal area is divided into (A) nine regions or (B) four quadrants.
Checkpoint
Questions .
1. Describe the anatomical position.
2. Describe the major body cavities and list the organs contained in each.
3. How do the terms deep and superficial relate to phlebotomy?
Chapter Summary
Learning Outcome Key Concepts/Examples
. Recognize medical prefixes,
word roots, and suffixes to build
commonly used medical terms.
. Define common medical
abbreviations.
. Explain body position, direction,
and parts using medical terms.
Many words in medical terminology come from Greek and Latin
words. Medical words consist of a word root, a prefix and/or suffix,
and sometimes a combining vowel. Building and decoding word
parts will help you recognize and understand medical terminology.
Abbreviations and symbols help shorten the time and space
needed to record information in medical settings. Certain medical
abbreviations are prone to errors and should not be used. Check
the meaning of abbreviations carefully in practice. Some medical
abbreviations are derived from Latin or Greek terms.
Specific anatomical medical terms are used to identify body
parts, planes, and positions. Knowing these terms will help the
phlebotomist perform his or her job more efficiently.
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
Related
NAACLS
Competency
1.00, 1.7
1.7
1.00, 3.00
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
Chapter Review
Superior (cranial)
Anterior
3
Inferior (caudal)
A: Labeling
Label each body plane in the following figure.
1
2
Posterior
4
1. [LO 4.3]
2. [LO 4.3]
3. [LO 4.3]
4. [LO 4.3]
B: Matching
Match each term with its definition. Refer to the appendix Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots in Commonly
Used Medical Terms as needed.
_____ 5. [LO 4.1] adipo-
_____ 6. [LO 4.1] aero-
_____ 7. [LO 4.1] ambi-
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
a. abdomen
b. across
c. arm
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
_____ 8. [LO 4.1] bracheo-
_____ 9. [LO 4.1] circum-
_____ 10. [LO 4.1] cryo-
_____ 11. [LO 4.1] -ectomy
_____ 12. [LO 4.1] encephalo-
_____ 13. [LO 4.1] hypo-
_____ 14. [LO 4.1] -itis
_____ 15. [LO 4.1] laparo-
_____ 16. [LO 4.1] -lysis
_____ 17. [LO 4.1] oculo-
_____ 18. [LO 4.1] ortho-
_____ 19. [LO 4.1] -pathy
_____ 20. [LO 4.1] -plasia
d. around
e. both
f. brain
g. chest
h. cold
i. cutting out
j. disease
k. disintegration
l. eye
m. fat
n. formation
o. infection
p. inflammation of
q. mouth
r. straight
s. under
t. vessel
u. with oxygen
_____ 21. [LO 4.1] -sepsis
_____ 22. [LO 4.1] stomato-
_____ 23. [LO 4.1] thoraco-
_____ 24. [LO 4.1] trans-
_____ 25. [LO 4.1] vaso-
C: Fill in the Blank
Write in the word(s) to complete the statement.
26. [LO 4.1] Medical terminology is formed from and words.
27. [LO 4.1] The main part of a medical word is called the .
28. [LO 4.3] A molecule that contains genetic code is .
29. [LO 4.3] The smallest living unit is the .
30. [LO 4.3] Body hold vital organs, such as the brain, lungs, and kidneys.
D: Sequencing
Place the level of structures that comprise the human body from simplest to most complex (from 1 to 7).
31. [LO 4.3] cells
32. [LO 4.3] chemicals
33. [LO 4.3] organelles
34. [LO 4.3] organism
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
35. [LO 4.3] organs
36. [LO 4.3] tissues
37. [LO 4.3] organ system
E: Case Studies/Critical Thinking
38. [LO 4.2] An order for medication was written “q1d.,” but the person reading the order thought the order said
“qid.” What are the implications of this misinterpretation? How could this mistake have been avoided?
39. [LO 4.3] Just before you enter a patient’s room to collect a specimen, the nurse asks you to make sure
that when you leave the patient she is not supine. What does this mean?
40. [LO 4.2] When performing a venipuncture on a patient who has an intravenous (IV) line in his arm, you
must always locate a site distal to the IV site. What does this mean?
F: Exam Prep
Choose the best answer for each question.
41. [LO 4.1] Which of the following is a prefix?
a. Aero
b. Itis
c. Osis
d. Tomy
42. [LO 4.1] Which of the following is a suffix?
a. Anti
b. Dys
c. Hypo
d. Pathy
43. [LO 4.1] This is used in the center of medical
words to ease in their pronunciation.
a. Combining vowel
b. Prefix
c. Suffix
d. Word root
44. [LO 4.1] The study of body structures and their
functions is
a. anatomy and pathology.
b. physiology and anatomy.
c. pathology and physiology.
d. anatomy and physiology.
45. [LO 4.3] You have been told to attempt your first
blood draw in the most distal portion of the arm.
Where would you look for a vein?
a. Elbow
b. Forearm
c. Wrist
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
d. Hand
46. [LO 4.3] Tissues are formed from
a. similar cells.
b. organs.
c. organelles.
d. molecules.
47. [LO 4.3] Which of the following is not one of the
four major types of body tissue?
a. Connective
b. Nervous
c. Muscular
d. Vascula r
48. [LO 4.3] Which set of words contains opposites?
a. Cranial and caudal
b. Dorsal and back
c. Lateral and outside
d. Proximal and close
49. [LO 4.3] Which plane divides the body into
upper and lower sections?
a. Frontal
b. Midsagittal
c. Sagittal
d. Transverse
50. [LO 4.3] The frontal plane divides the body
a. from top to bottom.
b. from side to side.
c. from front to back.
d. down the middle.
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
51. [LO 4.3] Which of the following cavities is
included in the dorsal cavity?
a. Abdominal
b. Pelvic
c. Spinal
d. Thoracic
52. [LO 4.3] If a body structure is found in front of
another body structure, it is said to be _____ to
that structure.
a. anterior
b. inferior
c. posterior
d. superior
53. [LO 4.3] When asked to draw blood from a vein
inferior to the bend at the elbow, you would draw
blood from a site _____ the bend at the elbow.
a. above
b. below
c. behind
d. next to
54. [LO 4.1] The term brachium refers to the
a. arm.
b. ear.
c. foot.
d. leg.
57. [LO 4.3] Organs that are found in the thoracic
cavity include the
a. stomach.
b. esophagus.
c. kidneys.
d. liver.
58. [LO 4.2] Which laboratory test is part of a CBC?
a. Na
b. LDL
c. pH
d. WBC
59. [LO 4.2] Which laboratory test is part of a lipid
panel?
a. HDL
b. CBC
d. K
60. [LO 4.3] Organs that are found in the abdominal
cavity include all of the following except the
a. spleen.
b. lungs.
c. kidneys.
d. intestines.
55. [LO 4.3] The diaphragm is a muscle that
separates which two body cavities?
a. Cranial and spinal
b. Dorsal and pelvic
c. Dorsal and ventral
d. Thoracic and abdominopelvic
56. [LO 4.3] The heart is found in the
a. abdomina l cavity.
b. dorsal cavity.
c. pelvic cavity.
d. thoracic cavity.
Enhance your learning by completing these exercises and more at
connect.mheducation.com.
References
Booth, K. A. (2013). Healthcare science technology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Booth, K. A., Whicker, L. G., & Wyman, T. D. (2017). Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures with anatomy and
physiology (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences. (2016). NAACLS entry-level phlebotomist competencies. Retrieved
February 2, 2017, from www.naacls.org/getattachment/d5a69a7a-7323-439e-9db8-1f0ea000b718/2012-Standards-Edited.aspxf
Thierer, N. (2010). Medical terminology: Language for healthcare (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
Chapter Medical Terminology and Abbreviations
Body Systems and Related
5
anatomy
autoimmune disease
cardiovascular system
digestive system
endocrine system
external respiration
female reproductive system
immune system
integumentary system
internal respiration
ligaments
essential terms
lymphatic system
male reproductive system
Laboratory Tests
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
muscular system
nervous system
physiology
respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory system
skeletal system
test panel
test profile
tendons
urinary system
Learning Outcomes
. Describe the functions of the integumentary
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the skeletal
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the muscular
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the lymphatic and
immune systems, common diseases and
disorders that affect these systems, and
related laboratory tests.
©PeopleImages/E+/Getty Images RF
. Describe the functions of the respiratory
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the digestive
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the nervous
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the endocrine
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the cardiovascular
system, common diseases and disorders
that affect this system, and related
laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the urinary system,
common diseases and disorders that affect
this system, and related laboratory tests.
. Describe the functions of the female and
male reproductive systems, common
diseases and disorders that affect these
systems, and related laboratory tests.
. Explain the use of test panels and profiles
in the assessment of specific body systems
and general health screening.
Introduction
Body systems are the organ systems formed when organs join with other
organs or structures to carry out vital body functions. For example, the heart
and blood vessels unite to form the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular
system’s organs circulate blood throughout the body to ensure that all body
cells receive enough nutrients.
There are 12 body systems: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
urinary, and male and female reproductive systems. The study of the structure
of body systems is known as human anatomy. The study of the function of
body systems is known as human physiology.
Illness, diseases, and disorders require investigation to determine the cause
and/or the best treatment. Illness refers to the subjective symptoms of feeling
unwell, whereas diseases have specific, identifiable causes and symptoms, and
disorders include specific abnormalities to the body.
The diseases and disorders that affect the human body can be classified according to the body system or systems they affect. For example, a bladder infection
can be classified as a disease of the urinary system. Physicians diagnose diseases
and disorders by examining the patient’s physical symptoms and by ordering
laboratory and other diagnostic tests. Therefore, one method of classifying laboratory tests is to organize them according to body system. This chapter contains
a brief review of each body system, followed by common diseases and disorders
that affect that system and the laboratory tests used to diagnose or monitor them.
Related NAACLS Competencies
. Demonstrate knowledge of the healthcare
delivery system and medical terminology.
. Describe how laboratory testing is used to
assess body functions and disease.
. Demonstrate basic understanding of the
anatomy and physiology of body systems and
anatomical terminology in order to relate major
areas of the clinical laboratory to general pathologic
conditions associated with the body systems.
. Describe the basic functions of each main
body system, and demonstrate basic knowledge
of the circulatory, urinary, and other body systems
necessary to perform assigned specimen
collection tasks.
.
Integumentary System
The integumentary system is unique in that it encloses and protects all of the
other body systems. It consists of the skin (derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o), hair
(trich/o), nails (onych/o, ungu/o), and sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat)
glands. The integumentary system provides protection, regulates temperature,
and prevents water loss. When sunlight hits the skin, it converts the substance
7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D. The skin, which is the largest organ of the
body, also helps in sensory perception. Sensory perception is the interpretation
Chapter Body Systems and Related Laboratory Tests
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
or awareness of sensory stimulation. Touch is one
Epidermis
Dermis
Arrector pili muscle
Subcutaneous
laye
of your senses. In the skin, there are nerve endings
that create your sense of touch. See Figure 5-1.
Integumentary System Disorders
and Associated Lab Tests
Viruses that affect the skin, such as rubella, rubeola,
and herpes zoster, which causes chickenpox and
shingles, are common integumentary system disorders. Some allergies also cause skin disorders, such as
rashes. Fungal infections are a common problem for
toenails, fingernails, and skin. One of the more serious integumentary system disorders is skin cancer.
The three major types of skin cancer are squamous
cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Of the three, melanoma is the most serious. Table 5-1
lists common laboratory tests used to diagnose these
and other disorders of the integumentary system.
TABLE Tests for Common Integumentary Diseases and Disorders
Tests Description of Test Related Diseases and Disorders
r
Figure - The integumentary system.
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland duct
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
Blood Tests
Antibody titers Measures level of antibodies to specific
antigens. Commonly used to determine
whether a patient has (or has had in the past)
certain diseases
Immunoglobulin
levels
Measures immunoglobulin levels; high level of
immunoglobulin A (IgA) or E (IgE) indicates an
allergic response
Rubella, rubeola, chickenpox, shingles,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); also
used to check for immune deficiencies and
autoimmune disease
Seasonal allergies, immunodeficiencies
Other Tests to Assess the Integumentary System
Wet prep Microscopic evaluation of skin or nail scraping Fungal infections of the skin or nails
Culture of
scraping
Skin biopsy Small piece of skin tissue is removed and
Urine melanin Urine is tested for level of melanin, a skin
Skin scraping is placed in or on a culture
medium that supports the growth of
microorganisms. The microorganisms that
grow are then examined under a microscope to
diagnose infections caused by Staphylococcus
aureus and other bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
infections
examined under a microscope
pigment that may be found in urine if melanoma
is present
Staphylococcus (“staph”) infection
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Fingernail or toenail infection
Skin cancer
Skin cancer (melanoma)
1. List at least four functions of the integumentary system.
2. List the types of specimens that are commonly tested for integumentary
diseases and disorders and the tests performed on each specimen type.
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education
Chapter Body Systems and Related Laboratory Tests
Checkpoint
Questions .