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The Comprehensive Treatment of the Aging Spine

Minimally Invasive and Advanced Techniques
Edition: 1
James Joseph Yue, MD
Associate Professor Yale University School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Rehabilitation
New Haven, Connecticut
President, Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas Associate Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedics University of Texas, Southwestern Medical
School
Dallas, Texas
J. Patrick Johnson, MD, FACS
Neurosurgeon, Spine Specialist Director of Education, Spine Fellowship and
Academic Programs Co-Director, Spine Stem Cell Research Program Director, California Association of Neurological
Surgeons Los Angeles, California
Larry T. Khoo, MD
Director of Minimally Invasive Neurological
Spinal Surgery Los Angeles Spine Clinic Los Angeles, California
Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD
Chairman, Texas Back Institute Holdings Paradise Valley, Arizona
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ISBN: 978-1-4377-0373-3
THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF THE AGING SPINE  MINIMALLY INVASIVE AND ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,  including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from  the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our  arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be  found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. 
is book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as  may be noted herein).
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our  understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using  any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they  should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional  responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current  information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered,  to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications.  It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make  diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety  precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability  for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or  from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
e comprehensive treatment of the aging spine : minimally invasive and advanced techniques / [edited by]   James Joseph Yue ... [et al.]. — 1st ed.     p. ; cm.   Includes bibliographical references.   ISBN 978-1-4377-0373-3
  1.  Spine—Diseases—Treatment.  I. Yue, James J.    [DNLM: 1.  Spinal Diseases—diagnosis. 2.  Spinal Diseases—therapy. 3.  Aged. 4.  Aging—physiology. 5.  Physical  erapy Modalities. 6.  Spine—surgery.  WE 725 C7378 2011]   RD768.C645 2011
  617.4'71--dc22  2010001778
Acquisitions Editor: Adrianne Brigido Developmental Editor: Anne Snyder Publishing Services Manager: Debbie Vogel/Anitha R aj Project Manager: Sruthi Viswam/Kiruthiga Kasthuri Design Direction: Ellen Zanolle
Printed in the United States of America 
Last digit is the print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
To my mother, Mary Jude, for her endless wisdom and encouragement and eternal motivaton.
James J. Yue
I dedicate this book to my wonderful wife, Shelly, whose inspiration and love has sustained me through my career and
taught me how to live life to its fullest. I also dedicate this endeavor to the thousands of patients who will hopefully benefit
from the advances discussed in this book.
Richard D. Guyer
I dedicate the efforts of this book to all my family, friends, mentors, and patients, who have taught me to be the best sur-
geon possible; and to my fellows and residents, whom I have taught to be a better surgeon than me.
J. Patrick Johnson
is book is dedicated to all whom endeavor to ease the pain and suffering of spinal disease. From therapist to surgeon and
from master to student, I pray that these pages will not only guide you in the labors of today, but also to the discoveries
of tomorrow. I give humble thanks to the devotion of my residents and fellows, both past and present, without whom this
volume and all other academia would not be possible. And at the end, I am the most grateful to Kristine, Miya and Taka,
whose boundless love and understanding is the beacon that lights my way every single day.
Larry T. Khoo
I would like to dedicate this book to Ralph Rashsbaum, MD, without whose friendship and guidance for more than forty
years, e Texas Back Institute would not have existed.
Stephen H. Hochschuler

Contributors

Khalid M. Abbed, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Chief, Yale Spine Institute Director, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Director, Oncologic, Spine Surgery, Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
Kathleen Abbott, MD, RPT
Interventional Physiatrist Pioneer Spine and Sports Physicians, P.C. Glastonbury, CT, USA
Nduka Amankulor, MD
Resident Department of Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
Carmina F. Angeles, MD, PhD
Clinical Instructor/Spine Fellow Neurosurgery Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, CA, USA
Ali Araghi, DO
Assistant Clinical Professor Texas Back Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
Rajesh G. Arakal, MD
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon Texas Back Institute Plano, TX, USA
Sean Armin, MD
Neurosurgeon Riverside Neurosurgical Associates Riverside, CA, USA
Farbod Asgarzadie, MD
Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda, CA, USA
Darwono A. Bambang, MD, PhD
Division of Orthopaedic and Spine Gading-Pluit Hospital Senior Lecturer Orthopedic Department Faculty of Medicine, Taruma Negara University Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
Jose Carlos Sauri Barraza
Department of Orthopaedics Centro Médico ABC Mexico City, Mexico
John A. Bendo, MD
Director, Spine Services New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
Edward C. Benzel, MD
Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA
Jason A. Berkley, DO
Staff Physician, Department of Nanology Neurology/Interventional Spine Pain Management Institute for Spinal Disorders Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rudolf Bertagnoli, MD
Chairman First European Center for Spine Arthroplasty and Associated Non Fusion Technologies St. Elisabeth Krankenhaus Straubing, KKH Bogen, Germany
Obeneba Boachie-Adjei, MD
Weill Medical College of Cornell University Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Hospital for Special Surgery Attending Orthopaedics Surgeon Chief of Scoliosis Service New York Presbyterian Hospital Attending Orthopaedics Surgeon Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Associate Attending Surgeon New York, NY, USA
vii
viii
Contributors
Alan C. Breen, DC, PhD, MIPEM
Professor of Musculoskeletal Health Care Institute for Musculoskeletal Research and Clinical Implementation Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
Courtney W. Brown, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedics University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
Chunbo Cai, MD, MPH
Spine Clinic Department of Physical Medicine Kaiser Permanente Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA
Charles S. Carrier
Clinical Research Coordinator Orthopaedic Spine Service Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
Thomas J. Cesarz, MD
Instructor Orthopaedics University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY, USA
Boyle C. Cheng, PhD
Assistant Professor University of Pittsburgh Co-Director Spine Research Laboratory Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Kenneth M.C. Cheung, MBBS, MD, FRCS, FHKCOS,
FHKAM(Orth)
Clinical Professor Department of Orthoapedics and Traumatology University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Rob D. Dickerman, DO, PhD
Neurological and Spine Surgeon North Texas Neurosurgical Associates Adjunct Professor of Neurosurgery University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, Texas; Professor Texas Back Institute Plano, TX, USA
David A. Essig, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
Alice Fann, MD
Atlanata VA Medical Center Department of Rehabiliation Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Decatur, GA, USA
Michael Fehlings, MD, PhD
Neurosurgeon Toronto Western Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lisa Ferrara, PhD
President OrthoKinetic Technologies, LLC and OrthoKinetic Testing Technologies, LLC Southport, NC, USA
Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD
Professor Department of Neurosurgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
Zair Fishkin, MD, PhD
Attending Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Buffalo General Hospital Buffalo, NY , USA
Etevaldo Coutinho, MD
Instituto de Patologia da Coluna São Paulo, Brazil
Reginald J. Davis, MD, FACS
Chief of Neurosurgery Greater Baltimore Medical Center Towson, MD, USA
Adam K. Deitz
CEO Ortho Kinematics, Inc. Austin, TX, USA
Perry Dhaliwal, MD
Department of Clinical Neurosciences Division of Neurosurgery University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Amy Folta, PharmD
Kai-Ming Gregory Fu, MD, PhD
Spine Fellow Neurological Surgery University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
Shu Man Fu, MD, PhD, MACR
Professor of Medicine and Microbiology Margaret M. Trolinger Professor of Rheumatology Division of Clinical Rheumatology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
Anand A. Gandhi, MD
Interventional Pain Management Laser Spine Institute Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Contributors
ix
Elizabeth Gardner, PhD
Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yale New Haven Hospital New Haven, CT, USA
Steven R. Garfin, MD
Professor and Chair Department of Orthopaedics University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
Hitesh Garg, MBBS, MS(Orth)
Fellowship in Spine Surgery Yale University School of Medicine, USA Associate Consultant Spine Surgery Artemis Health Institute Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Avrom Gart, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation UCLA, Medical Center Medical Director Spine Center Cedars-Sinai Medical center Los Angeles, CA, USA
Samer Ghostine, MD
Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda, CA, USA
Brian P. Gladnick, BA
Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
Ziya L. Gokaslan, MD, FACS
Department of Neurosurgery e Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, MD, USA
Jeffrey A. Goldstein, MD
Director of Spine Service New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases New York, NY, USA
Oren N. Gottfried, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
Grahame C. D. Gould, MD
Resident Physician Neurosurgery Yale New Haven Hospital New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Jonathan N. Grauer, MD
Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
Richard D. Guyer, MD
President, Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas; Associate Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedics University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX, USA
Eric B. Harris, MD
Director, Multidisciplinary Spine Center Director of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Department of Orthopaedics Naval Medical Center San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
Christopher C. Harrod, MD
Resident Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program Boston, MA, USA
Paul F. Heini, MD
Associate Professor University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
Shawn F. Hermenau, MD
Spine Fellow Orthopaedic Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD
Chairman Texas Back Institute Holdings Paradise Valley, AZ, USA
Daniel J. Hoh, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of Florida Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurological Surgery Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
Wei Huang, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Rehabilitation Medicine Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
R. John Hurlbert, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
Associate Professor Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada