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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6011_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •The Comprehensive Treatment of the Aging Spine
- •Contributors
- •Preface
- •INTRODUCTION
- •GASTRULATION
- •SOMITE PERIOD
- •ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
- •CONGENITAL SPINAL ANOMALIES
- •Defects of Formation
- •Defects of Segmentation
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •THE VERTEBRAE
- •Cervical Vertebrae
- •Thoracic Vertebrae
- •Lumbosacral Spine
- •INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
- •LIGAMENTS
- •Intraspinal Ligaments
- •THE NERVE ROOTS
- •THE INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN
- •INNERVATION OF THE SPINE
- •NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE VERTEBRA AND DISC
- •MUSCULAR ANATOMY
- •PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN AGING
- •Spinal Stenosis
- •Spondylolisthesis
- •Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
- •Degenerative Scoliosis and Kyphosis
- •UPPER CERVICAL SPINE
- •NEURAL DEVELOPMENT
- •SACRUM AND CONUS MEDULLARIS DEVELOPMENT
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INTERVERTEBRAL Disk
- •VERTEBRAL BODIES
- •FACET JOINTS
- •MUSCLES AND LIGAMENTS
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DEGENERATIVE CASCADE
- •ANATOMY AND GENERAL MECHANISMS OF PAIN
- •PATHOGENESIS OF LUMBAR DEGENERATION
- •BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES
- •BIOMECHANICAL CHANGES
- •THE THREE STAGES OF INSTABILITY
- •CLINICAL INSTABILITY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
- •Congenital/Familial/Genetic
- •Occupational/Environmental/Psychological
- •Comorbidities
- •HISTORY
- •Origin of Pain
- •Neurological History
- •Past Surgical History
- •PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- •Global Balance
- •Gait
- •Neurological
- •C5 Neurological Findings
- •C6 Neurological Findings
- •C7 Neurological Findings
- •C8 Neurological Findings
- •T1 Neurological Findings
- •Thoracic and Abdominal Neurological Findings
- •T12 to L3 Neurological Findings
- •L2 to L4 Neurological Findings
- •L4 Neurological Findings
- •L5 Neurological Findings
- •S1 Neurological Findings
- •S2-4 Neurological Findings
- •Vascular
- •Summary
- •INTRODUCTION
- •NUTRITION
- •OBESITY
- •EXERCISE
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- •UNDERSTANDING THE PATIENT’S PERSPECTIVE
- •WESTERN PERSPECTIVES ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING
- •WESTERN PERSPECTIVES ON MANAGING THE AGING PROCESS
- •EASTERN PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICINE AND PSYCHOLOGY
- •AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Modic Changes in 40-Year-Old Men and Women
- •References
- •AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES ON AGING
- •AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES ON MANAGING THE AGING PROCESS WITH RESPECT TO BONE
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •AGING AND DEGENERATIVE CHANGES ON THE EFFECTS OF BIOMECHANICAL RANGE OF MOTION
- •ASSESSING ANATOMICAL CHANGES
- •OSTEOPOROSIS, AGING, AND BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
- •BMD AND IMPLICATIONS ON INSTRUMENTED PROCEDURES
- •DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH
- •MODIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRAL ENDPLATE CHANGE
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •Aging of the Spine
- •Finite Element Analysis of CT Scans — Biomechanical Computed Tomography
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •Comparing Teriparatide and Alendronate for Treatment of Osteoporosis
- •Alendronate Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritic Patients
- •Assessing Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Postmenopausal Women
- •DISCUSSION
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE SPINE
- •THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART: DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF TODAY’S FUNCTIONAL TESTING METHOD
- •Range of Motion (RoM) Measurements
- •Measurement Variability in Range of Motion (RoM) Measurements
- •Using Normative IVA Data to Detect Normal Motion, Hypomobility, and Hypermobility
- •Conclusions: Implications for the Practitioner Regarding the Clinical Application of RoM Measurements
- •TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THAT IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF SPINAL FUNCTIONAL TESTING
- •Reducing IVA Observer-Related Variability by Improving the Reliability of Image Analysis Techniques
- •Reducing the Subject-Related IVA Variability Introduced through Uncontrolled BendingDuring Imaging
- •NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOMECHANICS OF THE AGING SPINE
- •Physiologic Variation in sIVA among Normal Subjects Is Very Low
- •Rethinking the Conventional Wisdom Regarding Intervertebral Hypomobility and Age
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CLINICAL USE OF FUNCTIONAL TESTING METHODS
- •Suggestions Regarding the Clinical Use of the Current Standard of Care
- •Suggestions Regarding the Clinical Use of Recently Developed Methods for Conducting Functional Testing of the Spine
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PREMATURE AGING FACTORS
- •Biochemical
- •Biomechanical
- •Atherosclerosis
- •Lifestyle Factors
- •Smoking
- •Obesity
- •Genetic Factors
- •DISCUSSION
- •CLINICAL RELEVANCE
- •References
- •PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE REMODELING AND BONE TURNOVER
- •DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- •EVALUATION FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
- •Screening for Osteoporosis with Bone Mineral Density Measurement
- •Laboratory Investigations for Osteoporosis
- •Evaluation for Secondary Osteoporosis
- •Assess for Risk of Falls and Fractures
- •TREATMENT IN OSTEOPOROSIS
- •Nonpharmacologic Treatment
- •Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation
- •Pharmacologic Treatment
- •Antiresorptive Agents
- •Anabolic Agents
- •Pharmacologic Agents and Spinal Fusion
- •FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •Clinical Case #1 (Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis)
- •Clinical Case #2 (Degenerative Cervical Spondylosis)
- •Clinical Case #3 (Atlantoaxial Instability)
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •DEGENERATIVE MECHANICS
- •NATURAL HISTORY
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Evaluation
- •Conservative Therapy
- •Operative Therapy
- •Neurological Decompression
- •Instrumented Spinal Fusion
- •Minimally Invasive Alternatives
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •Discuss Treatment, Clinical Challenges, and Future Treatments
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLE
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Surgery
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING THE CONDITION
- •Pathophysiology
- •Epidemiology
- •Natural History
- •PART TWO: CLINICAL DECISION MAKING
- •Evaluation
- •Imaging Studies
- •Elderly
- •Multiple Comorbidities
- •Osteoporosis
- •Indications for Fusion
- •Lateral Listhesis
- •Axial Pain
- •Nonfusion Decision Making
- •PART THREE: MANAGEMENT
- •Nonsurgical
- •Surgical
- •Fusion Options with or without Instrumentation
- •Decompression and Noninstrumented Posterolateral Fusion
- •Fusion with Biologics
- •Decompression and Posterolateral Fusion with Instrumentation
- •Facet Fusion
- •Fusion with Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Graft
- •Laminotomy or Interlaminar Fenestration
- •Foraminotomy
- •Restorative Laminoplasty
- •Minimally Invasive Techniques
- •Motion-Sparing Technologies
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •IMAGING OF DEGENERATIVE SPINE DISEASE
- •Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
- •Vertebral Marrow Changes and Osteophyte Formation
- •Facet Arthropathy
- •Spondylolisthesis and Segmental Instability of the Spine
- •Spinal Stenosis
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •THE “DEGENERATIVE CASCADE”
- •THE FOCUS OF REHABILITATION
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR REHABILITATION
- •COMORBIDITY INFLUENCE ON REHABILITATION
- •PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS OF SPINAL STABILIZATION
- •CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISES
- •References
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Physician Evaluation and Prescription
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Evidence Base
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS
- •FACET JOINT PROCEDURES
- •SACROILIAC JOINT PROCEDURES
- •SPECIFIC DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
- •Degenerative Disc Disease
- •Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
- •Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE needle
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
- •Needle Insertion Techniques
- •Finger pressing insertion.
- •Pinching needle insertion.
- •Pinching skin insertion.
- •Tight skin insertion.
- •Needle Manipulation
- •Other Modalities and Techniques Related to Acupuncture and the Meridian System
- •Application of Meridian Theory in Spine-Related Pain Conditions
- •Hua Tuo Jia Ji Points
- •RESEARCH BACKGROUND OF BASIC SCIENCES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
- •Case One
- •Case Two
- •Case Three
- •Case Discussions
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •TAI CHI
- •Clinical Practice Guidelines
- •FROM QI GONG TO ENERGY-BASED THERAPIES
- •Clinical Practice Guidelines
- •MIND-BODY THERAPIES
- •Mindfulness Meditation
- •Guided Imagery
- •Spirituality and Religiousness
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •Attention and Pain
- •Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System
- •Case Discussion
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •NONOPIOID ANALGESIC AGENTS: ACETAMINOPHEN, NSAIDs, ASPIRIN
- •Acetaminophen
- •Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors (COX-2)
- •Aspirin
- •Flavocoxid (Limbrel®)
- •Opioid Analgesics
- •MUSCLE RELAXANTS AND ANTISPASTICITY MEDICATIONS
- •ANTIDEPRESSANTS
- •ANTICONVULSANTS
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •CLINICAL AND BASIC SCIENCE
- •CONCLUSION
- •ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •REGIONAL ANATOMY OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
- •Osseous Components
- •Intervertebral Discs
- •Ligaments and Joints
- •Vascular Supply
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
- •DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
- •Neuroradiology
- •Neurophysiology
- •NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY
- •TREATMENT AND DECISION-MAKING
- •POSTERIOR CERVICAL SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- •ANTERIOR CERVICAL SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- •SURGICAL OUTCOMES
- •COMPLICATIONS OF SURGERY
- •EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: ARTIFICIAL Disc REPLACEMENT
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICES
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BIOMECHANICS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
- •Cervical Motion and the Spinal Cord
- •Degenerative Processes in the Cervical Spine
- •MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH CERVICAL KYPHOSIS
- •Patient Assessment
- •Imaging
- •Surgical Decision-Making
- •The Surgical Approach
- •Surgical Complications
- •CONCLUSIONS/DiskUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •MECHANISM
- •DEFINITION OF CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME
- •INCIDENCE AND AGE
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •Pathophysiology of Acute Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome (ATCCS)
- •Theory of Somatotopic Organization of Corticospinal Tracts (Neuroanatomical Theory)
- •Theory of Increased Upper Limb and Hand Functional Representation of CST (Functional Theory)
- •Neurological and Functional Recovery of Central Cord Syndrome in the Elderly
- •Imaging Modalities Used to Assess Cervical Spine Injury (Box 27-4)
- •MRI Findings in Traumatic SCI
- •Skeletal Injury
- •Extradural Compression
- •Cord Deformation and Signal Change within the Cord
- •TREATMENT
- •Clinical Challenges
- •Future Treatments
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •OVERVIEW
- •ANATOMY
- •Occipital Bone
- •The Atlas
- •The Axis
- •Ligaments of the Craniocervical Junction
- •The Vertebral Artery
- •INJURIES OF THE CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION
- •Overview
- •Occipitocervical Instability
- •Occipitoatlantal Dislocation
- •Occipital Condyle Fractures
- •C1 Fractures and Transverse Ligament Injuries
- •C2 Fractures
- •Craniocervical Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- •CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF OCCIPITOCERVICAL INJURIES IN THE AGING SPINE
- •SURGICAL APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
- •Ventral vs. Dorsal Approaches
- •Occipitocervical Fusion
- •Odontoid Screw
- •C1-2 Harms
- •C1-2 Transarticular Screws
- •C2 Laminar Screws
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- •DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS
- •BIOMECHANICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUBAXIAL SPINE FRACTURES
- •INSTRUMENTATION OF OSTEOPOROTIC LOWER CERVICAL AND UPPER THORACIC SPINE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES: TREATMENT, CLINICAL CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE TREATMENTS
- •Case 1
- •Case 2
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Risk Factors
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Laboratory and Imaging Studies
- •Treatment
- •CONCLUSIONS/DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- •LABORATORY DATA
- •RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
- •Plain Radiographs
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Computed Tomography
- •MANAGEMENT
- •Nonoperative Management
- •Surgical Indications
- •Preoperative Assessment
- •Operative Management
- •Atlantoaxial Subluxation
- •Cranial Settling
- •Subaxial Subluxation
- •Odontoid Resection
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL TUMORS
- •General Information, Clinical Presentation, and Imaging
- •Ependymomas
- •Astrocytomas
- •Hemangioblastomas
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES (See Figures 32-1 and 32-2)
- •Intramedullary Tumors
- •Postsurgical Management
- •INTRADURAL-EXTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMORS
- •General Information, Clinical Presentation, and Imaging
- •Nerve Sheath Tumors
- •Meningiomas
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
- •Intradural-Extramedullary Tumors
- •Spinal Schwannomas
- •Spinal Meningiomas
- •Postsurgical Management
- •EXTRADURAL SPINAL CORD TUMORS
- •General Information, Clinical Presentation, and Imaging
- •Operative and Postoperative Management
- •Spinal Metastatic Tumors
- •Primary Malignant Tumors
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND PREPARATION
- •RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
- •SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- •Anterior Cervical Microforaminotomy
- •Transuncal Approach
- •Upper Vertebral Transcorporeal Approach
- •Lower Vertebral Transcorporeal Approach
- •Percutaneous Cervical Nucleoplasty
- •Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy
- •Microendoscopic Discectomy
- •DISCUSSION
- •Microsurgical Anterior Cervical Foraminodiscectomy
- •Percutaneous Cervical Nucleoplasty(PCN)
- •Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy
- •Microendoscopic Discectomy
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BRIEF DESCRIPTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •HISTORY OF VERTEBROPLASTY
- •PATIENT SELECTION/INDICATIONS
- •Absolute Contraindications
- •Relative Contraindications
- •TECHNIQUE
- •Transpedicular Approach
- •Parapedicular (Transcostovertebral) Approach
- •Posterolateral Approach
- •Anterolateral Approach
- •Procedure
- •INJECTION MATERIALS
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •NEJM RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
- •Fracture Acuity
- •Enrollment
- •Control Group as an “Alternative Intervention”
- •Crossover
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •VERTEBRAL BODY STENT
- •How to Restore and Maintain Vertebral Height
- •In Vitro Testing
- •Clinical Application
- •Indications
- •Surgical Technique
- •Clinical Experience
- •Results
- •DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •CLINICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE OSSEOFIX DEVICE
- •Biomechanical Studies
- •Results – Study 1
- •Results – Study 2
- •CONCLUSION
- •CLINICAL DATA
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •Step 1: Positioning.
- •Step 2: Creating an access channel into the vertebral body
- •Step 4: Cement delivery.
- •PITFALLS AND COMPLICATIONS OF THE PROCEDURE
- •TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
- •DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS
- •CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •PRECAUTIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •Material and Methods
- •RESULTS
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •DEPLOYMENT OF THE DISTRACTION SLEEVE
- •INJECTING PMMA BONE CEMENT
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •SYSTEM OVERVIEW
- •INDICATIONS
- •CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •BIOMECHANICAL TESTING
- •THE SHIELD KYPHOPLASTY SYSTEM SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- •CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •MATERIALS AND METHODS
- •The StabiliT Vertebral Augmentation System
- •In Vitro Evaluation of Height Restoration and Intravertebral Pressure in Three Minimally Invasive Procedures Using an Osteoporotic Cadaver Bone Model
- •RESULTS
- •RF KYPHOPLASTY CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE StabiliT VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION SYSTEM
- •DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •Anesthesia
- •Position
- •Procedure
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •PRINCIPLES OF PROCEDURE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •Anesthesia
- •Position
- •Surgical Procedure for the Crosstrees System
- •Transpedicular Approach
- •Extrapedicular Approach (Usually Recommended in Thoracic Spine)
- •Delivery of PMMA
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •Anesthesia
- •Position
- •PROCEDURE
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND CAUTIONS
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Stable Thoracic Vertebral Fractures
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •Thoracic Stabilization
- •Spinal Cord or Nerve Decompression
- •Deformity Correction
- •CONCLUSIONS/DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •Metastatic Tumors
- •Intradural Extramedullary Tumors
- •Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors
- •Primary Vertebral Column Tumors
- •BASIC SCIENCE
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES
- •DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •Bacterial Pathogenesis
- •Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- •DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- •Imaging
- •MANAGEMENT
- •Medical Therapy
- •Indications for Surgical Intervention
- •Surgical Management
- •Posterior Approach
- •Anterior Approach
- •Anterior Approach with Anterior Fixation
- •Single-Stage Anterior and Posterior Procedure
- •Two-Staged Anterior-Posterior Procedure
- •Use of Instrumentation
- •Graft Type
- •Minimally Invasive Surgery
- •Thoracoscopic Spinal Surgery
- •Percutaneous Technology
- •PROGNOSIS
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PATHOLOGY
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- •DIAGNOSIS
- •TREATMENT
- •OTHER CAUSES FOR THORACIC SPINAL STENOSIS
- •Neoplasms
- •Synovial Cysts
- •PROGNOSIS
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •RADIOSURGERY
- •INDICATIONS FOR SPINAL RADIOSURGERY
- •TREATMENT DETAILS
- •TREATMENT OF SPINAL METASTASES
- •TREATMENT OF INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY LESIONS
- •TREATMENT OF INTRAMEDULLARY LESIONS
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •Basic Science
- •Clinical Practice Guidlines
- •Basic Science
- •Clinical Practice Guidelines
- •Basic Science
- •Clinical Practice Guidelines
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PATHOANATOMIC CHANGES
- •DEFINITION OF STENOTIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASE IN DEFORMITY
- •CLINICAL COMPLEX OF SYMPTOM PRESENTATION
- •ADULT SCOLIOSIS CLASSIFICATION
- •CONSIDERATIONS FOR NONSURGICAL OR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- •GOALS OF TREATMENT
- •SURGICAL PROCEDURES
- •OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH SPINAL DEFORMITY TREATED WITH SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION
- •OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE LUMBAR SCOLIOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SPINAL STENOSIS
- •PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTING FUSION LEVELS IN ADULT SPINAL DEFORMITY WITH LUMBAR CURVES
- •SPINAL STENOSIS WITH SCOLIOSIS
- •RATE OF COMPLICATIONS IN SCOLIOSIS SURGERY
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •NATURAL HISTORY
- •Idiopathic Curves
- •Degenerative Curves
- •IMAGING EVALUATION
- •THE ROLE OF CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT
- •INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- •SURGICAL PLANNING
- •The Role of Decompression Only in Adult Scoliosis Surgery
- •The Role of Deformity Correction and Fusion
- •The Role of Deformity in the Clinical Presentation
- •SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- •Posterior Instrumentation
- •Anterior Release or Anterior-Only Surgery
- •Extent of Fusion
- •Extension of Fusion to the Sacrum
- •The Role of Osteotomies and Spinal Column Shortening in Adult Deformity Patients
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PATIENT EVALUATION
- •TREATMENT
- •SURGERY
- •SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- •OSTEOPOROSIS AND SCOLIOSIS
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •OUTCOMES
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION: INTERSPINOUS SPACERS – HOW DO THEY WORK?
- •THE “EXTENSION STOPPERS”
- •X - Stop (Medtronic) (Figure 54-1)
- •Surgical Technique
- •Results
- •Summary
- •InSpace (Synthes, Paoli, PA, USA) (Figure 54-3)
- •Surgical Technique
- •Results
- •Summary
- •Other Implant Types (Figure 54-7)
- •Surgical Technique
- •Results
- •Summary
- •DYNAMIC/RIGID INTERSPINOUS STABILIZERS
- •Surgical Technique
- •Results
- •Summary
- •Surgical Technique
- •Results
- •Summary
- •Other Implants
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
- •Infection or Malignancy
- •Facet Joints
- •Scoliosis
- •Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
- •Prior Abdominal Surgery
- •Obesity
- •Metal Allergy
- •Anatomic and Vascular Considerations
- •Psychosocial Factors
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •DEVICES
- •Interspinous Spacers
- •X-Stop (Kyphon)
- •Wallis (Zimmer Spine)
- •Diam (Medtronic)
- •ExtenSure (NuVasive)
- •In-Space (Synthes)
- •Facet Devices
- •Zyre (Quantum Orthopedics)
- •Fenix (Gerraspine AG)
- •Anatomic Facet Replacement System (Facet Solutions)
- •Total Facet Arthroplasty System (Archus)
- •Total Posterior System (Impliant)
- •Pedicle-Based Dynamic Rods
- •N-Hance (Synthes)
- •Stabilimax NZ (Applied Spine)
- •Dynesys (Zimmer Spine)
- •Dynamic TTL-Rod (Scient’x)
- •CD Horizon Legacy Peek Rod System (Medtronic)
- •DSS Spine Stabilization System (Paradigm)
- •Dynabolt (VertiFlex)
- •CLINICAL APPLICATION
- •Ligament
- •Facet
- •Canal
- •Osteopenia
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PEDICLE SCREWS IN THE OSTEOPOROTIC SPINE
- •Screw Placement
- •Undertapping Pedicle Screws
- •Transverse Connectors
- •Bone Cement
- •Expandable Screws
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS
- •OTHER BONE GRAFT ALTERNATIVES
- •Allograft
- •Demineralized Bone Matrix
- •Synthetic Materials (Ceramics)
- •Bone Marrow Aspirates
- •OTHER POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICS IN THE AGING SPINE
- •Vertebral Body Augmentation in Vertebral Body Compression Fractures
- •Nonfusion Applications: Addressing Disc Degeneration Directly
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •TREATMENT OPTIONS AND GUIDELINES
- •SURGICAL RATIONALE
- •INDICATIONS FOR MISS DECOMPRESSIVE TECHNIQUES
- •Surgical Technique
- •POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- •CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS
- •EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SPINE SURGERY
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •Endoscopic Transforaminal Decompression for Unilateral Radiculopathy
- •Deformity Correction via Direct Lateral Anterior Interbody Fusion
- •Minimally Invasive Posterior-Only Approaches
- •Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation
- •MIS Iliac Fixation
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •CLINICAL STUDY
- •PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING
- •Operative Technique
- •Patient Positioning
- •Incision and Retroperitoneal Access
- •Transpsoas Access
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •BASIC SCIENCE AND BIOMECHANICAL STUDIES
- •CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- •CLINICAL CASE EXAMPLES: TREATMENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL Disc
- •CAUSES OF DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE
- •THERAPEUTIC BIOLOGIC STRATEGIES
- •Intradiscal Injection of a “Naked” Biologically Active Factor
- •Gene Therapy Approaches
- •Implantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE(S)
- •Anesthesia
- •Position
- •Procedure
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •Ideal Indications
- •Relative Indications
- •Patients with Poor Indications for Dorsal Ramus Rhizotomy
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •Anesthesia
- •Position
- •Procedure
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- •Anatomy of the Lumbar Dorsal Ramus
- •L1 to L4 Dorsal Rami
- •L5 Dorsal Ramus
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMY AND HEALTHCARE
- •OVERVIEW OF SPINE CARE
- •BACK PAIN IN A CHANGING POPULATION
- •Osteoporosis
- •COMPENSATION
- •MEDICAL TOURISM
- •COST-EFFECTIVENESS
- •WHERE TO GO FROM HERE
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •SPINAL ETIOLOGIES
- •Degenerative Disc and Congenital Disorders
- •Spinal Stenosis
- •Osteoporosis
- •Spinal Deformity (Scoliosis, Kyphosis)
- •Spinal Tumors
- •NANOMEDICINE AND THE AGING SPINE
- •Micro- and Nanoscale Smart Polymer Technologies
- •Nanocoatings
- •Biosensors and Biochips
- •THE POTENTIAL FOR MICRO/NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE AGING SPINE
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE
- •BACKGROUND OF SCIENTIFIC TESTING / CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
- •OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
- •CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
- •References
- •INTRODUCTION
- •LASER DECOMPRESSION
- •OZONE CHEMODISCOLYSIS
- •CONCLUSION
- •References
- •HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- •Tissue Response to Biomaterials
- •METALS
- •Metal Types
- •Titanium
- •Cobalt-Chrome
- •Stainless Steel (316L)
- •Tantalum
- •Corrosion
- •Distribution of Metal in Body Fluids
- •Mutagenesis
- •Carcinogenicity
- •Hypersensitivity
- •POLYMERS
- •Introduction
- •UHMWPE
- •PEEK
- •PLA and PGA
- •Implant Performance and Failure
- •UHMWPE
- •PEEK
- •PLA and PGA
- •HYDROGELS
- •Synthetic Hydrogels
- •Hydrolyzed Pan Hydrogels – Development and History
- •BIOLOGICS
- •Bone Graft
- •SUMMARY
- •References
- •Index


The Comprehensive Treatment of the Aging Spine
Minimally Invasive and Advanced Techniques
Edition: 1
James Joseph Yue, MD
Associate Professor
Yale University School of Medicine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Rehabilitation
New Haven, Connecticut
Richard D. Guyer, MD
President, Texas Back Institute
Plano, Texas
Associate Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopedics
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical
School
Dallas, Texas
J. Patrick Johnson, MD, FACS
Neurosurgeon, Spine Specialist
Director of Education, Spine Fellowship and
Academic Programs
Co-Director, Spine Stem Cell Research Program
Director, California Association of Neurological
Surgeons
Los Angeles, California
Larry T. Khoo, MD
Director of Minimally Invasive Neurological
Spinal Surgery
Los Angeles Spine Clinic
Los Angeles, California
Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD
Chairman, Texas Back Institute Holdings
Paradise Valley, Arizona

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ISBN: 978-1-4377-0373-3
THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF THE AGING SPINE
MINIMALLY INVASIVE AND ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
is book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current
information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered,
to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications.
It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make
diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
e comprehensive treatment of the aging spine : minimally invasive and advanced techniques / [edited by]
James Joseph Yue ... [et al.]. — 1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4377-0373-3
1. Spine—Diseases—Treatment. I. Yue, James J.
[DNLM: 1. Spinal Diseases—diagnosis. 2. Spinal Diseases—therapy. 3. Aged. 4. Aging—physiology. 5. Physical
erapy Modalities. 6. Spine—surgery. WE 725 C7378 2011]
RD768.C645 2011
617.4'71--dc22 2010001778
Acquisitions Editor: Adrianne Brigido
Developmental Editor: Anne Snyder
Publishing Services Manager: Debbie Vogel/Anitha R aj
Project Manager: Sruthi Viswam/Kiruthiga Kasthuri
Design Direction: Ellen Zanolle
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To my mother, Mary Jude, for her endless wisdom and encouragement and eternal motivaton.
James J. Yue
I dedicate this book to my wonderful wife, Shelly, whose inspiration and love has sustained me through my career and
taught me how to live life to its fullest. I also dedicate this endeavor to the thousands of patients who will hopefully benefit
from the advances discussed in this book.
Richard D. Guyer
I dedicate the efforts of this book to all my family, friends, mentors, and patients, who have taught me to be the best sur-
geon possible; and to my fellows and residents, whom I have taught to be a better surgeon than me.
J. Patrick Johnson
is book is dedicated to all whom endeavor to ease the pain and suffering of spinal disease. From therapist to surgeon and
from master to student, I pray that these pages will not only guide you in the labors of today, but also to the discoveries
of tomorrow. I give humble thanks to the devotion of my residents and fellows, both past and present, without whom this
volume and all other academia would not be possible. And at the end, I am the most grateful to Kristine, Miya and Taka,
whose boundless love and understanding is the beacon that lights my way every single day.
Larry T. Khoo
I would like to dedicate this book to Ralph Rashsbaum, MD, without whose friendship and guidance for more than forty
years, e Texas Back Institute would not have existed.
Stephen H. Hochschuler




Contributors
Khalid M. Abbed, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Chief, Yale Spine Institute
Director, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery
Director, Oncologic, Spine Surgery, Neurosurgery
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Kathleen Abbott, MD, RPT
Interventional Physiatrist
Pioneer Spine and Sports Physicians, P.C.
Glastonbury, CT, USA
Nduka Amankulor, MD
Resident
Department of Neurosurgery
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Carmina F. Angeles, MD, PhD
Clinical Instructor/Spine Fellow
Neurosurgery
Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, CA, USA
Ali Araghi, DO
Assistant Clinical Professor
Texas Back Institute
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Rajesh G. Arakal, MD
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon
Texas Back Institute
Plano, TX, USA
Sean Armin, MD
Neurosurgeon
Riverside Neurosurgical Associates
Riverside, CA, USA
Farbod Asgarzadie, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Loma Linda, CA, USA
Darwono A. Bambang, MD, PhD
Division of Orthopaedic and Spine
Gading-Pluit Hospital Senior Lecturer
Orthopedic Department
Faculty of Medicine, Taruma Negara University
Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
Jose Carlos Sauri Barraza
Department of Orthopaedics
Centro Médico ABC
Mexico City, Mexico
John A. Bendo, MD
Director, Spine Services
New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases
Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
Edward C. Benzel, MD
Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery
Neurological Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
Jason A. Berkley, DO
Staff Physician, Department of Nanology
Neurology/Interventional Spine Pain Management
Institute for Spinal Disorders
Cedars Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rudolf Bertagnoli, MD
Chairman
First European Center for Spine Arthroplasty and
Associated Non Fusion Technologies
St. Elisabeth Krankenhaus Straubing, KKH
Bogen, Germany
Obeneba Boachie-Adjei, MD
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Hospital for Special Surgery
Attending Orthopaedics Surgeon
Chief of Scoliosis Service
New York Presbyterian Hospital
Attending Orthopaedics Surgeon
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Associate Attending Surgeon
New York, NY, USA
vii

viii
Contributors
Alan C. Breen, DC, PhD, MIPEM
Professor of Musculoskeletal Health Care
Institute for Musculoskeletal Research and Clinical Implementation
Anglo-European College of Chiropractic
Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
Courtney W. Brown, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopedics
University of Colorado
Denver, CO, USA
Chunbo Cai, MD, MPH
Spine Clinic
Department of Physical Medicine
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center
San Francisco, CA, USA
Charles S. Carrier
Clinical Research Coordinator
Orthopaedic Spine Service
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Thomas J. Cesarz, MD
Instructor
Orthopaedics
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, NY, USA
Boyle C. Cheng, PhD
Assistant Professor
University of Pittsburgh
Co-Director
Spine Research Laboratory
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Kenneth M.C. Cheung, MBBS, MD, FRCS, FHKCOS,
FHKAM(Orth)
Clinical Professor
Department of Orthoapedics and Traumatology
University of Hong Kong
Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Rob D. Dickerman, DO, PhD
Neurological and Spine Surgeon
North Texas Neurosurgical Associates
Adjunct Professor of Neurosurgery
University of North Texas Health Science Center
Fort Worth, Texas;
Professor
Texas Back Institute
Plano, TX, USA
David A. Essig, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Alice Fann, MD
Atlanata VA Medical Center
Department of Rehabiliation Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine
Decatur, GA, USA
Michael Fehlings, MD, PhD
Neurosurgeon
Toronto Western Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lisa Ferrara, PhD
President
OrthoKinetic Technologies, LLC and OrthoKinetic Testing
Technologies, LLC
Southport, NC, USA
Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD
Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Zair Fishkin, MD, PhD
Attending Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Buffalo General Hospital
Buffalo, NY , USA
Etevaldo Coutinho, MD
Instituto de Patologia da Coluna
São Paulo, Brazil
Reginald J. Davis, MD, FACS
Chief of Neurosurgery
Greater Baltimore Medical Center
Towson, MD, USA
Adam K. Deitz
CEO
Ortho Kinematics, Inc.
Austin, TX, USA
Perry Dhaliwal, MD
Department of Clinical Neurosciences
Division of Neurosurgery
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Amy Folta, PharmD
Kai-Ming Gregory Fu, MD, PhD
Spine Fellow
Neurological Surgery
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Shu Man Fu, MD, PhD, MACR
Professor of Medicine and Microbiology
Margaret M. Trolinger Professor of Rheumatology
Division of Clinical Rheumatology and Center for Immunity,
Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine
University of Virginia School of Medicine
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Anand A. Gandhi, MD
Interventional Pain Management
Laser Spine Institute
Scottsdale, AZ, USA

Contributors
ix
Elizabeth Gardner, PhD
Resident
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Yale New Haven Hospital
New Haven, CT, USA
Steven R. Garfin, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Orthopaedics
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Hitesh Garg, MBBS, MS(Orth)
Fellowship in Spine Surgery
Yale University School of Medicine, USA
Associate Consultant
Spine Surgery
Artemis Health Institute
Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Avrom Gart, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
UCLA, Medical Center
Medical Director
Spine Center
Cedars-Sinai Medical center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Samer Ghostine, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Loma Linda, CA, USA
Brian P. Gladnick, BA
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, NY, USA
Ziya L. Gokaslan, MD, FACS
Department of Neurosurgery
e Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, MD, USA
Jeffrey A. Goldstein, MD
Director of Spine Service
New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases
New York, NY, USA
Oren N. Gottfried, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Grahame C. D. Gould, MD
Resident Physician
Neurosurgery
Yale New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Jonathan N. Grauer, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Richard D. Guyer, MD
President, Texas Back Institute
Plano, Texas;
Associate Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopedics
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School
Dallas, TX, USA
Eric B. Harris, MD
Director, Multidisciplinary Spine Center
Director of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics
Naval Medical Center San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Christopher C. Harrod, MD
Resident
Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program
Boston, MA, USA
Paul F. Heini, MD
Associate Professor
University of Bern
Bern, Switzerland
Shawn F. Hermenau, MD
Spine Fellow
Orthopaedic Surgery
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD
Chairman
Texas Back Institute Holdings
Paradise Valley, AZ, USA
Daniel J. Hoh, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL;
Department of Neurological Surgery
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Wei Huang, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Rehabilitation Medicine
Emory University
Atlanta, GA, USA
R. John Hurlbert, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Neurosciences
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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