Технический перевод. Учебное пособие

Reference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia

Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order.

1.parallel polarizers. – be operated – can – also – between – These

devices

2.do – emit – not – Liquid – directly. – crystals – light

3.are used – in a wide range – LCDs – including – of applications – computer monitors, – and others. – televisions, – instrument panels

4.energy efficient – is – than a CRT. – more – The LCD – and – can be disposed of more safely

5.the liquid crystal material – compounds. – and – Both – contain – the alignment layer material – ionic

Exercise 2. Match technical terms to their explanations:

1) liquid crystal A) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, display (LCD) or video display that uses the light modulating

properties of liquid crystals

2) voltage B) is the electric potential difference between two points – or the difference in electric potential energy of a unit test charge transported between two points

3)conductor C) a material allowing the flow of electric charge

4)polarizer D) is an optical filter that passes light of a specific

polarization and blocks waves of other polarizations

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Exercise 3. Make questions to underlined parts of the sentences below:

1.Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission.

2.This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using.

3.The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is defined by the direction of rubbing.

4.The managing and control of the data to be displayed is performed by one or more circuits commonly denoted as LCD drivers.

5.This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second

filter.

Exercise 4. Edit the machine translation of the text.

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Exercise 5. Complete the translation of the paragraph.

Exercise 6. Translate the paragraph into Russian.

If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray

Exercise 7. Give a summary of Paragraph (2) in 20 – 30 words.

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U n i t 6

Read the text and choose the best heading.

A.Transmission networks.

B.Variability and intermittency of wind energy.

C.Ways of increasing electricity demand.

1.Electricity generated from wind power is highly variable at several time scales: from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally. Annual variations also exist, but it is not so significant. Like other electricity sources, wind energy must be "scheduled". Wind power forecasting methods are used, but predictability of a wind plant output remains low for short-term operations.

2.Since instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability, this variability causes substantial difficulties when incorporating large amounts of wind power (large penetration) into a grid system. The higher level of wind energy penetration the greater problems arise to incorporate wind power into a grid system.

3.The wind energy penetration refers to the part of electricity produced by wind compared with the total available generation capacity. There is no generally accepted "maximum" level of wind penetration. The limit for a particular grid depends on the existing generating plants, pricing mechanisms, capacity for storage or demand management, and other factors. Studies have indicated that 20% of the total electricity consumption may be incorporated with tolerable difficulty. These studies have been worked out for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms, or hydropower with storage capacity, demand management, and interconnection to a large grid area export of electricity when needed. Beyond this level, there are few technical limits, but the economic implications become more significant. At present (as of 2010), a few grid systems have penetration of wind energy around 10% or above: Denmark (21%), Spain (16%), Portugal (18%), Germany (9%) and the Republic of Ireland (14%).

4.Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation, incremental operating reserve,

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and require an increase in the already existing energy demand management, load shedding, or storage solutions or system interconnection with high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables. Transmission networks must already cope with outages of generation plant and daily changes in electrical demand. Systems with large wind capacity components may need more spinning reserve (plants operating at less than full load).

Reference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia

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Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

1.load – By – electricity – stopped – power – we mean – shedding – outage – delivery is – electrical – where – an.

2.of – is the – management – demand – energy – modification – consumer – demand – for – Energy.

3.voltage – by the – national – networks – electric – transmission – UK – the high – In the – is meant – grid.

4.technology – for – High – voltage – direct – than – greater – transfer – electricity – refers to – current – 600 km.

5.is taken to be – load – plants – Spinning – full – at less – than – reserve – operating.

Exercise 2. Match technical terms to their explanations:

1) Wind energy penetration A) is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and education.

2) Energy demand manage- B) is the bulk transfer of electricity from ment, in other words demand generating power plants to substations. sidemanagement (DSM),

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Exercise 3. Make questions to underlined parts of the sentences below:

1.By load shedding we mean an electrical power outage where electricity delivery is stopped.

2.Energy demand management is the modification of consumer demand for energy.

3.In the UK the national grid denotes the high voltage electric transmission networks.

4.High-voltage direct-current technology refers to electricity transfer for very long distances, typically greater than 600 km.

5.Spinning reserve is taken to be plants operating at less than full

load.

Exercise 4. Edit the machine translation of the text.

Exercise 5. Rearrange the translation in the correct order.

Since instantaneous electrical (1) при включении большого generation and consumption количества ветровой энергии (при must remain in balance to большей глубине проникновения) maintain grid stability, this в объединённую энергосистему. variability causes substantial (2) Поскольку непрерывное произdifficulties when incorporating водство и потребление электриlarge amounts of wind power ческой энергии (3) эта изменчи- (large penetration) into a grid вость приводит к существенным

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Exercise 6. Translate Paragraph (4) into Russian.

Exercise 7. Give a summary of Paragraph (3) in 30 – 40 words.

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U n i t 7

Read the text and choose the best heading.

A.Wastewater treatment contributes to global warming.

B.Wastewater could be a huge energy producer, not a huge energy

cost.

C. Ways to improve efficiency of waste treatment plants.

1.Engineers at Oregon State University have made a breakthrough in the performance of microbial fuel cells that can produce electricity directly from wastewater, opening the door to a future in which waste treatment plants not only will power themselves, but will sell excess electricity.

2.The new technology developed at OSU can now produce 10 to 50 more times the electricity, per volume, than most other approaches using microbial fuel cells, and 100 times more electricity than some. Researchers say this could eventually change the way that wastewater is treated all over the world, replacing the widely used "activated sludge" process that has been in use for almost a century. The new approach would produce significant amounts of electricity while effectively cleaning the wastewater. Experts estimate that about 3 percent of the electrical energy consumed in the United States and other developed countries is used to treat wastewater, and a majority of that electricity is produced by fossil fuels that contribute to global warming. But the biodegradable characteristics of wastewater could theoretically provide many times the energy that is now being used to process them, with no additional greenhouse emissions.

3.OSU researchers reported several years ago on the promise of this technology, but at that time the systems in use produced far less electrical power. With new concepts – reduced anode-cathode spacing, evolved microbes and new separator materials – the technology can now produce more than two kilowatts per cubic meter of liquid reactor volume. This amount of power density far exceeds anything else done with microbial fuel cells.

4.The system also works better than an alternative approach to creating electricity from wastewater, based on anaerobic digestion that produces methane. It treats the wastewater more effectively, and doesn't

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have any of the environmental drawbacks of that technology, such as production of unwanted hydrogen sulfide or possible release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. This technology cleans sewage by a very different approach than the aerobic bacteria used in the past. Bacteria oxidize the organic matter and, in the process, produce electrons that run from the anode to the cathode within the fuel cell, creating an electrical current. Almost any type of organic waste material can be used to produce electricity – not only wastewater, but also grass straw, animal waste, and byproducts from such operations as the wine, beer or dairy industries.

5. The approach may also have special value in developing nations, where access to electricity is limited and sewage treatment at remote sites is difficult or impossible as a result. The ability of microbes to produce electricity has been known for decades, but only recently have technological advances made their production of electricity high enough to be of commercial use.

Reference: OSU News & Research Communications, http://www.kval.com/news

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