Технический перевод. Учебное пособие

Exercise 4. Edit the machine translation of the text.

Exercise 5. Translate Paragraph (2) into Russian.

Exercise 6. Give a summary of the text in 30 – 40 words.

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U n i t 3

Read the text and choose the best heading.

A.Nanomaterials.

B.Larger to smaller: a materials perspective.

C.Properties of nanosystems.

1.Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological featureson the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined

as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension, though this term is sometimes

used for even smaller materials.

2.Several phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects, for example the "quantum size effect" where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, quantum effects become dominant when the nanometer size range is reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less, the so called quantum realm. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions at nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices with fast ion transport are generally referred to nanoionics. Mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.

3.Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); insoluble materials become soluble (gold). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.

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Reference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia

Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order.

1.nanotechnology – materials – other structures – with – works – devices – and – with – at least – sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. – one dimension

2.at this quantum-realm scale. – important – are – Quantum mechanical effects

3.potential applications – With a variety of – is – nanotechnology – for – a key technology – the future.

4.debate – the future – Scientists – nanotechnology. – implications – of

5.may be able – many new materials – and – devices – to create – with a vast range of applications. – Nanotechnology

Exercise 2. Match technical terms to their explanations:

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Exercise 3. Make questions to underlined parts of the sentences below:

1.Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology.

2.It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.

3.Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications.

4.Mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research.

5.A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales.

Exercise 4. Edit the machine translation of the text.

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Exercise 5. Complete the translation of the paragraph.

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U n i t 4

Read the text and choose the best heading.

A.Semiconductors.

B.Properties of semiconductor materials.

C.Preparation of semiconductor materials.

1.Semiconductors with predictable, reliable electronic properties are necessary for mass production. The level of chemical purity needed is extremely high because the presence of impurities even in very small proportions can have large effects on the properties of the material. A high degree of crystalline perfection is also required, since faults in crystal structure (such as

dislocations, twins, and stacking faults) interfere with the semiconducting properties of the material. Crystalline faults are a major cause of defective semiconductor devices. The larger the crystal, the more difficult it is to achieve the necessary perfection. Current mass production processes use crystal ingots between 100 mm and 300 mm (4 – 12 inches) in diameter which are grown as cylinders and sliced into wafers.

2.Because of the required level of chemical purity and the perfection of the crystal structure which are needed to make semiconductor devices, special methods have been developed to produce the initial semiconductor material. A technique for achieving high purity includes growing the crystal using the Czochralski process. An additional step that can be used to further increase purity is known as zone refining. In zone refining, part of a solid crystal is melted. The impurities tend to concentrate in the melted region, while the desired material recrystalizes leaving the solid material more pure and with fewer crystalline faults.

3.In manufacturing semiconductor devices involving heterojunctions between different semiconductor materials, the lattice constant, which is the length of the repeating element of the crystal structure, is important for determining the compatibility of materials.

4.Some materials are classified as semi-insulators. These have electrical conductivity nearer to that of electrical insulators. Semi-insulators find niche applications in micro-electronics. An example of a common semi-insulator is gallium arsenide.

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Reference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia

Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order.

1.differ from metals – in their – Semiconductors – of decreasing electrical resistivity – with increasing temperature. – characteristic property

2.are useful – Semiconductor materials – can be manipulated – because their behavior – by the addition – of impurities.

3.telephones. – Semiconductors – of modern electronics – are the foundation – including radio – computers, – and

4.on the principles – of semiconductors – relies – The comprehensive theory – of quantum physics.

5.are also known. – Common semiconducting materials – but amorphous and liquid semiconductors – are crystalline solids,

Exercise 2. Match technical terms to their explanations:

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Exercise 3. Make questions to underlined parts of the sentences below:

1.Semiconductors with predictable, reliable electronic properties are necessary for mass production.

2.Crystalline faults are a major cause of defective semiconductor

devices.

3.A technique for achieving high purity includes growing the crystal using the Czochralski process.

4.Some materials are classified as semi-insulators.

5.Semi-insulators find niche applications in micro-electronics.

Exercise 4. Edit the machine translation of the text.

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Exercise 5. Complete the translation of the paragraph.

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U n i t 5

Read the text and choose the best heading.

A.Liquid-crystal display.

B.Liquid-crystal display in operation.

C.Possibilities of LCD.

1.Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

2.The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of the transparent conductor Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The Liquid Crystal Display is intrinsically a "passive" device, it is a simple light valve. The managing and control of the data to be displayed is performed by one or more circuits commonly denoted as LCD drivers.

3.Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

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