Теоретическая грамматика английского языка = Theoretical Grammar of the English Language. Учебное пособие
.pdf5)Which two clauses does a minimal complex sentence consist of?
6)What principles are used for classifying subordinate clauses?
7)What principle is a compound sentence built on?
8)What semantic relations underlie coordinative clauses?
9)What types of semi-composite sentences are singled out?
10)Give 6 examples of semi-complex and semi-compound sentences.
Seminar 12. Linguistics of Text
1)Text as an object of research.
2)Units of text. Notions of supra-phrasal unity; cumuleme, occurseme.
3)Dicteme as the central textual unit. The correlation of a paragraph and a dicteme.
4)Parcellation and its stylistic load.
5)Textual categories. Topical unity and semantico-syntactic cohesion as basic textual categories.
6)Language means of textual cohesion.
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1) |
Give the definition of text. |
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2) |
How long has text been an object of research? |
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3) |
Who introduced the terms ‘complex syntactic unity’ and ‘super- |
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phrasal unity’? |
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4) |
What is the difference between a cumuleme and an occurseme? |
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5) |
What is a dicteme? |
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6) |
What basic functions are performed by the dicteme? |
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7) |
Which unit stands higher in the language hierarchy: dicteme or |
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occurseme? |
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8) |
Are a dicteme and a paragraph identical units? |
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9) |
In what way do the notions of dicteme and cumuleme help explain |
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the phenomenon of parcellation? |
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10) |
What textual categories do scholars usually identify? |
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Glossary |
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adjunct |
a qualifying unit, depending on a particular member of a |
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sentence |
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allomorph |
a variant of a morph |
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binding |
syntactical relationship of clauses of different ranks |
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case |
a category showing the relation of the referent to some other |
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referent |
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collocation |
a habitual association between particular words |
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complement |
an obligatory dependent language unit |
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componential anal- |
an approach which studies the semantic components of lexi- |
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ysis |
cal items |
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cumulative phrase |
a phrase whose elements are not equal in their rank |
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diachronic |
dealing with study of language changes over a period of time |
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dichotomy |
division into two parts or categories |
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dicteme |
an elementary topical unit of text |
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differential |
distinctive |
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distribution |
the contextual environment of a language unit |
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eme-term |
a generalized invariant language unit |
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finite verb |
a verb of complete predication, explicitly expressing predica- |
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tion on the basis of the categories of tense and mood |
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function |
purpose of a unit |
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government |
a concord in which one term controls or selects the form of |
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the partner |
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grammatical category |
a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meanings |
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by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms |
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grammatical form |
a means with the help of which we express different gram- |
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matical meanings |
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grammatical meaning |
the most general, abstract meanings rendered by language |
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half-gerund |
a form having mixed participial and gerundial features |
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hierarchy |
organization of elements based on ranking |
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illocutionary act |
an utterance which has a certain conventional force: inform- |
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ing, ordering, etc. |
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immanent category |
a category expressing the inherent features of a part of |
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speech |
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limitive verb |
a verb expressing a potential limit in the development of the |
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denoted action |
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linking |
syntactic relationship of clauses of the same rank |
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locutionary act |
uttering a certain sentence with a certain sense and refer- |
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ence |
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the general semantic category, revealed both in grammatical |
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modality |
and lexical elements of language, which exposes the relation |
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of the nominative content of the sentence to reality |
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morph |
a concrete manifestation of a morpheme |
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morpheme |
the smallest meaningful part of a word expressing a general- |
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ized meaning |
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morphology |
grammatical teaching of the word |
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a type of oppositional reduction by which a neutralized lan- |
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neutralization |
guage unit becomes fully functionally identified with its |
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counter-member |
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non-limitive verb |
a verb not expressing a potential limit in the development of |
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the denoted action |
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oblique verbal form |
non-real mood form of a verb |
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opposition |
correlation of categorical forms having a certain function |
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oppositional reduc- |
the usage of one member of the opposition in the position of |
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tion |
the counter-member |
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paradigmatic |
systemic, connected on a non-linear basis |
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part of speech |
a class of words distinguished by a particular set of lexico- |
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grammatical features |
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phoneme |
the smallest constituent of a word having no meaning but |
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fulfilling the function of differentiating morphemes |
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pragmatic factor |
a factor relevant for the actualization of a message in a con- |
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crete communicative situation |
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the category confined specifically to the sentence which es- |
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predication |
tablishes the relation of the nominative content of the sen- |
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tence to reality |
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presupposition |
a proposition whose truth is necessary for either the truth or |
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the falsity of another statement |
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primary predication |
predication expressed in a sentence which has a finite form |
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of the verb as its predicate |
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proposition |
the content of a declarative sentence; a dynamic combination |
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of the theme and the rheme |
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referent |
the denoted object |
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reflective category |
a category expressing categorical meanings which are not in- |
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herent in the referent |
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secondary predication |
predication expressed by potentially predicative complexes |
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with non-finite forms of the verb |
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semantics |
the study of meaning of words and sentences |
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semantic feature |
an elementary component of meaning |
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sentence |
a nominative and predicative unit of language |
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supplement |
a non-obligatory adjunct |
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synchronic |
referring to a certain stage in the development of a phenom- |
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enon |
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syntagmatic |
connected on a linear basis |
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syntax |
grammatical teaching of the word |
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system |
a structured set of elements connected by a common function |
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transformation |
transition from one syntactic pattern to another |
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unit |
a constituent of a system |
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valency |
the ability of a language unit to take an adjunct |
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word |
a nominative unit of language |
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. – -.
Test 1. System as a linguistic notion, language and speech, paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, language units and language levels, methods of linguistic investigation
1. How many constituent parts of the language are there?
a) 2 |
b) 3 |
c) 4 |
d) 5 |
2.Complete the sentence “The aim of theoretical grammar is”…
a)…to give rules of writing correctly
b)…to give a manual of practical mastery of grammar
c)…to give rules of speaking correctly
d)…to present a theoretical description of the grammatical system
3.Who is the creator of the utterance “Colourless green ideas sleep furiously”?
a) H. Sweet |
b) N. Chomsky |
c) Prof. A. M. Peshkovsky |
d) B. de Courtenay |
4. What does the plane of content comprise? |
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a) formal units |
b) semantic elements |
c) phraseological units |
d) material units |
5. Choose the case when two or more units of the plane of expression correspond to one unit of the plane content?
a) synonymy b) polysemy c) homonymy d) antonymy 6. Which scholar developed the systemic approach to the language?
a) Ch. Fries |
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b) H. Sweet |
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c) F. de Saussure |
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d) B. de Courtenay |
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7. Match: (4 points) |
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1. synchronic string |
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a) thy, you, your, thou |
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2. diachronic string |
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b) a small girl |
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3. paradigmatic relations |
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c) you, your, yours |
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4. syntagmatic relations |
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d) small, smallest |
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1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
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8. |
Which of the following units isn’t segmental? |
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a) word |
b) morpheme |
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c) intonation |
d) syllable |
9. |
What is the lowest level of lingual segments? |
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a) morphemic |
b) phonemic |
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c) lexemic |
d) phrasemic |
10. |
What is the highest level of lingual segments? |
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a) proposemic |
b) phrasemic |
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c) denotemic |
d) supra-proposemic |
11.Put the levels in the correct order ranging from the lowest to the highest:
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a) lexemic |
b) dictemic |
c) phonemic |
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d) proposemic |
e) morphemic |
f) denotemic |
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1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
5. |
6. |
12. |
What is the unit of supra-sentential level? |
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a) sentence |
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b) paragraph |
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c) dicteme |
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d) occurseme |
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13. |
What is the unit of lexemic level? |
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a) word |
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b) phoneme |
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c) phrase |
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d) morpheme |
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14. |
Define the type of word-form derivation of degrees of comparison: |
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a) sound –alteration |
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b) analytical |
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c) synthetic |
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d) suppletive |
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Define the type of word-form derivation of the irregular verb ‘run’: |
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a) sound –alteration |
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b) analytical |
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c) synthetic |
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d) suppletive |
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16. |
Who belonged to the Prague school of Linguistics? |
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a) L. Hjelmslev |
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b) Ch. Fries |
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c) N.S. Trubetzkoy |
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d) Z. Harris |
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17. |
Which scholar formulated the principles of the method of immedi- |
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ate constituents? |
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a) Z. Harris |
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b) Ch. Fries |
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c) N. Chomsky |
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d) N.S. Trubetzkoy |
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18.Which scholar formulated the principles of the transformational method?
a) Z. Harris |
b) Ch. Fries |
c) N. Chomsky |
d) N.S. Trubetzkoy |
19.Match the school of Linguistics with the method of investigation it elaborated:
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1.Prague School |
a.distributional |
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2.Copenhagen School |
b.oppositional |
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3.American School |
c.componential analysis |
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20. Match the terms with their definitions:
1. grammatical meaning |
a. a means with the help of which we express different |
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grammatical meanings |
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2. grammatical form |
b. the most general, abstract meanings rendered by lan- |
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guage |
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c. a system of expressing a generalized grammatical |
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3. grammatical category |
meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of gram- |
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matical forms |
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21. Match the names of the oppositions with their examples:
1. privative
a.the correlation of the case form of the personal pronouns
2. gradual |
b. the category of the number of the noun |
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3. equipollent |
c. the category of adjectival comparison |
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22. |
Which scholar’s ideas lie at the basis of componential analysis? |
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a) E.I. Shendels |
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b) L. Hjelmslev |
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c) Ch. Fries |
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d) N.S. Trubetzkoy |
23. |
Who is the founder of the Prague School of Linguistics? |
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a) E.I. Shendels |
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b) L. Hjelmslev |
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c) Ch. Fries |
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d) N.S. Trubetzkoy |
24. |
Which school put forward the distributuional method? |
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a) Moscow School |
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b) Copenhagen School |
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c) Prague School |
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d) American School (Descriptivists) |
25. |
What is the minimal element of grammatical meaning according |
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to the method of componential analysis? |
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a) seme |
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b) lexeme |
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c) signeme |
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d) morpheme |
26. |
‘Comparison of Adjectives’ – what is it? Choose the right answer. |
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a) grammatical meaning |
b) grammatical form |
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c) grammatical category |
d) grammatical paradigm |
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27. |
What is the smallest meaningful language unit? |
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a) morpheme |
b) phoneme |
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c) morph |
d) phone |
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28. |
‘Comparison of Adjectives’ – what kind of opposition is it? Choose |
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the right answer. |
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a) gradual |
b) equipollent |
c) privative |
Test 2. Morphemic structure of the Word. Grammatical Classes of Words. The Noun and Its Categories
1. How many stages are there in the distributional method? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
2. Match the pairs of words with the type of morphemic distribution:
1. contrastive |
a. interesting-interested |
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2. non-contrastive |
b. learned-learnt |
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3. complementary |
c. returned-returns |
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d. worked-learned |
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e. bell-bells |
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f. lit-lighted |
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g. cats-dogs |
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3.What is a morph?
a)a generalized invariant language unit
b)the smallest meaningful part of the word expressing a generalized meaning
c)a concrete manifestation of a morpheme
d)a meaningful absence of the inflexion
4.What is a zero morpheme?
a)a generalized invariant language unit
b)the smallest meaningful part of the word expressing a generalized meaning
c)a concrete manifestation of a morpheme
d)a meaningful absence of the inflexion
5.What is the principle of classifying nouns into common and proper?
a)personal quality
b)the form of existence
c)the type of nomination
d)the type of abstraction
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6. |
‘Which language unit is formed by phonemes? |
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a) word |
b) syllable |
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c) morpheme |
d) sentence |
7. |
On which basis are free and bound morphemes distinguished? |
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a) formal presentation |
b) segmental relation |
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c) degree of self-dependence |
d) grammatical alternation |
8.On which basis are additive and replacive morphemes distinguished?
a) formal presentation |
b) segmental relation |
c) degree of self-dependence |
d) grammatical alternation |
9.Where was the grammatical teaching of parts of speech introduced?
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a) Ancient Rome |
b) China |
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c) India |
d) Ancient Greece |
10. |
Which of the below given parts of speech isn’t notional? |
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a) noun |
b) article |
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c) numeral |
d) verb |
11. |
Which of the below given parts of speech isn’t functional? |
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a) interjection |
b) conjunction |
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c) particle |
d) adjective |
12.Which Russian scholar outlined the principles of the syntactic approach to the classification of words?
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a) A.I. Smirnitzky |
b) A.M. Peshkovsky |
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c) G.N. Vorontzova |
d) B.A. Ilyish |
13. |
What is the categorial meaning of the noun? |
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a) indication |
b) property |
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c) substance |
d) process |
14. |
What is the categorial meaning of the adverb? |
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a) secondary property |
b) property |
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c) indication |
d) process |
15.Which functional part of speech expresses connections of phenomena?
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a) preposition |
b) particle |
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c) conjunction |
d) interjection |
16. |
Which category distinguishes the sentence from the word? |
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a) nomination |
b) predication |
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c) modality |
d) primary time |
17. |
Can a word consist of one morpheme only? |
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a) yes |
b ) no |
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