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ªǯȔțȗȇ-ǯȔȍȌȔȌȗȏȦ«
2024
ɍȾɄ 658.78 ȻȻɄ 65.291.59
Ɂ-62
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ
ɞ ɷ ɧ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ©Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɬª ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ ©Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹª
Ȼɚɪɱɭɤɨɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ȼɚɥɟɪɶɟɜɢɱ;
ɤ ɷ ɧ ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ȼɵɫɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɦɟɞɢɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ ©Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬª
ɑɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɚ
Ɂɢɦɢɧ Ⱥ ɋ Ɂ-62 Ʌɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ Ⱥ ɋ Ɂɢɦɢɧ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ – ɫ ɢɥ ɬɚɛɥ
ISBN 978-5-9729- -8
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɪɝɚ ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬ ɪɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɭ ©Ʌɨɝɢ ɫɬɢɤɚª ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ
ɍȾɄ 658.78 ȻȻɄ 65.291.59
ISBN 978-5-9729- -8 |
Ɂɢɦɢɧ Ⱥ ɋ |
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ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª |
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Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª |
2
ǵǪDzǧǩDzǬǴǯǬ
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5 |
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ.................................................................................................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌ ȼ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȿ ɅɈȽɂɋɌɂɄɂ.................................................................. |
7 |
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ |
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ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ........................................................................................... |
7 |
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ................................................................... |
9 |
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ |
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ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ........................................................................................................................... |
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ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ |
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ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ .............................................................................................................. |
12 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɂ ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕɏ |
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ȼɂȾɈȼ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȺ.............................................................................................................. |
16 |
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ........................ |
16 |
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ............... |
17 |
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ .......................................... |
19 |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ........................................................... |
21 |
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ .......................... |
22 |
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ............ |
23 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɉɈȾȼɂɀɇɈɃ ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɂ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɎɈɇȾɕ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɏ |
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ȼɂȾɈȼ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȺ.............................................................................................................. |
26 |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ |
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ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ............................................................................................................... |
26 |
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ |
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ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɨɪ ..................................................................................... |
26 |
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ................................................................. |
29 |
ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ............................................ |
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ȼɢɞɵ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ ............................................................. |
31 |
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ..................................... |
32 |
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ............................................................... |
33 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɂ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ȽɊɍɁɈȼɕɏ ɉȿɊȿȼɈɁɈɄ |
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ɂ ȼɂȾɈȼ ɉȿɊȿȼɈɁɂɆɕɏ ȽɊɍɁɈȼ...................................................................................... |
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Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ............................................................................ |
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ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ....... |
36 |
Ƚɪɭɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ............................................................................ |
38 |
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ............................................................................... |
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3
. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ............................. |
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Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ........................................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌɇɕȿ ɌȿɊɆɂɇȺɅɕ ɂ ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȺ.......... |
53 |
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɨɜ................................................................................... |
53 |
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɯ.................. |
55 |
ɋɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɨɤ........................................................... |
57 |
5 Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ.............................................. |
59 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɖ ɂ ɗɄɋɉȿȾɂɐɂɈɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɋɅɍɀɂȼȺɇɂȿ |
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ɇȺ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȿ ...................................................................................................................... |
62 |
Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ................................................................................ |
62 |
ɗɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ............................................................. |
65 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉȿɊȿȼɈɁɈɄ ȽɊɍɁɈȼ ............................................. |
78 |
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ............................. |
78 |
Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ................................................... |
82 |
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ............... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɉȿɊȿȼɈɁɈɄ ȽɊɍɁɈȼ ȼ ɋɆȿɒȺɇɇɈɆ ɋɈɈȻɓȿɇɂɂ.......... |
87 |
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ.................................................................... |
87 |
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ........................... |
93 |
Ʉɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ............................................................................. |
95 |
ɂɧɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ................................... |
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ɉɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɦ............................. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9 ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈȿ ɊȿȽɍɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɉȿɊȿȼɈɁɈɄ ȽɊɍɁɈȼ |
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ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɆɂ ȼɂȾȺɆɂ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȺ........................................................................... |
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9 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ............................................... |
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9 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ............................................................... |
112 |
9 Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ......................................... |
116 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌɇɕȿ ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ȻȺɁɂɋɇɕɏ |
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ɍɋɅɈȼɂɃ ɉɈɋɌȺȼɄɂ........................................................................................................... |
119 |
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.............................................. |
119 |
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ- .......... |
126 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ .................................................................. |
133 |
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ.......................................................................................................................... |
139 |
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄɈȼ................................................................ |
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ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.............................................................................................. |
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ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.................................................................................. |
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4
ǩǩǬǫǬǴǯǬ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɭɡɤɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȿɺ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨ ɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɝɪɭ ɡɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɥɨ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨ ɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ Ⱦɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɧɹɥɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɪɦ ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ ɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɢ ɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨ ɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɜ ɬ ɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟ ɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ
Ⱦɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ©Ʌɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɚª ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨ ɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟ ɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢ ɤɨɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟ Ⱥɧɢɤɢɧ Ȼ Ⱥ Ȼɚɭɷɪɫɨɤɫ Ⱦ Ƚɚɞɠɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ Ɇ Ʉɥɨɫɫ Ⱦ Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ȼ Ɇ Ɇɢɪɨɬɢɧ Ʌ Ȼ Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɬɞɢɧɨɜ ɂ Ȼ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣɱɭɤ ȼ ȿ ɇɟɪɭɲ ɘ Ɇ
5
ɉɟɪɫɢɚɧɨɜ ȼ Ⱥ ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ Ʉ Ɍɟɛɟɤɢɧ Ⱥ ȼ Ɍɪɨɢɰɤɚɹ ɇ Ⱥ ɑɭɛɭ ɤɨɜ Ⱥ Ȼ Ɏɺɞɨɪɨɜ Ʌ ɋ ɢ ɞɪ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣɎɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɝɨɫ ɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ ɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ ©Ʌɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɚª
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɥɚɜ ɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ
6
ǪȒȇȉȇ ǹǷǧǴǸǶǵǷǹ ǩ ǸǯǸǹǬdzǬ DzǵǪǯǸǹǯDZǯ
ǵȈȠȇȦ ȜȇȗȇȑșȌȗȏȘșȏȑȇ șȗȇȔȘȖȕȗșȇ ȌȊȕ ȎȔȇȞȌȔȏȌ ȋȒȦ ȤȑȕȔȕȓȏȑȏ ȏ ȋȗȚȊȏȜ ȘțȌȗ ȍȏȎȔȌȋȌȦșȌȒȣȔȕȘșȏ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɬɥɚɬ transporto – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸ ɜɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ ɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ ɦɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚ ɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ǷȏȘȚȔȕȑ 1 dzȌȘșȕ șȗȇȔȘȖȕȗșȇ ȉ ȘșȗȚȑșȚȗȌ ȕȈȠȌȘșȉȌȔȔȕȊȕ ȖȗȕȏȎȉȕȋȘșȉȇ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ– ɷɬɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣɫɨɫɬɚɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɰɟɩɵ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɢɰɟɩɵ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɥɨɤɨɦɨ
7
ɬɢɜɵ ɜɚɝɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɛɚɪɠɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɬ ɩ
ɉɭɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧ ɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɚɜɬɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɬ ɩ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨ-ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ ɞ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ©ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬª ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɵɢɞɪ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ ɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɜɰɟɥɨɦ – ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɛɳɟɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ– ɷɬɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɫɟɯɜɢɞɨɜɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɪɨɦɟɩɪɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɸɛɵɦɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦɫɥɸɛɨɣɮɨɪɦɨɣɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟɝɨ
ɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ – ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ʉ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡ ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɚ ɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
Ʌɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɚ ɹɯɬɵ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸɫɟɦɶɟɣ
Ɋɨɥɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨ ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɩɨɪɱɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ ɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ©ɨɦɟɪɬɜɥɟɧɢɹª ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ ɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ ɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɪ ɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
8
ɫɮɟɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡ ɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ ɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɊɎ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɨɩɟ ɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɢɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ ɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛ ɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬ ɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɇɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨ ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɩɪɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
2 ǹȗȇȔȘȖȕȗșȔȢȌ ȕșȗȇȘȒȏ ȏ ȏȜ ȜȇȗȇȑșȌȗȏȘșȏȑȇ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
xɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɭ ɬɹɦ ɜ ɜɚɝɨɧɚɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɹɝɢ
xɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɭ ɬɹɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɢɬɟɥɹ
xɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ – ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ
9
xɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲ ɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
xɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɚ ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɨ- ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɚɤɧɢɡɤɚɹɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɡɧɚ ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɬ ɢ ɞɪ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸ ɳɢɦɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɬ ɩ
3 ǶȕȑȇȎȇșȌȒȏ ȜȇȗȇȑșȌȗȏȎȚȥȠȏȌ ȋȌȦșȌȒȣȔȕȘșȣ șȗȇȔȘȖȕȗșȔȢȜ ȖȗȌȋȖȗȏȦșȏȐ ȏ ȕȗȊȇȔȏȎȇȝȏȐ
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɬ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɸ ɳɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ – ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ.
1 – ɫɪɨɤ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɋɪɨɤɢɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢɝɪɭɡɨɜɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɨɬɜɢɞɚɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚɢɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ
2– ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
3– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɭ
10