Логистика транспортный аспект реализации. Учебник

ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ʋ ɎɁ ɨɬɝ

Ʉɨɞɟɤɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ

ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɪɟɦ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟ ɪɚɰɢɢ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧ ɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɜɢɚ ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɤɚɡɵ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɊɎ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ ɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢ ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɢ ɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚ ɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɊɎ ɨɬ ɝ ʋ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ©ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢª

Ʉɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɫɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɦɢɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜɢɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɭɠɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɹɜɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɱɟɝɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.

9 ǶȗȇȉȏȒȇ ȖȌȗȌȉȕȎȑȏ ȕșȋȌȒȣȔȢȜ ȉȏȋȕȉ ȊȗȚȎȕȉ

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ ɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɚɤ

112

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚª ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɱɢɤɚɦ ɮɪɚɯ ɬɨɜɳɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɚɬɚɤɠɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ Ɇɢɧɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɨɦ ɊɋɎɋɊ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ ʋ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ ɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɡɚ

ɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ;

ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɭɫɥɭɝɩɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɭɬɜɟɪ ɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ ʋ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɟɩɪɢɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜɢɢɯɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɚɬɚɤɠɟɝɪɭɡɨɜɞɥɹɥɢɱ ɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɡɨɦ Ɇɢɧɬɪɚɧɫɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ʋ %3- ɩ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɧɨɣ

ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɨɞɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧ ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɬɚɪɧɨ-ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ

ɧɵɯɩɚɤɟɬɚɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯɢɬɹɠɟɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯɝɪɭ ɡɨɜ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɜɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɬ ʋ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɨɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣ

ɧɟɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɧɚɥɢɜɨɦ ɜ ɜɚɝɨ ɧɚɯ-ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɯ-ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɚɯ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɚɯ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɧɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚ ɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɯ ɭɬɜ Ɇɢɧɦɨɪɮɥɨɬɨɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɤɨɬɨ

115

ɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭ ɞɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɚɝɨɦ ɊɎ

ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ

xɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɪɭɡɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ Ɇɢɧɬɪɚɧɫɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ

ʋɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɟ ɢ ɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɞɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɩɚɫ ɫɚɠɢɪɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɱɢɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸ ɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ Ɇɢɧɬɪɚɧɫɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ

ʋɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ ɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɬ ɤ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢ ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ ɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ

9 ǫȕȑȚȓȌȔșȇȒȣȔȕȌ ȕȈȌȘȖȌȞȌȔȏȌ ȓȌȍȋȚȔȇȗȕȋȔȢȜ ȖȌȗȌȉȕȎȕȑ

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨ ɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ

ɉɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢ ɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟ ɧɢɹɦɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ

116

ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɪɟɛɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɨɜ.

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭ ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛ ɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɯ

xɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ©Ɉ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭ ɡɨɜª ɨɬ ɝ

xɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ©Ɉ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜª ɨɬ ɝ

xɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɝ

xɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ©Ɉ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɢɳɟ

ɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚ ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤª ɨɬ ɝ ;

xɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ©Ɉ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɯª ɨɬ ɝ

xɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɯª ɨɬ ɝ

xɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭ ɡɨɜª ɨɬ ɝ

xɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢª ɨɬ ɝ

xɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯª ɨɬ ɝ

xɌɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɜɨɡɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɟ ɪɟɜɨɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜª ɨɬ ɝ

xɌɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ©Ɉ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɠɤɢ ɆȾɉª ɨɬ ɝ

xɌɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɝ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɊɎ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ

ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ

xȽɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɊɎ

xɌɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɊɎ

xɁɚɤɨɧ ɊɎ ɨɬ ɦɚɹ ɝ ʋ - ©Ɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɟª

xɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɚ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɝɨ ɜɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ

117

Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡ ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɦ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧ ɜɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚ ɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ

118

ǪȒȇȉȇ ǹǷǧǴǸǶǵǷǹǴȂǬ ǵǸǵǨǬǴǴǵǸǹǯ ǨǧǮǯǸǴȂǼ ǺǸDzǵǩǯǰ ǶǵǸǹǧǩDZǯ

ǸȚȠȔȕȘșȣ ȏ ȘȕȋȌȗȍȇȔȏȌ ȈȇȎȏȘȔȢȜ ȚȘȒȕȉȏȐ ȖȕȘșȇȉȑȏ

Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ

xɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɤ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ

xɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢ ɜɜɨɡɚ

xɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ©ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɜɤɢª ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ

Ȼɚɡɢɫɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟ ɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɩɥɸ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ

Ȼɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ – ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɭ ɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚ ɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨ ɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ȼ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ ɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ȼɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ – ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ

ɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5XOHV for the interpretation of Trade Terms ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPHUFLDO Terms

ɋɥɨɜɨ©ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫªɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɟɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɟɠ ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ – ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPHUFLDO WHUPV ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ

ɐɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪ ɝɨɜɥɟ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪ ɦɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ

119

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ – Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ

Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ

1.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɢ ɬ ɞ

2.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɝɢ ɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ

3.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ

ɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɂɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ

ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ – Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɣ Ɉɞ ɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧ ɞɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤ ɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ – ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɟ ɝ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢ ɬɟɬɚ ɆɌɉ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ

ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ

ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɟɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɦ ɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɭ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ©ɂɇɄɈɌȿɊɆɋª ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜɦɟɠɞɭɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ɉɩɵɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɛɚɡɢɫ ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɛɵɬɤɚɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟ ɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ

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