Лингвострановедение. Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для самостоятельной работы студентов
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3. Национально-маркированная лексика семантической области
«Политическая организация общества»
Introduction
В конституционном праве существует принцип «разделения властей», согласно которому власть в государстве осуществляют три независимые ветви,
уравновешивающие друг друга. Теория разделения властей впервые выдвинута Дж. Локком, развита Ш. Монтескье, она сыграла значительную роль в борьбе против абсолютизма. Данный принцип – один из важных элементов правового государства и демократии. Какие ветви власти отсутствуют на схеме?
___________ branch 
___________branch 
Judicial branch
Прочитайте предложенный материал и выполните задания.
O’Driscoll J. Britain. The country and its people: an introduction for learners of English. OUP, 2001 (Ch.8, 9).
A The legislative branch
1.Questions to discuss.
Many MPs in modern times are experts in various fields of government. Because of the complexity of modern government, this is something which seems to be necessary. But it could be said to have disadvantages, too. What do you think these disadvantages are?
When the Commons decide to vote, they do not vote immediately. Instead, a ‘division bell’ rings throughout the Palace of Westminster, after which MPs have ten minutes in which to vote. Why?
Many of the members of the House of Lords are hereditary aristocrats. Why do the British put up with such an undemocratic element in their parliamentary system?
What does the American Congress consist of? Who do the houses of Congress comprise?
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How is it achieved that there are always experienced senators in Congress after each election?
Explain what the system of checks and balances is. How does it affect the legislation in the USA?
What are the main similarities and differences between the British, American parliamentary systems and the Russian one?
Britain
2. Label the numbered parts of the House of Commons.
press gallery, Speaker’s chair, government benches, galleries for visitors, opposition
benches
3. Give definitions.
MP, peer, woolsack, hansard, frontbenchers, backbenchers, ‘Ayes’, ‘Noes’, Whip, law lords, Speaker, Lord Chansellor, Westminster Palace
4. Complete the guide to the main British political parties.
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Conservative party |
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Labour party |
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____________________ |
Policies |
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Policies: |
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Policies: |
right of centre, stands for |
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____________________ |
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in the centre or slightly left; |
hierarchical authority and |
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____________________ |
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has always been in favour of |
minimal government |
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____________________ |
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the EU; places more |
influence in the economy; |
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____________________ |
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emphasis on the |
likes to reduce income |
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____________________ |
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environment than other |
tax; gives high priority to |
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Voters: |
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parties; believes in giving |
national defence … |
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greater powers to local |
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Voters: |
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working class, plus a |
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government … |
____________________ |
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small middle-class |
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Voters: from all classes, but |
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intelligentsia |
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more from the middle class |
The USA
5. Give definitions.
Congress, the House of Representatives, the Senate, lobbies.
6. Complete the chart.
A.President can veto laws proposed by the Congress
B.Congress and the President can amend the Constitution – but not the Bill of Rights
C.Congress overrules Presidential veto by two-thirds majority
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7. Read the text and complete the gaps. Do you know the parties’ nicknames?
There is one more very important part of the American political scene which is not part of any formal written document: the political______________. Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the U.S should be governed and who work together to gave members of their group elected in order to influence the
_____________of the country. When members of a political party form a majority in
____________, they have great powers _______ __________. With exceptions,
__________ tend to appoint members of their party or supporters of the views of their party to executive branch positions; including those of secretaries (heads of federal executive agencies) within the presidential cabinet.
Today, the U.S. has two major political parties. One is the ___________
party which evolved out of Th. Jefferson’s party, formed before 1800. The other is the _____________ party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as A. Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union.
Most Americans today consider the Democratic Party the more _________
party. By that they mean that Democrats believe the federal government and the state governments should be active in providing social and economic programs for those who need them, such as poor, the unemployed or students.
Republicans are not necessarily opposed to such programs. They believe, however, that by many social programs, everyone is hurt. They place more emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats of making the government too expensive and of creating too many laws that harm individual initiative. For that reason, Americans tend to think of the Republican Party as more _______________.
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B The executive branch
Britain
8. Give definitions and translate.
The Prime Minister, Secretary of State, Chancellor of Exchequer, the cabinet, the shadow cabinet, No.10 Downing Street, Whitehall
9. Say what you know about these people:
Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, David Cameron.
10.Questions to discuss
What does the term ‘government’ refer to? Why does Britain have ‘singleparty’ government? What tradition has the habit of single-party government established? Would you approve of it or criticize it?
A British Prime Minister has no status in law which puts him or her above other politicians. So why are modern British PMs so powerful?
What are the main differences between Britain and Russia in terms of government structure and prime minister’s status?
The USA
11. Complete the gaps.
The function of the executive branch is to carry out the _____ of the nation. It consists of the ________, _________ and the ________ _________. The first two are chosen in a national election for a _____-year term of office and may be reelected for a second time. The third is appointed by the ________ and is subject to ___________approval.
12. Say what you know about these people:
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Ronald Wilson Reagan, George Bush, Barak Obama.
13. Questions to discuss
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What are the powers of the US presidency like? In what way are they similar or different from those in Russia?
Do you think the historical background of the governments can affect the image of the presidents in the USA and in Russia? Why?
How would you characterize the relationship between the countries? To what extent do they depend on the governments in power or the historically influenced tendencies?
14.Переведите, обращая внимание на идиомы.
1) The silent majority – политически пассивные избиратели
The importance of his ideas … is that they represent the unspoken opinions of the silent majority.
2) Set the seal on sth – официально одобрить, санкционировать.
When he had offered me a friendly hand, Mrs Lew set the seal upon our meeting (A.J. Cronin).
3) Come into force – вступить в силу.
Armistice was signed at six this morning and comes into force at eleven. The war is over (R. Aldington).
4) The colour bar – расовая дискриминация.
We right here … preached Brotherhood and built the Colour bar (W. du Bois)
5)Kitchen cabinet – амер. Неофициальные советники президента
/первоначально группа друзей президента США А. Джексона (1829–1837),
имевшая большое влияние на государственные дела.
Ford met with five members of his “Kitchen cabinet” – old friends and advisers who have helped him shape policy since the earliest days of his surprise Presidency (Newsweek).
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4. Национально-маркированная лексика системы образования
Introduction
Национально-культурная специфика социальных институтов включает не
только социокультурно-маркированную лексику. Значимыми в культурном
аспекте оказываются их структурная организация, связанные с ними формы и
модели социального взаимодействия, ценности, стереотипы и т.д. Область
образования становится в настоящее время все более открытой для
межкультурного диалога. Каковы, на ваш взгляд, причины этих тенденций?
В каких ситуациях может актуализироваться социокультурная компетенция?
Прочитайте |
O’Driscoll J. Britain. The country and its people: an |
предложенный |
introduction for learners of English. OUP, 2001 (Ch.14). |
|
|
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материал и выполните задания.
1. Разделите данные
реалии на две
тематические группы:
учебные заведения
Великобритании и
США.
Public schools (free, state supported), church-supported schools, public (independent, private) schools, , junior (community) colleges, technical institutes, the older (newer) civic universities, college, university, Sixth-form Colleges, technical (vocational, specialized) high schools colleges of Further Education, the Open University.
2. Выделите из перечисленных реалий относящиеся к системам управления
образованием Великобритании и США, дайте их толкование.
Department for Education, LEA, Board of Education, GCSE, OCR Nationals, K-12.
3. Выберите названия
наиболее известных и
Harvard University (Massachusets), Oxford
University, Edinburgh University, Columbia престижных высших University, Wiskonsin University, Glasgow
учебных заведений
University, Cambridge University, Yale
University (Connecticut).
Великобритании и США. 
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4. Дайте толкование следующих реалий (фоновой лексики) Великобритании и США на английском языке.
Boarding school, public school, junior college, GCSE, A Levels, the sixths form, freshman, fraternity, report card, transcript.
5. Объясните значение следующих реалий
(фоновой лексики)
российской системы образования.
6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на идиомы и фразеологизмы. 1) Stay the course – держаться до конца, не сдаваться.
Once she had a pony of her own… If she had been allowed to ride it quietly…, she might have stayed the course (Ch. Dickens).
2) The acid test – пробный тест, лакмусовая бумажка.
Only last week the troubled Nigerian airways was put up for full privatization in what promises to be the policy’s acid test (Time).
3) put pen to paper – взяться за перо, начать писать.
On the rare occasions when he did make the effort to put pen to paper we learned little from his letters (S. Howatch).
4) A copy-book maxim – прописная истина.
Despite copy-book maxims there is in this world such a thing as ill-luck (J.K. Jerome).
5) A closed book to sb – книга за семью печатями.
You are a sealed book to me: I have always found you so. What you really think and do I shall never know (J. Galsworthy).
6) Give a lesson to – проучить.
One of these days Mrs. Jennings will give her eyes not to have insulted that poor child. I’m going to give her a lesson that she’ll never forget (W.S. Maugham).
7. Education in Britain. Web-quest. Follow the links, complete the gaps and answer the questions.
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Eton www.etoncollege.com
main page – school life –
curriculum – academic
curriculum
Question: How do they
characterize their academic
curriculum? (complete the
phrases in the box)
Department for education
Eton is divided into5…
There are 35…
Boys are taught in…
Division masters set…
There is a dedicated Learning Support team for…
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-education main page – Get into teaching – Why teach?
Question: What are the offered reasons to pursue a career in teaching?
Open University http://www.open.ac.uk/
main page – about the Open University – Teaching & Learning
Question: What’s it like to study at the Open University?
Oxford University http://www.ox.ac.uk/
1)Give the definition of “alumni”.
2)main page – admissions – continuing education – summer schools – summer school for adults (OUSSA) – How to apply – English Language Requirements
https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/students/internationalstudents/englishlanguage.php
Question: What evidence of English language proficiency is expected from an
overseas student?
8.Education in the USA: www.usaeducation.us . Study the web-page and:
–give an overview of the American education system
–explain what the system of transfers and the credit system are like
–say what steps you would follow if you wanted to study in the USA
9.If you had to design a similar web-page about education in Russia, what information would you include?
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5. Религиозная национально-маркированная лексика
Introduction
Какие мировые религии вы знаете? Заполните схему. Впишите в схему
англиканскую церковь.
Мировые религии
___________ |
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Ислам |
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___________ |
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___________ |
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Buddhism |
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______ |
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хинаяна |
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Orthodoxy |
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суннизм |
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католицизм |
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махаяна |
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шиизм |
(Roman) |
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Catholicism |
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протестантизм |
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___________ |
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Индуизм |
Protestantism |
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Judaism |
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____________ |
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Прочитайте предложенный материал и выполните следующие задания.
O’Driscoll J. Britain. The country and its people: an introduction for learners of English. OUP, 2001 (Ch.13).
Britain
1.Тест множественного выбора. Выберите верный вариант ответа.
1)Кто является главой англиканской церкви?
a)the Archbishop of Lambeth.
b)the Bishop of Canterbury
c)the Archbishop of Canterbury.
2) Где и кем проводится церемония коронации?
a)Westminster – the Prime Minister
b)Lambeth Palace, London – the Archbishop of Lambeth
c)Westminster Abbey – the Archbishop of Canterbury
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