Лексикология английского языка. Practice Makes Perfect. Учебное пособие

“Some choices are better than others,” says Larrian Gillespie, MD, author of The Goddess Diet. “You have to know the consequences before you make the choice.”

When asked about the half pound of candy Liftin reportedly eats in a sitting (only on Fridays, mind you), Gillespie said such a binge would definitely affect insulin levels, stressing the body’s hormone system. In other words, it might taste good going in, but the price will be paid.

So from now on take a course on self-control and healthy eating. But what if, despite your best intentions, you throw moderation to the wind and have that second piece of cake, or even a whole bag of candy? “Start anew,” Gillespie says. “You can’t change the hormone response, so forgive yourself and get on with life.” (By Jean Lawrence, Web MD, Weight Loss Clinic).

2.Study the text and analyze the underlined words and wordcombinations from the point of view of one of the criteria given below:

–register;

–etymology;

–word building;

–neologisms & nonce words;

–collocations of words;

–polysemy;

–synonyms / antonyms;

–American English (vocabulary & spelling)

ONLINE REFERENCE TOOLS

1. Dictionaries and thesauruses http://thesaurus.com/ http://dictionary.reference.com http://www.harpercollins.co.uk http://www/websters-online-dictionary.org/ http://www.merriam-webster.com/info/ http://www oed.com/about/history.hml http://etymonline.com/ http://www.allwords.com/ http://www.wordsmith.org

All the major monolingual learners’ dictionaries are sold with a CD-ROM. The CD-ROMs often have the following features: search (ability); audio recordings; games and exercises; information on typical errors; thesaurus functions; information on frequency.

2. Corpuses

British National Corpus http://natcorp.ox.ac.uk/ American National Corpus

http://americannationalcorpus.org/

3. Translators for language analysis http://babelfish.altavista.com/

4. Encyclopedias for research and project work http://britannica.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://encyclopedia.com/

5.Real language searches www.ask.com/ www.altavista.com/

6.Some useful websites http://www.slangsite.com/ www.siliconvalleyslang.com/ www.coolslang.com/ http://www.behindthename.com/

(some articles about the origin of names and surnames) http://www.homepages.newnet.co.uk/dance/webpjd/index.htm. http://www.word-detective.com/

www.bbc.co.uk/ http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/us-vs-uk-english http://uk.cambridge.org/journals

http:// www.askoxford.com/

Answer Key

Words in Discourse: Informal Register

Ex. 5

A.busy; B. crazy; C. a small sum of money; D. policemen; caught; E. failed; F. a large luxurious car; G. man; H. threw away; I. serious; J. was stolen.

Ex. 9

a)swell, nifty, bong, cool;

b)nuts, baloney, dizzy, hogwash, balderdash, poppycock, bum, duff, byzantine.

Ex. 11

A. Кiddo – чувак; B. a tough guy – крутой парень; C. cranky – чокнутый; D. cop мент; E. cop-shop ментовка; F. shit – блин; G. gormless – тормоз; H. crickey! – ни фига себе! I. a cool cat – клевый мужик; J. I don’t dig it – я не врубаюсь.

Ex. 13

Noise, head, house, boots, money, kid, pocket, ten, shoes, beer, pinch (steal), mate, thief, laugh, wrong.

Ex. 16

A boffin – scientist, a buggy – a car, a brig – a prison, a ballyhoo – an advert, a burb – a suburb, an airhead – a fool, a bog – a toilet, a broker – a drug-dealer, poppycock – nonsense, a corker – a fun, dreck – rubbish, a gob – a mouth, a hole-in-the-wall – ATM, a cabbage – a slow foolish person, a cakehole – a mouth, a chestnut –

an old and predictable joke, a ciggy – cigarette, a gaff – a house or place, a pony – 25-pound banknote, pictures of the Queen – paper money.

Words and their Origin

Ex. 10

A barn – a child , to bait – to offer food, a brig – a bridge, a dale – a valley, a beck – a stream, a brook, to skift – to shift, a poke – a sack, a bag, nay – no.

Ex.18

A tree, antelope, a large antelope, a peanut, a type of dance, a musical instrument, a type of soup, a sweet potato, rice with ham, sausage and vegetables.

Ex.20

A, B, C – Spanish; D – Arabic; E, F – Italian; G – African; H – Turkish; I – Japanese; J – German; K – Chinese; L – Hindi; M, N – Dutch.

Ex. 21

A.Latin (1 period), Native (Germanic), Italian, French (Norman).

B.Native (Indo-European), Native (Germanic), Native (Germanic).

C.Native (Germanic), Native (Germanic,) Native (Germanic), French (Norman). D. Latin (1 period), French (Norman), Latin (3 period).

E.Native (Germanic), Latin (3 period), French (Norman), Scandinavian, Scandinavian. F. Latin (3 period), Latin (3 period), Native (Germanic). H. Italian, Latin (3 period), French (Norman).

Ex. 22

A.Italian. B. Spanish. C. Spanish. D. Spanish. E. Spanish. F. German. G–I. Latin. J, K. Scandinavian. L. Spanish. M. German. N. Latin (2 period). O. Scandinavian. P. Latin (1 period). Q. Scandinavian. R. Latin (2 period), S. Latin (3 period). T. French (Parisian). U. Italian. V. Latin (3 period). W. Arabic. X–Y. French (Norman). Z. French (Parisian). AA. Italian. AB. French (Parisian). AC. French (Norman). AD. French (Parisian). AE. Finnish. AF. Japanese.

Ex. 23

Tongue – language, book – volume, to ask – to question, wedding – marriage, smell – scent, sorrow – grief, rise – mount (ascend), time – age (epoch), childish – infantile, friendly – cordial.

Ex. 31

Brother – fraternal, eye – ocular, father – paternal, friend – amicable, foe – hostile, house – domestic, heart – cordial, hand – manual, life – vital, man – human, moon – lunar, nose – nasal, sea marine, star – stellar, youth – juvenile.

Word-building

Ex. 20

World-famous, short-sighted, sun-tanned, absent-minded, fairhaired, eye-catching, hand-made, four-star.

Ex. 22

Acronyms: TEAM – Together Everyone Achieves More; UFO – Unidentified Flying Object; VIP – Very Important Person; FEAR – False Evidence that Appears Real; PIN – Personal Identification Number; AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; SAD – Seasonal Affective Disorder; SAM – Surface -to-Air Missile; ZIP – Zoning Improvement Plan; BOGOF – Buy One Get One Free; WOMBAT – Waste of Money, Brains and Time, HAND – Have a Nice Day.

Initialisms: ATM – Automates Teller Machine; CC – Credit Card; GM – General Manager; IQ – Intelligence Quotient; PC – Political Correctness; PR – Public Relations; GDP – Gross Domestic Product; SASE – Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope; WTO – World Trade Organization; B2B – business-to-business, B2C – business-to-customer, CEO – Chief Executive Officer.

Ex. 23

Hurry-scurry – a fuss. Chop-chop – hurry up!

Dum-dum – a soft bullet that causes serious wounds because it breaks into pieces when it hurts you.

Hip-hop – a type of popular dance music.

Hotch-potch – a number of things mixed up without order. Buddy-buddy – very friendly.

Gender-blender – someone who is dressed or behaves in a way typical of the opposite sex.

Nodge-podge – a lot of things mixed up together in no order (Am E.).

Wishy-washy – an adjective used to describe people who do not have firm, clear ideas (used to show disapproval).

Ex. 25

Birtism – the principles of John Birt – the Director General of the BBC from 1992.

Burb – from suburb.

Foodie – a person whose hobby is food, a gourmet.

Gobsmacked – a slang word which means astounded, speechless; from gob which means mouth in slang and smacked – the image of clapping a hand over the mouth.

Hearing dog – a dog trained to guide and help the deaf. Hotting – driving recklessly in a stolen car.

Homesitter – a person who stays at home for a certain sum of money waiting for a gas worker etc.

Home-shopping – the purchase of goods from home. Mobile – from mobile phone.

Power nap – a nap taken in a day-time to refresh a person.

Quad bike – off-road four-wheeled motorcycle used for sport; quad is from quadruple.

Road kill – the killing of an animal by a vehicle on the road.

Squarial – an aerial for receiving satellite TV broadcasting; from square and aerial.

Wolf-dog – a hybrid between a dog and a wolf.

V-chip – a chip which prevents children viewing violence and sex programs.

Words and Their Meanings

Ex. 6

To confront an issue, due respect, to establish communication, a fair comment, to issue a denial, to put a question (to the class).

The Development and Change of Meaning

Ex. 8

To run into trouble / difficulties – to start to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation

to hop mad to be extremely angry

to jump to the conclusion – to form an opinion before you have all the facts

to walk straight into a job – to get the job easily to go far – to have a great future

to find oneself at a crossroads – having to choose one thing or another

to reach the peak of one’s career – be become very successful to go downhill – to go badly

to jump from one topic to another – to change quickly from one idea to another

to run a tap – to make water come out of it

to run a temperature – to have a body temperature that is higher than normal

to run before you can walk – to try to do something difficult before you’ve learnt the basic skills

to walk the walk – to do the things that people expect or think necessary in a particular situation

to be walking on air – to be feeling extremely happy

to go back on one’s word / promise – not to do something that you’ve promised

I goes without saying – something is so clearly true that it doesn’t need to be said

Homonyms

Ex. 2 (B)

Male – mail, paws – pause, dear – deer, fir – fur, draft – draught, hail – hale, inn – in, none – nun, pair – pear, peal – peel, rays – raise, roam – Rome, vain – vein, to – two/too, sink – sync, flew – flu, key – quay, cell – sell, chili – chilly, cite – site/sight, buy – by, bread – bred, brake – break, beach – beech, counsel – council.

Paradygmatic Relations of Words

Ex.13

Formal, to free, to be ashamed of, private, poor, flexible, safe or harmless, a happy or joyful, minor, confident, fail, tighten.

English Phraseology

Ex.1

Keys: to cut one’s teeth on something – to get your first experience in a particular job by doing something; to get the green light – to be given an official approval for something to be done; to pay lip service to something – to say that you support something although you don’t really; to come to a sticky end (Br. Inf.) – to die or suffer badly, especially when this is deserved; from top/head to toe – over the whole of your body; packed to the grills – extremely crowded; to beat / bang the drum – to publicly show support for something or somebody; to bring to a standstill – to stop moving or happening; to feel under the weather – do not feel well; light a t the end of the tunnel – something that makes you think that the difficult situation will improve; to lift the lid on something/ to take the lift off something – to tell someone about something bad or something that was a secret.