Культурно-просветительская деятельность в учреждениях культуры XXI века. Учебное пособие

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɜ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɥɭɛɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɧɨ-ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɦɢ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ. ȿɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ», ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɚɯ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɚɦɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ – ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɝɚɩɨɥɢɫɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɫɨɦɵɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

11

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɵ ɢ ɩɪ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɸɛɢɬɟ- ɥɟɣ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ – ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɨɜ, ɮɢɥɚɬɟɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɮɢɥɨɤɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ, ɝɨɥɭɛɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤɬɭɫɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ- ɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɡɨɪ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɥ- ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɭɛɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ: ɬɟɚɬɪɚ, ɦɭɡɵɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɗɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.

ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɦɚɲ-

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ɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɟɛɢɧɚɪɵ, ɢɝɪɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɭɝ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ.

ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɬɞɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ.

ɇɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ

13

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɚɯ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ.

ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɟ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ȼ ɤɥɭɛɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ.

Ʉɥɭɛɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ» – ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ «ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ» ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɸ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ» ɦɟɪɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ.

ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ

14

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ʉɥɭɛɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɭɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɚɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɧɟɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚɦ, ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɚɧɢɦɚɬɨɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɦ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ- ɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ. ɇɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɧɢɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶ- ɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

15

Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɚɦ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɡɨɪɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɟ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ.

ȼ ɬɟɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɢ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ( ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɨɛɳɟɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ), ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɢɲɭ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ , «ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ» ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ.

ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɹ

16

ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.

ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɚɧɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɠɚɧɪɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝɨɡɨɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.

ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ: (1) ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɚɯ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɢ (2) ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɤɚɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɚɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:

Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɵ, ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ, ɢɫ-

17

ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɸ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ- ɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɭɥɶ- ɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɭɛɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ «ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ» ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ.

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɤɥɭɛɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɂɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɸɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɢɫ-

18

ɫɢɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ – ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɝɚɧɨɜ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤɥɭɛɚ.

ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ:(1)ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ; (2) ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ; (3) ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. ɗɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ Ɋ.Ⱥɤɨɮɭ):

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ʉ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɐȿɅȿɃ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ

ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ («ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ»), ɬɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɯɨɡɹɢɧɨɦ» ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ.

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ («ɞɨɤɬɨɪ-ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬ») ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɸ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɥɭɛɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɠ-

19

ɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ, «ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ» ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ («ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɹ») ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɢɞɠ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. ȼɫɸ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɤɥɭɛɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɭɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ).

ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ («ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ») ɬɹɝɨɬɟɟɬ ɤ ɬɢɩɭ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɡɧɚɬɨɤɨɜ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ.

ȼɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ.

1.Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɚ.

2.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɥɭɛɚ.

3.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ..

4.Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.

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