Иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие

1.Are you a slave to your computer / smart phone?

2.Have you got a hobby?

3.How do you spend your leisure?

4.How do you usually spend your past time / leisure? Are you happy with it?

5.Why is it important to have your past time well-organised?

6.How much time a day do you spend on browsing social media? Is it a useful type of activity?

7.What would you recommend to people who would like to organize their time in a better way?

Additional resources: https://ieltspracticeonline.com/ielts-speaking-part-1-leisure-time/

https://medium.com/live-your-life-on-purpose/the-importance-of-making-time-for-leisure- 33d6cf3788e0

https://speakrealenglish.teachable.com/courses/254374/lectures/4112875 https://www.memorysecrets.ru/english/en-texts/problema-svobodnogo-vremeni-the-problem-of- spare-time.html https://quizlet.com/50612437/new-english-vocabulary-in-use-advanced-unit-15-free-time- relaxation-leisure-flash-cards/

https://theenglishspace.com/vocabulary/leisure/ https://multiurok.ru/files/hobbies-and-interests-polnyi-tematicheskii-slovar.html

Environmental Protection

Introduction

I. Read the possible introduction.

Environmental protection has always been practiced by humans in one form or another. However, as human influence on the environment have escalated over the past century, the need for systematic environmental protection has increased. This has led to considerable experiments with the domestic and international measures that are used to achieve environmental protection objectives. Some of these have been successful, but the overall picture is one of failure.

Main Body

II. Divide the ideas given below into three categories (some words may refer to more than one category). Add your own ideas to each category.

Flood, acid rains, drought, air/water pollution, recycling & reusing, forest fire, prevention of contamination due to the use of chemical substances, avalanche, landslide, pollution control facilities, deforestation, oil spills, volcanic eruption, earthquake, waste and sewage waters reduction, tsunami, species extinction, disposal facilities, reducing energy consumption, control of discharge of industrial waste, water purification, reducing gas emissions.

III. Match the terms and their definitions.

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IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous exercise.

1.Sulphur, falling as ____, is killing fish in the Great Lake.

2.If aerosol is CFC-free (free of chlorofluorocarbons) it has an “_____” or “Environment friendly” symbol.

3.Cars with their engines have become the main source of _____ in industrial cities. 4. There may not yet be a hole in the Arctic _____, but there is depletion of ozone in the northern hemisphere.

5.If atmospheric carbon dioxide levels double, it is assumed that the surface temperature of the globe would increase by 1.5 and 4.5 degrees C, which means that in a period spanning half human generation, there would be a _____ greater that has occurred throughout the history of humanity.

6.Forests absorb more of the sun’s energy than open land: _____ can disrupt local weather patterns by warming air that was previously kept cool.

7.Many seabirds died as a result of the _____.

8Many people have been evacuated from their hones due to _____, but it was not possible to save some animals and birds.

V. In groups, look at the cartoons below and discuss these questions, the words in the box will help you.

1.Which environmental threat does each cartoon refer to?

2.Which cartoon do you think is the most effective?

3.Which environmental cause do you think is the most important today?

4.Give examples of the most serious environmental cases of the recent years.

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VI. Look through the following topic sentences. Choose two or three of them, develop into good paragraphs and use as the main body of your topic. You are more than welcome to search the Internet to find some good examples, impressive statistics and information.

a)Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.

b)Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet.

c)An even greater environmental threats are nuclear power stations.

d)Saint-Petersburg is a large industrial city. I know that the only source of water supply for our city is Lake Ladoga. But there are hundreds of industrial enterprises along its banks, but only some of them provide qualitative waste-water purification.

e)The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Moreover, oil spills often result in both immediate and long-term environmental damage. Some of the environmental damage caused by an oil spill can last for decades after the spill occurs.

f)In Russia, there are some areas where the environment is in a poor state.

g)However, there are good examples that could be used as models by many countries and

industries.

Conclusion

VII. Read two possible endings of the topic. Which would you prefer? Why?

A)The protection of the environment is a universal concern. Active measures should be taken to create an international system of ecological security. Some progress has been made in this direction. 159 countries – members of the United Nations Organization – have set up environmental protection agencies. A lot of conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss ecological problems, some of which are of extreme urgency.

B)It is really very simple. Either we stop killing the Earth or we will kill ourselves. We need a cleaner, healthier planet. Millions of ordinary people – both young and old – understand this too. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If we manage to wake up our governments and big business to what is happening – perhaps we’ll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

VIII. Make a list of Green organizations that you know. Try to find some information about their activities and tell your group-mates about one of them.

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IX. Answer the questions and discuss them in groups.

1.Which of the possible threats seems the most dangerous to you? Why?

2.Which threats do you think are worse, natural phenomena or threats created by men? Why?

3.What are major ecological concerns in our area?

4.What are major environmental problems in Russia?

5.What can you do to participate in the environment protection?

6.What environment protection funds and organizations (green organizations) do you know?

7.What environmental problems do you know?

Additional resources

https://www.ieltsjacky.com/environment-vocabulary.html https://www.careelite.de/en/why-environmental-protection-is-so-important/ https://www.wikihow.com/Help-Save-the-Environment https://importantindia.com/23737/environmental-protection/ https://quizlet.com/472439171/environmental-protection-flash-cards/ https://www.educationquizzes.com/specialist/environment/ https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/15-current-environmental-problems.php https://www.renovablesverdes.com/en/environmental-problems/

Modern Tourism

Introduction

I. Read the possible introduction.

Option A Travel is extremely important today. Two hundred years ago, most people never travelled further than a few kilometers. Whenever they travelled they walked, or went by carriage, or on horseback. The scientific and technological progress of the 20th century has allowed people to overcome time and distance, to cover in the twinkling of an eye the vast expanse of our planet. The world is open now. The limitations of former times have ceased to exist. Many people travel 50 or 100 kilometres daily by public transport or a private car. Millions of people travel long distances abroad on business trips or for holidays every year. Even a housewife who is going shopping may travel twenty kilometres.

Option B Tourism is an act and process of spending time away from home for relaxation, pleasure and education. As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, but its history goes back to ancient Greece and Rome where people enjoyed organized travel with sightseeing and supporting infrastructure. For example, Seven Wonders of the World were their tourist sites. Later pilgrimages made their contribution to tourism development. So, tourism has been a global phenomenon from its origins. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important economic activities and the reason of a number of problems and controversial issues.

Main Body

II. Match the terms and their definitions.

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II. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

1.From the 1990s the growth of flexible international travel through the rise of ___, notably easyJet and Ryanair in Europe, opened a new mix of destinations.

2.Some of former Soviet-bloc locations such as Prague and Riga appealed to weekend and shortbreak European tourists who constructed their own itineraries in negotiation with local ___.

3.Modern tourism seems to be a good opportunity to protect the culture and ___ in many countries.

4.For instance, it is well known that the Hawaiian eco-system is the most diverse in the world. Nevertheless, due to the development of tourism industry, a large number of ___ such as hotels and restaurants were built, leading to the local environment’s deterioration. Besides that, it is reported that 60% of animal and plant species are dying out in Hawaii”.

5.250 Filipinos were recently evicted and their homes were destroyed due to the intention of the authorities to make way for a major business venture – not oil, logging, or mining, but an environmentally friendly ___.

III. In groups, look at the cartoons below and discuss these questions, the words in the box will help you.

1.Which problem does each cartoon refer to?

2.Which of the problems do you see as a real threat to tourism in the future?

3.What other problems connected with tourism and travelling can you mention?

4.Give examples of travelling problems from your own experience.

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V. Look through the following topic sentences. In pairs, brainstorm ideas to be mentioned in paragraphs with such topic sentences. You are more than welcome to search the Internet to find some good examples, impressive statistics and information.

1.Furthermore, tourism plays an important role on improving the living standards of the local people by improving community’s facilities and services, especially for many poorer countries.

2.To millions of tourists, foreign destinations are exotic paradises, unspoilt, idyllic and full of local charm. But many of the world’s resorts are struggling to cope with endless waves of tourists, whose demands for ever more swimming pools and golf courses are sucking them dry. The problem is that tourists demand so much water.

3.The host country may not see many benefits.

4.These days the industry’s most urgent question may be how to limit the crowds.

5.I always look forward to my summer holidays because my parents usually take me abroad. Travelling abroad requires going through a number of formal procedures beforehand.

6.Different people prefer different ways to spend their holidays, some people buy package tours, some prefer independent travelling while others even opt for hiking or camping.

7.Until recently, we all believed that travel broadened the mind, but now many believe the exact opposite: "Modern tourism narrows the mind".

VI. Choose two or three of the topic sentences from the exercise above and develop them into good paragraphs of 100-120 words. Use them as the main body of your topic.

Conclusion

VII. Read possible endings of the topic and discuss what introduction and topic sentences would fit every ending.

a) Only when travelling, you can really understand an English saying which states: so many countries, so many customs. We see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV. Moreover, the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own homes.

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b)Such preparations could be time-consuming, but they are really worth it as we always discover new things, different ways of life, meet interesting people, try different food, and listen to different musical rhythms. We come back full of impressions and with a lot of beautiful photos.

c)Yet if something isn’t done, tourism seems destined to become the victim of its own success. Its impact on the environment is a major concern. With hindsight, tourist organizations might have second thoughts about what exactly they were trying to sell. Tourism often doesn’t only ruin the very assets it seeks to exploit, and having done the damage, it simply moves off elsewhere.

VIII. Answer the questions and discuss them in groups.

1.Is travelling popular today?

2.What means of travelling do you know?

3.Where do you usually spend your holiday?

4.What is the best time for travelling and tourism?

5.What procedures do you have to go through if you are going abroad?

6.Are you fond of travelling? Why?

7.How many hours a day do you spend travelling?

8.What are advantages and disadvantages of travelling by car/plane/train/ship?

9.If you could spend a holiday wherever you like, what place would you choose?

10.What is your idea of an ideal holiday?

11.Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group. What about you?

12.Why do people travel?

13.What do we see and learn while travelling?

14.What are the main problems associated with the tourist industry in the world?

Additional resources

https://studycorgi.com/trends-of-modern-tourism-industry/ https://www.torontosom.ca/blog/modern-trends-in-the-travel-industry https://sallysees.com/the-disadvantages-of-tourism/ https://sallysees.com/the-disadvantages-of-tourism/ https://explodingtopics.com/blog/travel-industry-trends https://quizlet.com/352206117/modern-tourism-vocabulary-flash-cards/ https://relatedwords.io/tourism

English-speaking countries: Great Britain

Introduction

I. Read the possible introduction.

Britain, Great Britain, The United Kingdom, England, the British Isles – these different names are sometimes used to denote the same thing, but they are frequently used wrongly. The name used at the United Nations is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the official name of the country.

Great Britain, the island country in north-western Europe, has only one per cent of the world’s total population. Yet for hundreds of years, it has been one of the world’s most important countries.

Although Great Britain is part of Europe, it is separated from mainland Europe by the North Sea on the east and by the English Channel on the south – a separation that has helped shape the independent character of British people. Throughout its history, Britain has preferred to stay out of European affairs.

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Main Body

III.Match the terms and their definitions.

IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous exercise. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.It was in AD 43 that the Roman Emperor Claudius began the ______ of the Celtic tribes who invaded Britain.

2.Henry VIII, who became king in 1509, initiated the Protestant Reformation in England and had

_______ pass a law in 1534 naming the king, not the Pope, supreme head of the church in England.

3.The United Kingdom is a monarchy but the powers of the _______ are limited by the British Parliament.

4.Much high moorland is found in the south-west _______ of Cornwall and Devon.

5.Everything in the country officially is done in the name of the Queen but the _______ is responsible for the policy conducted by Parliament.

6.Queen Elizabeth II has been taught much about history of the United Kingdom and has visited nearly every _______ country at least once.

7.Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 and her _______ is often called the Golden Age of English history.

IV. Look at the picture and define main symbols of the UK.

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V. Choose one of the topics and prepare a 3 to 5-minute report or a presentation.

1.The geographical location and division of the state.

2.National emblems of four states and their patron saints.

3.Union Jack.

4.London – its parts, significance, places of interest.

5.Customs and traditions.

6.Prominent people of the UK.

7.Queen Elizabeth II – her predecessors and successors.

8.Current monarch of the UK.

VI. Complete the sentences with the right form of the words in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The City is the _____ (finance) and _____ (busy) centre of England.

2.The surface of the British Isles _____ (various) very much.

3.The docks and most _____ (industry) enterprises are concentrated in the East End.

4.Trafalgar Square in London _____ (commemoration) the victory of the British nation over Napoleon at a great sea battle at Trafalgar at the _____ (begin) of the 19th century.

5.One cannot help mentioning that Peter I was _____ (one) Russian tsar to visit England.

6.The first visit ever to Russia by a _____ (reign) British monarch took place in 1994.

VII. Look through the following topic sentences. In pairs, brainstorm ideas to be mentioned in paragraphs with such topic sentences. You are more than welcome to search the Internet to find some good examples, impressive statistics and information.

1.There is a saying that you will never get tired of London. Support this opinion.

2.The islands that comprise the British Isles.

3.The influence that many invaders stamped on the people and language of the country.

4.London’s significance from the early days of its foundation.

5.Places of interest worth seeing in London.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Старейшей частью Лондона является Сити, площадь которого составляет всего одну квадратную милю. Это финансовый центр страны. В I веке на этом месте было основано римское поселение.

2.Строительство Вестминстерского аббатства началось XIв веке при правлении короля Эдуарда Исповедника (Edward the Confessor). Рядом с аббатством находится Вестминстерский дворец, в котором заседает британский парламент.

3.К концу XIX века, в последние годы правления королевы Виктории, Великобритания стала огромной колониальной державой. Но между 1940 и 1980 годами, примерно, 40 британских колоний стали независимыми государствами.

4.Содружество наций, основанное в 1931 году - объединение Великобритании и ряда государств, большинство из которых являются ее бывшими колониями и доминионами. Большая часть этих стран признает главой государства правящего монарха Великобритании.

IX. Answer the questions and discuss them in groups.

1.What is the official name of the country?

2.Where are the British Isles situated?

3.Who conquered Britain in 1066?

4.What is the climate of Great Britain like? What influences it?

5.What is the population of London and the UK?

6.How many countries does the UK consist of?

7.What are the names of four states and their capitals that are part of the UK?

8.What is the official residence of British monarchs?

9.What is the name of the present British monarch? What is his/her royal title?

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10.What body limits the power of the monarch in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?

11.Who of the British monarchs was the longest-ruling one?

12.What are the main parts/districts of London?

13.What river divides London into two parts and is the busiest in the UK?

14.What is the longest river in the UK?

15.Who is one of the greatest British architects? Name his masterpieces.

16.Who of the famous British poets and writers do you know? Name some of their works you have ever read. (Learn and present a poem or a sonnet in your group)

17.What places of the UK would you like to visit and why?

18.What is the seat of the British Parliament?

19.How many Houses does the British Parliament consist of?

20.What is the Victorian Age famous for?

Additional resources https://symbolsage.com/uk-symbols-and-meaning/ https://symbolhunt.com/united-kingdom/ https://helpiks.org/6-49142.html

https://kiwieducation.com/uk/about_country/geography-and-climate-of-great-britain/ https://countrystudy.do.am/index/lecture_1_uk_geography/0-9 https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom https://greatbritishmag.co.uk/uk-culture/how-the-british-political-system-works/ https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm https://www.vocabulary.cl/Lists/England.htm https://quizlet.com/224835551/great-britain-vocabulary-flash-cards/ https://www.britannica.com/quiz/the-great-british-vocabulary-quiz

English-speaking countries: the USA

Introduction

I. Read the possible introduction.

The United States of America, whose name is often shortened to the USA, occupies most of the southern part of the continent of North America. The USA borders on only two countries – Canada to the north, and Mexico to the south.

Most visitors to the USA are struck by four things about the country. These are its huge size, its great wealth, its contrasting landscapes and climate, and its variety of people.

The individual states are as big as many other countries. There is a five-hour time difference between New York City on the east coast and Los Angeles on the west coast.

The people of the USA are normally referred to as Americans.

II. Look through the following topic sentences. In pairs, brainstorm ideas to be mentioned in paragraphs with such topic sentences. You are more than welcome to search the Internet to find some good examples, impressive statistics and information.

1.The USA is a multi-ethnic country.

2.The growing business activity attracted people from different places, who moved to the cities in record numbers.

3.Machines replaced hand labour as the major means of production.

4.The USA became an industrial giant.

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