Иностранный язык теория и практика. Итоговая аттестация по дисциплине. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Специальность «История»
Do you know these facts?
1.The treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended World War One. There was one country which was actually left out of it. People forgot about Andorra, the tiny state beside Spain. Eventually Andorra did sign a peace treaty with Germany ending World War One, but not until it was fighting Germany in World War Two.
2.The Roman Emperor Caligula did crazy things and a lot of people think he was mad. He was bald on top, so he made a law, which said that people couldn’t look down on him when he was passing by. Another thing he did, he kept his horse inside the palace, decorated with jewels.
3.Our year used to be three hundred and sixty-six days long, instead of three hundred and sixty-five. By the time of Julius Caesar, things were in a big mess!
Midsummer’s day was in August, instead of June. To sort all this out, Julius Caesar had to add sixty-seven days to one year: the year forty-six BC. (760)
Специальность «Социальная работа»
What Is Social Work?
The profession of social work seeks to improve the quality of life for individuals and to effect system-wide change through the pursuit of social justice. Just like any helping profession, such as nursing and teaching, social work seeks to help people overcome some of life’s most difficult challenges. What separates social work from other helping professions is its focus on the person-in-environment model and its emphasis on social justice. Social workers not only consider individuals’ internal struggles, as a counselor might, they also work with people to examine their relationships, family structure, community environment, and the systems and policies that impact them in order to identify ways to help address challenges. Social work also emphasizes a strengths-based approach in which all individuals have strengths and resources and the social worker’s role is to help build upon a person’s skills and support systems. (785)
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Специальность «Психология»
Psychology definition
Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something.
Experts say that the approach to psychology is not that different to other sciences. As in other sciences, experiments are devised to confirm or disprove theories or expectations. For a physicist, the raw data during the experiments may be atoms, electrons, the application or withdrawal of heat, while for the psychologist human behavior is the raw data. For a psychologist, human behavior is used as evidence — or at least an indication — of how the mind functions. We are unable to observe the mind directly; however, virtually all our actions, feelings and thoughts are influenced by the functioning of our minds. That is why human behavior is used as raw data for testing psychological theories on how the mind functions. (781)
Специальность «Физическая культура»
Why Children Need Physical Education
Physical education is an integral part of the total education of every child in kindergarten through high school. Quality physical education programs are needed to increase the physical competence, health-related fitness, self-responsibility and enjoyment of physical activity for all students so that they can be physically active for a lifetime. Physical education programs can only provide these benefits if they are well-planned and well-implemented. Here’s what quality physical education programs can do for students, according to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education:
Improved physical fitness, Skill development, Regular, healthful physical activity, Support of other subject areas, Self-discipline, Improved judgment,
Strengthened peer relationships, Improved self-confidence and self-esteem, Experience setting goals. (730)
Специальность «Педагогика»
The Roots of Formal Education
Humans are a complicated species, and exact records of many aspects of our common development are not so well known. The development of writing systems around 3500 B.C. aided in recording these lessons and served as a concrete record, replacing reliance on purely oral history. Some of the earliest written records show
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that formal education, in which basic communication skills, language, trading customs, and agricultural and religious practices were taught, began in Egypt between 3000 and 500 B.C.
During the Zhou Dynasty (551–479 B.C.), Confucius, the famed Chinese philosopher, greatly impacted the overall curriculum focus of formal education and shaped educational values even through present-day systems. Though known better for moral and spiritual teachings, Confucius’s focus on personal values determined what was important to teach as well as how this teaching was achieved in formal education settings. (783)
Специальность «Филология»
The English Novel
In Britain, Sir Walter Scott's Waverley (1814), about the 1745 Jacobite uprising in support of Charles Edward Stuart, inaugurated the historical novel. Particularly popular were the works of Charles Dickens, including Oliver Twist (1839) and David Copperfield (1850). Readers were drawn by Dickens's sympathetic, melodramatic, and humorous delineation of a world peopled with characters of all social classes, and by his condemnation of various social abuses. Although the great English novels of the 19th cent. were predominantly realistic, novels of fantasy and romance formed a literary undercurrent. Early in the century Mary Shelley's
Frankenstein (1818) explores a tale of horror. Later, Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847) and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847) each present imaginative, passionate visions of human love. (784)
Специальность «Биология»
Insects
Insects have lived on Earth for about 400 million years. There are more insects than all other kinds of animals. Ninety per cent of the world’s animals are insects.
Insects live everywhere on Earth — in your garden, in the pond, in the rainforests, and even in deserts. Insects live all over the planet, but not many insects live in the oceans or in very cold places, such as Antarctica. The greatest variety of insects live in tropical areas.
Dragonflies appeared 320 million years ago. They were very big. Their wings were 75 cm wide. Today the biggest dragonfly is 19 cm across their wings. They are the fastest insects and they can fly up to 97 km an hour.
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Butterflies are beautiful, brightly colored insects. Some butterflies live foe a year, others live only for a week. A caterpillar isn’t exactly an insect, but it will be one when it’s an adult. It is one of the stages of a butterfly or a moth. (755)
Специальность «География»
What is geography?
Geography is the study of Earth’s landscapes, peoples, places and environments. Geography is unique in bridging the social sciences (human geography) with the natural sciences (physical geography). Human geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of cultures, societies and economies, and physical geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of physical landscapes and the environment.
Geography puts this understanding of social and physical processes within the context of places and regions recognizing the great differences in cultures, political systems, economies, landscapes and environments across the world, and the links between them. Understanding the causes of differences and inequalities between places and social groups underlie much of the newer developments in human geography. (687)
Специальность «Специальная коррекционная педагогика»
Special Education
In every school system there are pupils who deviate markedly from so called "normal children" and require special education.
The primary function of special education is to provide treatment, training and instruction for such handicapped children.
Special education is planned to make use of highly specialized methods in order to provide all exceptional children with the specific type of educational service they need.
These special services may include a radical modification of the curriculum, special methods of instruction as well as special equipment.
Consequently, special education is applied to each type of exceptional children who are handicapped physically, mentally or socially.
In fact, such children cannot follow the regular school programme because of their handicaps but they can profit by a restricted and adjusted programme. Today all "handicapped" children are called exceptional children. (733)
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Специальность «Химия»
Organic Chemistry
In the early days of chemistry the compounds obtained from living things were not even thought of to be made in the laboratory. The idea was that there were special processes going on inside the organism (living thing). The special processes were believed to be essential for the formation of the compounds. So, chemists considered the compounds from organisms to be somehow special and different from "ordinary" chemicals that could be made in the laboratory. They called chemicals from living things organic chemicals and the others inorganic chemicals.
However, in 1828 a chemist called Wöhler showed organic chemicals to be just ordinary chemical substances. He did this by converting an inorganic chemical into an organic one simply by heating it in the laboratory. Gradually, more and more organic chemicals were shown to be just like ordinary chemicals. (726)
Специальность «Экология»
Global warming
The Earth's climate is a very complicated system. What's more, it is now widely known that human activity is having an effect on it. The pollution which results from the use of oil and coal in industry, as well as the increased use of private cars, is causing significant changes in temperature in many parts of the world. These changes often have a knock-on effect on other aspects of the climate, leading to things like extreme weather conditions and rising sea levels. Studying the changes which are taking place and predicting those that are likely to happen in the future is now a major area of scientific research. The information which the scientists provide is very useful in helping governments to predict the effects of climate change and so be better prepared to face with them.
A much more serious problem, however, is how to prevent the situation from getting worse. (738)
Специальность «Ландшафтный дизайн»
Soils and Lawns
The most important tool with which the gardener works is the soil on his land. The qualities of soil vary greatly from area to area, and all the information outlined in this chapter must be applied to local conditions. In general, however, soils can be divided into three categories; claylike, sandy or silt.
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The ideal soil consists of a good mixture of sand, silt and clay, and is classified as good garden loam. Clay soils have the greatest water-holding capacity, sandy soils the least. The binding material of all good soils is an organic substance called humus. Humus increases the water-holding capacity of the soil, readily absorbs the sun's rays, liberates beneficial compounds for plants from the soil and fertilizes and improves soil texture.
Humus is added to the soil by the use of organic fertilizers such as manure or the product of a compost pile. (727)
Специальность «Музыкальное образование»
What is ‘music’?
A complex amalgam of melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre and silence in a particular (intended) structure (Hanslick)? A sonoric event between noise and silence
(Attali)? A ‘total social fact’ (Molino)? Something in which truth has set itself to work (Heidegger)?
Music. In the first place a word. As a word, it has meaning. As a word, it gives meaning. Take sounds for example: this sound is music. Which actually conveys:
‘we’ consider this sound as music. Music — as word — frames, delimits, opens up, encloses. To call (‘consecrate’ as Pierre Bourdieu would say) something music is a political decision-making process. As a grammatical concept, ‘music’ is useful: using this concept, we differentiate between various sounds. We divide, classify, categorize, name, delimit: not every sound is music. The word ‘music’ brings
(necessary) structure and order into the (audible) world. (739)
Специальность «Хореография»
4 ways to inspire your mind!
1.Watch Dance Videos. In a world of instant, overabundant sharing, YouTube,
Facebook, Instagram are a dancer’s best friends. Pause your scroll to watch a few videos is a quick and easy way to gain dance inspiration.
2.Put Your Dance Playlist On Shuffle. Music is the one tool we absolutely need in order to dance, in order to create. If you want to make unique choreography, listen to unique music.
3.Reference Pop Culture. Hit up your local bookstore, dive into a book and let your mind filter out those recycled moves that keep replaying in your head.
4.Express Yourself. There’s something inside of you that burns — the need to express, the need to create, the need to be yourself in a different medium. So when you’re searching for ways to come up with choreography, you can find inspiration sometimes looking inward instead of outward. (723)
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Специальность «Право»
The Speaker’s Duties
The Speaker acts as Chairman during debates and sees that the rules laid down by the House are observed. He must preserve order in the House, for instance, a Member who makes an allegation against another, or expresses himself in language which the rules do not permit, may be directed to withdraw.
In the case of general disorder, the sitting may have to be suspended. In the case of disobedience the Speaker can name him or them for a period from the House. The Speaker has to protect the rights of minorities in the House. He or she must ensure that the holders of an opinion, however unpopular, are allowed to put across their point of view without undue obstruction.
The Speaker does not vote in the House. If however, there is a tied vote, the Chair must exercise a casting vote.
The Speaker must be above party political controversy and must be seen to be completely impartial in all public matters. (763)
Специальность «Информатика»
Advanced Micro Devices
It’s hard to imagine any field of human activity where the help of computers isn’t in demand. They have become what the people can’t do without everywhere — in work, getting education, entertainment. Their expanding and general availability are the result of the huge step that the technical progress in the PC processors industry has made for the last 10 years. The productivity of processors is much higher than it was earlier, and the cost — lower. The other motive is the increasing competition among the companies producing processors.
The leading position at the market was taken by Intel and there were no companies that could seriously compete with Intel. But the last 3 years it has to share the market with another processors producer called AMD — Advanced Micro Devices.
Since 1969, AMD has grown from a fledgling start-up to a global corporation with annual revenues of $2,4 billion. (766)
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Специальность «Математика»
Curve
A curve is a line, either straight or continuously bending without angles. A curve can be considered as a path of a moving point (i.e. a point moving with only one degree of freedom). Alternatively it can be regarded as a set of points produced by a continuous transformation of a closed interval.
Curves are generally studied as graphs of equations using coordinate systems. They are classified as algebraic curves, which have algebraic equations, and transcendental curves which have equations containing transcendental functions. Open curves (or arcs) are curves that have end points. Closed curves have no end points; i.e. a closed curve is a transformation of a closed interval [a, b] for which the images of a and b coincide. A curve that does not entirely in a plane is a plane curve. A curve that does not lie in a plane is a twisted curve. Any curve in three-dimensional space is described as a space curve. (764)
Специальность «Живопись»
English Painting
William Hogarth was the first great English painter who raised British pictorial art to a high level of importance. Hogarth wasn't a success as a portrait painter. But his pictures of social life which he called "modern moral subjects" brought him fame and position.
Among his favourite works are six pictures united under the title "Marriage a la Mode." This famous series is really a novel in paint telling the story of the marriage of an earl's son and city merchant's daughter, a marriage made for reasons of vanity and money. Despite the satirical details, the painter's purpose is serious. He expects his pictures to be read and they are full of allusions.
At the same time Hogarth remained an artist and showed how attractively he could paint in "Shortly after the Marriage". He was harmonious in colouring, very capable and direct in his theme and composition. He is well known as a humorist and satirist on canvas. (781)
Специальность «Физика»
Satellite Geodesy
Satellite geodesy is the measurement of the form and dimensions of the Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques-geodesy by means of artificial satellites. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy and traditional astronomical geodesy is
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not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques. The main goals of satellite geodesy are:
1.Determination of the figure of the Earth, positioning, and navigation (geometric satellite geodesy).
2.Determination of Earth's gravity field and geoids (dynamical satellite
geodesy).
3.Measurement of geodynamical phenomena, such as crustal dynamics and polar motion. Satellite geodetic data and methods can be applied to diverse fields such as navigation, hydrography, oceanography and geophysics. (783)
Специальность «Экономика»
Sources of Innovation
There are several sources of innovation. General sources of innovations are different changes in industry structure, in market structure, in local and global demographics, in human perception, mood and meaning, in the amount of already available scientific knowledge, etc. These also include internet research, developing of people skills, language development, cultural background, etc.
In the simplest linear model of innovation the traditionally recognized source is manufacturer innovation. This is where an agent (person or business) innovates in order to sell the innovation.
Another source of innovation, only now becoming widely recognized, is enduser innovation. This is where an agent (person or company) develops an innovation for their own use because existing products do not meet their needs. End-user innovation is the most important and critical source of innovation. (776)
Специальность «Менеджмент»
Types of control
Administrative controls consist of approved written policies, procedures, standards and guidelines. They form the framework for running the business and managing people and inform people on how the business is to be run and how day to day operations are to be conducted.
Laws and regulations created by government bodies are also a type of administrative controls because they inform the business. Some industry sectors have policies, procedures, standards and guidelines that must be followed — the Payment Card Industry. Data Security Standard required by Visa and Master Card is such an example. Other examples of administrative controls include the corporate security policy, password policy, hiring and disciplinary policies. Administrative controls form the basis for the selection and implementation of logical and physical controls which are manifestations of administrative controls. (777)
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5.3. Пересказ
Информативное чтение является важным элементом обучения иностранным языкам, цель которого — извлечение информации, заложенной в тексте, то есть его понимание и умение воспроизвести эту информацию, используя речевые «клише» для пересказа.
Информативное чтение требует использования специфических приемов осмысления, запоминания и воспроизведения прочитанного. В процессе чтения происходит смысловая обработка информации: ее выделение, организация, предвосхищение, обобщение, критическое осмысление и оценка. Следовательно, в этот момент действуют важнейшие механизмы речи: механизм памяти, механизм прогнозирования (антиципации), механизм эквивалентных замен («перевод» прочитанного «на свои слова», пересказ своими словами). Очень важным для развития умения читать является механизм компрессии (сжатия текста).
Как показывает практика, студенты неязыковых факультетов часто находятся на разных уровнях базовой подготовки, отсюда различная степень языковых умений. Именно поэтому следует научить студентов различным приемам, снимающих «трудности» при выполнении заданий по информативному чтению. Один из них — «догадка». Догадка при экстенсивном чтении — это умственный процесс, направленный на умение понять значение незнакомых слов из контекста, используя все знакомые элементы, имеющиеся в тексте: заголовок, имена собственные, числительные, интернациональные слова, знакомые слова и выражения.
Еще одной «трудностью» данного вида речевой деятельности считают «страх» говорения на иностранном языке. Немногие умеют правильно и красиво выражать свои мысли даже на родном языке. В устной речи необходимо мгновенно вспоминать и тотчас, не задумываясь, употреблять определенные единицы речи и строить из них предложения по образцам. Качество речи зависит от того, насколько быстро и правильно воспроизводятся модели речи и «клише». Такими «клише» для передачи содержания информации текстового материала могут стать заученные заранее фразы:
˗The title of the text is ...
˗I have read the text under the title ...
˗I would like to tell you about ...
˗The author of the text is ...
˗The text is written by ...
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