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Времена английского глагола. Учебное пособие

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наконец, пришел. 22. Они уже два года изучали английский язык, когда начали изучать китайский.

The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

(Прошедшее совершенное длительное время)

Образование

The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в The Past Perfect Tense и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола. Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания –ing.

Ввопросительной форме прошедшего совершенного длительного времени вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.

Вотрицательной форме прошедшего совершенного длительного времени в прошедшем отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.

Утвердительная форма

Вопросительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I had been working

Had I been working?

I had not been working

You had been working

Had you been working?

You had not been working

He had been working

Had he been working?

He had not been working

She had been working

Had she been working?

She had not been working

We had been working

Had we been working?

We had not been working

You had been working

Had you been working?

You had not been working

They had been working

Had they been working?

They had not been working

 

 

 

Сокращенные формы The Future Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense строятся следующим образом:

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I’d been working

I hadn’t been working

She’d been working

She hadn’t been working

We’d been working

We hadn’t been working

You’d been working

You hadn’t been working

They’d been working

They hadn’t been working

 

 

Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Had I not been working? / Hadn’t I been working?

Had you not been working? / Hadn’t you been working? Had she not been working? / Hadn’t she been working? Had we not been working? / Hadn’t we been working?

Had you not been working? / Hadn’t you been working? Had they not been working? / Hadn’t they been working?

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Употребление

1. The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось до какого-то момента в прошлом и продолжалось вплоть до этого момента. Момент в прошлом, вплоть до которого происходило действие, выраженное the Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense,

может быть обозначен глаголом в the Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense или предлогом by.

Пример:

9He was tired because he had been working for six hours.

9By the time you came he had been reading for two hours already.

Раскройте скобки, используя the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous или the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. He (to read) his evening paper as usual when a friend of his called him. 2. He (to read) before the fire for half an hour when the telephone rang. 3. When we went to see them last night, they (to play) chess; they said they (to play) since six o'clock. 4. She felt chilly after she (to swim) for an hour. 5. They told me that Ben still (to swim). 6. The boys (to play) football and did not hear their mother calling them from the window. 7. The boys were tired because they (to play) football. 8. We (to work) in silence for some time when John spoke. 9. He (to look) at the fire and (to think) of something. 10. He ( t o look) three or five minutes at the fire and then turned his face t o me; it was sad. 11. At last I found the book, which I (to look) f o r all day. 12. He asked me what I (to look) for. 13. When I entered the room Sir George (to talk) in a loud voice. 14. They told me Sir George just (to talk) about me. 15. Monty (to tremble) too in fits which shook his body from top to bottom. 16. She (to pull aside the book she (to read) and (to stand) up from the table.

Раскройте скобки, используя the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect, или the Past Perfect Continuous .

1. After I (to be) introduced to Captain Meadows, I (to ask) him if he ever (to be) married. 2. Antonia (to stand) smiling in the doorway. She (to know) that they just (to talk) of her. 3. They (not to go) far when the girl suddenly (to cry): “Why we are in a garden!” Without knowing how, they (to enter) a large garden. 4. Early morning, when we just (to leave) the house we (to meet) the man, that we (to look) for since Monday. 5. But still he (to sit) there motionless. He (to be) tired, he (to be) very tired. It (to seem) to him that he (to be) tired for a very long time. 6. I (to find) that I (to be) too late to catch the London train. Hailing the first taxi that (to pass), I (to reach) the station at ten minutes to

three, only two minutes after the train (to leave) it. 7. Sir George, who (to talk) in a 62

loud voice, (to turn) round sharply. 8. Mrs. Meadows (to tell) me that he (to talk) about all the things that (to happen) to him in his long life. 9. It (to be) four o'clock when she (to hear) the sound she (to wait) for over an hour: the door at the bottom of the stairs (to creak). 10. It (to be) all so sudden that for a moment no one (to know) what (to happen). 11. She (to say) to herself all the way up from Oxford that she must have somebody to talk it over. 12. When I (to come) to see him the next day I (to learn) that he (to die) in his sleep. 13. Tony (not to know) that the man they (to talk) about (to be) Michael's friend. 14. The moon (to rise) now and the lake (to be) fully visible.

Поставьте глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в зависимости от смысла, в Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous:

1. He not (to see) me as he (to read) when I (to come) into the room. 2. When he was in Gorki he (to visit) the places where he (to play) as a boy. 3. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house. 4. It (to rain) hard last night when 1 (to leave) the office. 5. The train could not stop because it (to travel) too fast at the time. 6. When I (to call) for my friend, his sister (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before. 7. I (to shout) to him to stop, but he (to run) too fast and not (to hear). 8. Large crowds (to wait) at the station when the Soviet delegation (to -arrive). 9. When I (to hear) the news, I (to hurry) to see him. 10 We (to walk) to the station when it (to begin) to rain. 11. He (to sit) in the garden when the storm (to break) out. 12. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him. 13. When I (to wake up) this morning, the sun (to shine) high in the sky. 14. Before he (to enter) the Institute, he (to work) at a plant. 15. The manager (to leave) the office before I (to arrive). 16. When 1 (to go) to the room the next day, I (to find) the books exactly where I (to leave) them. 17. We (to walk) for about two hours when at last we (to see) the lake.

Переведите на английский язык:

1.Я жил в Лондоне, когда началась война. 2. Его телеграмма пришла, когда

явыходил из дому. 3. В прошлом году я часто ходил в театр. 4. Вчера я купил часы, так как потерял свои старые. 5. Он кончил свою работу к 6 часам. 6. Когда я пришел, машинистка печатала письма, которые я ей дал накануне. 7. Когда мой сын был болен, доктор приходил к нему каждый день. 8. Машинистка еще не напечатала всех писем, когда я пришел. 9. Я очень много читал прошлым летом. 10. Стало уже совсем темно, когда мы вернулись домой. 11. Она порезала палец, когда резала хлеб. 12. Я провел свой отпуск в одной маленькой деревне на Волге. Один из моих приятелей посоветовал мне поехать туда. 13. Летом я заходил к ним

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каждый вечер. 14. Дождь еще не прекратился, когда мы вышли из дому. 15. Я обедал, когда он мне позвонил. 16. На днях я познакомился с одним старым моряком. Он побывал во многих странах на во-

The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

(Будущее совершенное длительное время)

Образование

The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в The Future Perfect Tense и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола. Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания –ing.

Ввопросительной форме будущего совершенного длительного времени вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.

Вотрицательной форме будущего совершенного длительного времени в прошедшем отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.

Утвердительная форма

Вопросительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I shall have been working

Shall I been working?

I shall not been working

You will have been working

Will you been working?

You will not have been working

He will have been working

Will he been working?

He will not have been working

She will have been working

Will she been working?

She will not have been working

We shall have been working

Shall we been working?

We shall not have been working

You will have been working

Will you been working?

You will not have been working

They will have been

Will they been working?

They will not have been working

working

 

 

Сокращенные формы The Future Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense строятся следующим образом:

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I’ll been working

I shan’t been working

She’ll been working

She won’t been working

We’ll been working

We shan’t been working

You’ll been working

You won’t been working

They’ll been working

They won’t been working

 

 

Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Shall I not been working? / Shan’t I been working?

Will you not been working? / Won’t you been working? Will she not been working? / Won’t she been working?

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Shall we not been working? / Shan’t we been working?

Will you not been working? / Won’t you been working?

Will they not been working? / Won’t they been working?

Употребление

1. The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется для обозначения длящегося действия в будущем, которое начнется до какого-либо момента или периода будущего времени и будет продолжаться вплоть до этого момента (периода).

Пример:

9By next year we shall have been living in this city for eleven years.

The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется в современном английском языке крайне редко, потому что предпочтение отдается в большинстве случаев формам The Future Continuous или The Future Perfect Tenses.

Пример:

9She will have been writing the report for two hours when you come.

The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense

(Будущее совершенное длительное время в прошедшем)

Образование

The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) in the Pats Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в The Future Perfect in the Past Tense и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола. Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончание –ing.

Ввопросительной форме будущего совершенного длительного времени в прошедшем вспомогательный глагол to be ставиться перед подлежащим.

Вотрицательной форме будущего совершенного длительного времени в прошедшем отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.

Утвердительная форма

Вопросительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I should have been working

Should I been working?

I should not been working

You

would

have

been

Would you been working?

You would not have been working

working

 

 

Would he been working?

He would not have been working

He

would

have

been

Would she been working?

She would not have been working

working

 

 

Should we been working?

We should not have been working

She

would

have

been

Would you been working?

You would not have been working

working

 

 

Would they been working?

They would not have been working

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We

should

have

been

 

 

 

 

working

 

 

 

 

 

 

You

would

have

been

 

 

 

 

working

 

 

 

 

 

 

They

would

have

been

 

 

 

 

working

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Сокращенные формы The Future Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense строятся

 

следующим образом:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Утвердительная форма

 

Отрицательная форма

 

I’d been working

 

 

I shouldn’t been working

 

She’d been working

 

 

She wouldn’t been working

 

We’d been working

 

 

We shouldn’t been working

 

You’d been working

 

 

You wouldn’t been working

 

They’d been working

 

 

They wouldn’t been working

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Should I not been working? / Shouldn’t I been working?

Would you not been working? / Wouldn’t you been working? Would she not been working? / Wouldn’t she been working? Should we not been working? / Shouldn’t we been working? Would you not been working? / Wouldn’t you been working? Would they not been working? / Wouldn’t they been working?

Употребление

1. The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense заменяет The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense в придаточных предложениях, когда глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени. Как и The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense, эта форма употребляется очень редко.

Пример:

9 He said that by the first of June he would have been working at that plant for twenty years. – Он сказал, что к первому июня он будет уже работать на этом заводе двадцать лет.

The Passive Voice

(Страдательный залог)

Образование

The Passive Voice показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым.

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The Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

The Passive Voice

to be + Participle II

Passive Voice

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

am/are/is given

was/were given

shall/*will be given

Continuous

am/are/is being given

was/were being given

–––

Perfect

has/have been given

had been given

shall/will have been given

Perfect

–––

–––

–––

Continuous

 

 

 

Пример:

9Mary helps John. – John is helped by Mary.

9Mary helped John. – John was helped by Mary.

9Mary will help John. – John will be helped by Mary.

9Mary is helping John. – John is being helped by Mary.

9Mary was helping John. – John was being helped by Mary.

9Mary has helped John. – John has been helped by Mary.

9Mary had helped John. – John had been helped by Mary.

9Mary will have helped John. – John will have been helped by Mary.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы The Passive Voice образуются по тем же

правилам, что и формы действительного залога. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Пример:

9John is not helped by Mary.

Всложных формах образования The Passive Voice вспомогательная частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола

Пример:

9John has not been helped by Mary.

Ввопросительных формах The Passive Voice вспомогательный глагол (в сложной форме – первый по счету) обычно ставится перед подлежащим.

Пример:

9Is John helped by Mary?

9Has John been helped by Mary?

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Если в страдательной конструкции указывается объект или материал, при помощи которого совершено действие, употребляется предлог with.

Пример:

9The book was written by Oscar Wilde.

Если в страдательной конструкции указывается объект или материал, при помощи которого совершенно действие, употребляется предлог with.

Пример:

9The room was filled with smoke.

Необходимо оговорить тот факт, что в английском языке есть глаголы, употребление которых в The Passive Voice невозможно без предлога by, указывающего на деятеля производимого действия: to follow, to overtake, to seize, to visit, to govern, to characterize, to attract, to control, to rule, to influence, to confront, to attend, to accompany, to join, to cause, to bring about, to mark, etc.

Пример:

9 He is followed by the police.

Употребление

1. The Passive Voice употребляется, когда неизвестно действующее лицо или по каким-либо причинам нежелательно упоминать его.

Пример:

9Smoking is not allowed here.

2. The Passive Voice употребляется, когда предмет действия представляет больший интерес, чем действующее лицо.

Пример:

9This house will be built in a short time.

Употребление видо-временных форм в страдательном залоге

Видо-временные формы страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога.

В страдательном залоге не употребляются времена группы Perfect Continuous (Progressive) и не употребляется времена The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense. Вместо формы The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense, которая отсутствует в страдательном залоге, употребляется The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense.

Пример:

9Come at five o’clock. The plan will be discussed at that time.

Вместо Present и Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive), которые также отсутствуют в страдательном залоге, употребляются соответственно Present и Past Perfect.

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Пример:

9The plan has been discussed for two hours.

9The plan had been discussed for two hours when she came.

Причины более широкого употребления страдательного залога в английском языке

В английском языке почти нет других языковых средств, употребление которых позволило бы избежать упоминания о том лице, которое совершает действие в предложении в действительном залоге. В русском языке, например, можно сказать:

Пример:

9 Греков держали как пленников, но при этом обращались с ними самым почтительным образом и предоставляли им всевозможные блага.

9Эта картина ценилась выше, чем другие.

9Не слышалось никакого шума.

Т.е. можно употребить либо неопределенно-личное предложение, либо возвратный глагол, либо безличное предложение — и все это в действительном залоге.

Ванглийском языке неопределенное местоимение one, личные местоимения we, you, they и существительное people в предложениях в действительном залоге могут иногда употребляться вместо конструкций в страдательном залоге:

Пример:

9 One will have to think twice about accepting invitations — if there is a risk of being made miserable, one will have to refuse.

9 «Is that the old lady who lives in the house by the church?» «That's right». «They say she's sharp», said Tiddler.

9 In my young days it was considered to be bad manners to take medicines with one's meals. If you had to take pills or capsules, or a spoonful of something, you went out of the room to do so.

9 «Oh, I'm sure I never said anything of the kind», Lota laughed. «People exaggerate so».

Однако такие конструкции используются редко, и вместо них чаще всего употребляется страдательный залог.

Входе развития в английском языке исчезла разница между дательным и винительным падежами, поэтому так многочисленны глаголы, принимающие прямое дополнение и, соответственно, употребляемые в страдательном залоге.

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Большее разнообразие страдательных конструкций также является причиной их более широкого употребления в языке, ведь почти в любом предложении дополнение может стать подлежащим страдательной конструкции.

Поставьте глаголы в следующих предложениях в страдательный залог.

1. They often invite me to their parties. 2. People speak English in different parts of the world. 3. One uses milk for making butter. 4. We form the Passive Voice with the help of the auxiliary verb «to be». 5. They build a lot of new houses in this district every year.

1. They built this house in 1950. 2. Somebody locked the front door. 3. Someone broke my pen last night. 4. They punished the boy for that. 5. They finished their work in time.

c) 1. People will forget it very soon. 2. They will translate this book next year. 3. They will tell you when to come.4. Where will they build a new library? 5. Someone will ask him about it.

Перепишите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

1.No one has seen him anywhere this week. 2. Somebody has invited her to the party. 3. They have done all the exercises in written form. 4. They had done everything before we came. 5. I thought they had already sent the letter. 6. Evidently somebody had informed him of the news before they announced it. 7. They are constructing some new metro lines now. 8. Wait a little. They are examining the last student there. 9. They are discussing this question now. 10. We could not use the cassette-recorder, they were repairing it.

11.When I switched on the radio they were broadcasting a very interesting programme. 12. They have not told him about it yet. 13. The branches of the tree hid her face. 14. I know her family. Her brother Charles has taken me there more than once. 15. I am sure your presents will please them. 16. They informed me that they had seen you in Oxford Street.

Поставьте глаголы в следующих предложениях в страдательный залог.

1.He offered me a chair. 2. We gave him all the money. 3. They have just shown me a new magazine. 4. Mother promised the boy a new toy. 5. Nobody has told me the news yet. 6. They sent you the invitation last week. 7. I am sure they will offer you a very interesting job. 8. They recommended me several articles on that problem. 9. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary. 10. They asked us to be there at eight o'clock. 11. They have promised me some books on this problem. 12. A passer-by showed us the way to Trafalgar Square.

Переведите следующие предложения, употребляя формы the Passive Voice:

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