Времена английского глагола. Учебное пособие
.pdf9He had known Mary for several years.
9He had lain too long in the sun before the mother called him.
9Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of
rage.
4. The Past Perfect Tense употребляется с такими союзами, как hardly... when, scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than для выражения быстрой смены событий.
Пример:
9Hardly had I entered the house when the storm began.
Раскройте скобки, используя the Past Indefinite или the Past Perfect. Instead.
1. Margot (to go) to the door and (to lock) it, and (to return) with the key. 2. He sighed again and again, like one who (to escape) from danger. 3. Then I (to search) for a piece of paper and a pencil, and I (to write) a message for the maid. 4. He (to make) tea and (to eat) the biscuits which Mrs. Aberdeen (to bring) him. 5. Ansell (to give) an angry sigh, and at that moment there (to be) a tap on the door. 6. When the film (to be) over they (to go) for a walk across the dark, damp fields. 7. The door (to open). A tall young woman (to stand) framed in the light that (to fall) from the passage. 8. Cassie (to spend) the night at home, and entering the dining-room (to glance) at the space above the fire. 9. He (to walk) about our sitting-room all afternoon, murmuring to himself. 10. It (to be) all so sudden that for a moment no one (to know) what (to happen). 11. He (to tell) me that they (to be) at the same public school and (to be) friends ever since. 12. At the age of seventy-four he (to be) excited as a boy about his expedition. 13. Near the door he (to see) the man he (to notice) at the station. 14. The house (to be) much smaller than he (to think) at first.
Раскройте скобки, используя, the Past Continuous или the Past Perfect.
1. Yes, Hatte? What you (to say)? 2. He even (not to count) the money that Lammiter (to hold) out to him. 3. I (to look) at her. She (to smile) to herself and (not to answer) my question at once. I (to repeat) it. 4. For some time she (not to realize) where she (to be) and what (to happen). 5. Then she (to get) up and (to go) to the kitchen and (to open) the fridge. 6. Toby and Michael (to smile) at each other and (to begin) to walk slowly towards the lake. 7. The silence in the room (to tell) that the rain (to stop). 8. She (can) not understand why she (not to think) of this before, she (to say). 9. He (to go) away on the very day I (to arrive). 10. My mother (to make) sandwiches in the kitchen and (not to hear) the bell. 11. He (to go) to school for the first time with a bunch of flowers in his hand, and it (to seem) to him that everyone (to turn) to look at him. 12. After he (to leave) school he (can) not find a job and (to decide) to go to New York. 13. The grass (to be) damp. It (to tell) us that rain (to fall) at the night. 14. Now he (to look) at me with wide-open eyes. 15. He (can) not help thinking that he (to see) that 51
face somewhere before. 16. After he (to read) «The Gadfly» he (to tell) all his friends that he never (to read) a better book. 17. Roger (to say) he (to come) back in an hour. 18. She (to turn) half about and (to see) that the rain (to stop) and it (to be) a little brighter outside. 19. After the war they (to part) and he (to tell) me that he (not to see) her since. 20. She (to go) back to take her gloves and bag which she (to leave) on the hall table. 21. The storm (to pass) and the sun (to shine) on the green leaves of the trees. 22. He (to look) through the window and (not to seem) to notice me.
Раскройте скобки, используя the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous, или the Past Perfect.
The next morning, when I (to awake), the sun (to shine) brilliantly. It (to be) late and I (to have) no supper the night before, so I (to dress) quickly and (to go) downstairs. I (to be) surprised to find the doors locked and the house empty. A dozen times or more I (to call) out my host's name, but the house (to be) as still as a grave. What it all (to mean)? I (to begin) to doubt my wisdom in being so ready to trust a stranger. I ought to have gone on to the next village, where I (to know) my friends (to be) awaiting me. Instead, I (to be frightened) by a few drops of rain. At last, however, I (to hear) footsteps, and soon my host (to appear), looking, I (to think), rather strange. He just (to be) out, he (to say), to feed the horses. But I (to notice) there was the mud thick and wet upon his shoes and I (to wonder) where he (to be), and why he (to want) to deceive me.
The Future Perfect Tense (Будущее совершенное время)
Образование
Образование
Причастие прошедшего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания –ed, а если смысловой глагол относится к группе неправильных глаголов, то причастием прошедшего времени является третья форма глагола таблицы неправильных глаголов.
Ввопросительной форме будущего совершенного времени вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.
Вотрицательной форме будущего совершенного времени отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to have.
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
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I shall have worked You will have worked He will have worked She will have worked We shall have worked You will have worked They will have worked
Shall I have worked? Will you have worked? Will he have worked? Will she have worked? Will we have worked? Will you have worked? Will they have worked?
I shall have not worked You will have not worked He will have not worked She will have not worked We shall have not worked You will have not worked They will have not worked
Сокращенные формы The Future Perfect Tense строятся следующим образом:
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I’ll have worked |
I shan’t have worked |
She’ll have worked |
She won’t have worked |
We’ll have worked |
We shan’t have worked |
You’ll have worked |
You won’t have worked |
They’ll have worked |
They won’t have worked |
|
|
Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Shall I have not worked? / Shan’t I have worked?
Will you have not worked? / Won’t you have worked? Will she have not worked? / Won’t she have worked? Shall we have not worked? / Shan’t we have worked? Will you have not worked? Won’t you have worked?
Will they have not worked? Won’t they have worked?
Употребление
1. The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для обозначения действия, которое закончится до определенного момента в будущем. Этот момент может быть выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом by или другим будущем действием, выраженным глаголом в The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Пример:
9I shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good sleep by that time.
2. The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое начнется до определенного момента в будущем, будет продолжаться до того момента и не закончится. В этом случае The Future Perfect Tense употребляется вместо The Future Perfect Continuous Tense с глаголами, не употребляемыми в форме Continuous, с глаголами, выражающими продолжительное действие (to work, to live, to study, to teach, to travel, to last, etc.), когда факт выполнения действия не так значителен, как результат, и в отрицательных предложениях.
Пример:
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9I shall have been a teacher for twenty years by next April.
9I shall have worked as a teacher for ten years by next April.
3. The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения предполагаемого действия, относящегося к прошедшему. В этом случае The Future Perfect Tense приближается по значению к глаголу must.
Пример:
9 You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of the agreement. – Вы,
должно быть читали в газетах о заключении этого соглашения.
Раскройте скобки, используя the Future Indefinite, the Future Perfect или the Present Perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1.By the end of the year I (to read) five of Shaw's plays. 2. They (to leave) the country before you go to see them. 3. I can give you a definite answer only after I (to speak) to my mother.
4.By the end of the term we (to learn) a lot of new words. 5. I hope, when you (to do) this exercise, there (not to be) so many mistakes in it. 6. I expect you (to grow up) by the time I come back from England. 7. You had better not go bathing until you (to get rid) of that cough. 9. I'm sure you (to forget) me by that time. 9. She won't have any pudding until she (to eat) her potatoes. 10. When I (to learn) a thousand English words, shall I be able to read a newspaper? 11. I (to write) all my exercises long before you come back. 12. Don't ask for another book until you (to read) this one. 13. They will not return home until they (to see) Scotland, Ireland and Wales. 14.I hope that by the end of the year he (to teach) us to speak English a little. 15. Sit down, and when you (to have a rest) I'll show you the garden.
Раскройте скобки, используя Future Indefinite, Future Continuous или Future Perfect:
1.The news, that he (to leave) the town was a surprise to all of us. 2. Edward is a
dear. I |
always (to be) very fond of him. |
3. By the end of t h e school year we (to |
learn) |
a lot of new words. 4. When he |
( t o count) the money he put it away. 5. I |
don't know anything about it. I (not to see) him lately. He (to be) mostly in London a l l these days. 6. When by half past two he (not to arrive) Dora was worried. 7. They say that by the first of January they (to live) in this street for ten years. 8. When I ( t o be) in your country for five years, I shall write a book about i t . 9. I ' l l stay until you (to do) your translation. I can help you if you allow me. 10. Those who (to write) the test may leave the classroom.
Поставьте глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в зависимости от смысла, в Future Indefinite, Future Continuous или Future Perfect:
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1. I (to wait) for you at five o'clock to-morrow. 2. I am sure that they (to complete) their work by May. 3. At 2 o'clock tomorrow I (to have) an English lesson. 4. Tomorrow at this time you (to sail) down the Moskva River. 5. I hope it (to stop) raining by five o'clock. 6. I hope the next mail (to bring) news from home. 7. She (to return) from the library at six o'clock. 8. I not (to work) at eight o'clock. I (to finish) my homework by that time. 9. At what time you (to be) here? 10. What you (to do) at eight o'clock? I (to work) on my report.
Переведите на английский язык.
1. Я думаю, что он будет участвовать в этой работе. 2. Не опаздывайте. Я буду ждать вас в библиотеке в 9 часов. 3. Я уверен, что они выполнят свой производственный план к 15 декабря. 4. Он будет работать завтра весь день. 5. Не приходите в 2 часа завтра, он будет занят. У него будет английский урок в это время. 6. Приходите в 6 часов. Директор подпишет все документы к этому времени. 7. Что вы будете делать завтра c 6 до 8? — Я буду писать статью в стенгазету.
The Future Perfect in the Past Tense
(Будущее совершенное время в прошедшем)
Образование
The Future Perfect in the Past Tense образуется при помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в Future Indefinite (Simple) in the Past Tense и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола. Причастие прошедшего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания –ed, а если смысловой глагол относится к группе неправильных глаголов, то причастием прошедшего времени является третья форма глагола таблицы неправильных глаголов.
Ввопросительной форме будущего совершенного времени в прошедшем вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.
Вотрицательной форме будущего совершенного времени в прошедшем отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to have.
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I should have worked |
Should I have worked? |
I should have not worked |
You would have worked |
Would you have worked? |
You would have not worked |
He would have worked |
Would he have worked? |
He would have not worked |
She would have worked |
Would she have worked? |
She would have not worked |
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We should have worked You would have worked They would have worked
Would we have worked? Would you have worked? Would they have worked?
We should have not worked You would have not worked They would have not worked
Сокращенные формы The Future Perfect Tense строятся следующим образом:
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I’d have worked |
I shouldn’t have worked |
She’d have worked |
She wouldn’t have worked |
We’d have worked |
We shouldn’t have worked |
You’d have worked |
You wouldn’t have worked |
They’d have worked |
They wouldn’t have worked |
|
|
Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Should I have not worked? / Shouldn’t I have worked?
Would you have not worked?/ Wouldn’t you have worked? Would she have not worked?/ Wouldn’t you have worked? Should we have not worked?/ Shouldn’t I have worked?
Would you have not worked? / Wouldn’t you have worked? Would they have not worked? / Wouldn’t you have worked?
Употребление
1. The Future Perfect in the Past Tense употребляется для выражения в прошлом действия, которое завершится до определенного момента в будущем.
Пример:
9 I wondered whether they would have reached the place by noon. – Мне было
интересно узнать, доберутся ли они до места до того, как стемнеет.
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense (Настоящее совершенное длительное время)
Образование
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в The Present Perfect Tense и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола. Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем добавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания –ing.
Ввопросительной форме настоящего совершенного длительного времени вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.
Вотрицательной форме настоящего совершенного длительного времени в прошедшем отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.
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Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I have been working |
Have I been working? |
I have not been working |
You have been working |
Have you been working? |
You have not been working |
He has been working |
Has he been working? |
He has not been working |
She has been working |
Has she been working? |
She has not been working |
We have been working |
Have we been working? |
We have not been working |
You have been working |
Have you been working? |
You have not been working |
They have been working |
Have they been working? |
They have not been working |
|
|
|
Сокращенные формы The Future Continuous (Progressive) in the Past Tense строятся следующим образом:
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I’ve been working |
I haven’t been working |
She’s been working |
She hasn’t been working |
We’ve been working |
We haven’t been working |
You’ve been working |
You haven’t been working |
They’ve been working |
They haven’t been working |
|
|
Отрицательно-вопросительные формы глагола строятся следующим образом: Have I not been working? / Haven’t I been working?
Have you not been working? / Haven’t you been working? Has she not been working? / Hasn’t she been working? Have we not been working? / Haven’t we been working? Have you not been working? / Haven’t you been working? Have they not been working? / Haven’t they been working?
Употребление
1. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом, длилось на протяжении определенного времени и все еще не закончилось, или закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи. На момент, когда началось действие, обычно указывает обстоятельство времени с предлогом since, обозначающим временную точку начала действия. Чтобы указать, в течение какого периода длилось действие, обычно используется обстоятельство времени с предлогом for. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense может употребляться без указания на продолжительность действия, в таком случае это будет ясно из контекста.
Пример:
9I have been waiting for you since the morning.
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9She has been working here for eleven years.
9I have been expecting you.
2. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое длилось недавно, но в настоящий момент оно завершено. В
данном случае The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense используется для выражения эмоционального подтекста и описания повторяющихся действий.
Пример:
9I have been buying pictures. I have been getting letters from him.
9Your eyes are red. You have been crying.
3. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense употребляется в вопросах,
начинающихся с how long – как долго, since when – с каких пор.
Пример:
9Since when have you been working here?
9How long have you been learning English?
Раскройте скобки, используя Present Continuous или the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. What you (to look) at? — I (to look) at that picture over there. I (to look) at it for almost half an hour and I still can’t understand what it is. 2. What Mary (to do)? — She (to practise) the piano. She (to play) since 12 o'clock. I think she must have a rest. 3. Here you are at last! 1 (to look) for you everywhere. 4. Why you (to smile) Robert? — I (to watch) your kitten. What a playful little pet it is! 5. I see you (to write) letters all the morning. Is it the last letter you (to write) now? 6. You (to sit) here for a long time. You (to wait) for anybody? 7. How long you (to study) English? — For three years already. 8. I (to work) at my report since Monday. Now I (to write) the conclusion. 9. Mary's mother (to have a rest) in the garden all day because she is ill. 10. She (to sleep) for ten hours! You must wake her! 11. David (to repair) the TV-set. He (to work) at it for an hour or so. 12. David (to wash) his hands. He just (to repair) the TV-set. 13. Why you all (to laugh)? Jim (to tell) you his anecdotes? 14. It’s six o'clock. I (to wait) for Ann for half an hour. I must be off now.
Объясните употребление времен the Present Perfect Continuous и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.a) All these days he has been talking about his new plan. He can't speak of anything else.
b)Here is Mr. Madden who we have just been speaking about.
a) I have been peeling potatoes for half an hour, but Mother says there isn't enough
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for everybody. b) Why are your hands dirty? — I have been peeling potatoes.
a) Children, you have been swimming half an hour already. Get out of the water, quick! b) I am cold because I have been swimming for an hour.
4.a) They have been working in the garden since 10 o’clock. Tell them it is time to have lunch, b) I am very tired; I have been working in the garden.
5.a) Kitty, you have been watching TV too long, you'll have a headache; b) I have a headache; I have been watching TV too long.
Раскройте скобки, используя необходимое время глагола.
1.You (to pass) your exam in English literature? 2. I (to try) to learn English for years but I (not to make) good progress yet. 3. That book (to be) on the table for weeks. You (not to read) it yet? 4. I (to wait) here for her since 7 o'clock and she (not to come) yet. 5. I (to read) «War and Peace» for the last three months. 6. I (to think) about you all day. 7. He never (to be) here before. 8. I can't help being angry with you. You (to sit) here all the time and (to do) nothing. 9. There's nothing to be proud of; you (not to get) a single excellent mark as yet. 10.I (to work) so hard this week that I (not to have) time to go to the cinema. 11. The girls (to talk) about their new dresses for half an hour already. It seems they have nothing else to talk about. 12.I just (to talk) to him; he agrees to help us. 13. Some of our students (to join) the English club to get a better command of the language. 14. I (to know) her all my life and we always (to be) good friends.
Раскройте скобки, используя the Present Perfect или the Present Perfect Continuous.
1.She (to paint), or pretending to paint, for about six hours. 2. I (to do) a great deal of work today. 3. I (to read) your composition. I think you'll have to polish it up a bit. 4. They (to build) that bridge for several months, but they (not to finish) it yet. 5. He (to grow) so old that he spends most of his time sitting in an easy-chair. 6. “You'll have to speak louder, I'm afraid. I (to become) very deaf,” said Randan. 7. What you (to do) with yourself, Edward, since I saw you last?
8.I expect you (to have) already a talk with Henry. He looks more cheerful. 9. This picture (to hang) here for as long as I can remember. 10. Edward is coming! How nice! I (not to see) Edward for years. 11. What you (to do) since Sunday? 12. I want to talk to you, Aileon. I (to want) to talk to you for a long time. 12. I want to talk to you, Aileon. I (to want) to talk to you for a long time.
13.Well, Bunter? — Everything (to be done) that can be done, my lady. 14. It's no use denying, my dear Dick, that you (to think) too much lately. 15. He (to lose) his dictionary. He (to look) for it all day, but (not to find) it yet. 16. She (to read) all the plays by Galsworthy. How many you (to read)? 17. Jim (not to be) here for three weeks. 18.I can't wait any longer. I (to wait) since five
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o'clock. 19. I (not to have) a good night's sleep since last week. 20. On the porch he looked over his shoulder and noticed a dark figure disappear round the corner of the house. “Somebody (to follow) me again,” he thought.
Раскройте скобки, используя Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous:
1. Helen (to learn) English at the Institute. She (to learn) English since last autumn. 2. They are busy now. They (to discuss) an important question. They (to discuss) it since five o'clock. 3. Where is Mr. Smith? — He (to work) in the library. — He (to work) long? — Yes, he (to work) since morning. 4. My brother (to be) in hospital. He (to be) there for ten days. 5. Mr. Brown (to teach) French. He is a very experienced teacher. He (to teach) French for fifteen years. 6. I (to know) Peter well. — Since when you (to know) him? — I (to know) him since 1940.
Переведите на английский язык:
1. Кого вы ждете? — Я жду товарища — Вы давно его ждете? — Да, я жду его уже около получаса. 2. Что вы переводите? — Я перевожу экономическую статью. — Как долго вы ее переводите? — Я перевожу ее уже час. 3. Я перевожу пять или шесть статей в неделю. 4. Где мой журнал? — Он лежит на вашем письменном столе. 5. Ваша книга лежит здесь уже несколько дней. Возьмите ее. 6. Мы знаем друг друга очень хорошо. 7. Мы знаем друг друга с тех пор, как я приехал в Москву. 8. Мистер Браун - директор нашего завода. Он директор заводам 1990 г. 9. 9. Мой брат живет в Киеве. — С каких пор он живет там? — Он живет там с 1945 г . на востоке и западе. Он рассказал мне о многих городах, которые он посетил во время своих многочисленных путешествий. 17. Я возвращался домой довольно поздно. Становилось уже темно, и шел дождь. Я шел быстро, так как я не взял зонтика и боялся промокнуть. Мимо меня проезжали машины. Вдруг одна из них остановилась возле меня, и кто-то окликнул меня. Я узнал голос своего приятеля, доктора А. Он пригласил меня войти в машину, и через пять минут я был дома. 18. Я читал весь вечер вчера. 19. Я пришел домой, поужинал и начал читать газету. Вдруг я вспомнил, что я обещал своему приятелю вернуть ему английский учебник. Он дал его мне на два дня и просил меня вернуть его вовремя. Я встал, взял учебник и пошел к своему приятелю. 20. Моя сестра еще спала, когда я встал, так как она вернулась домой очень поздно. 21. Я ждал его около получаса, когда он,
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