Биофизика и биотехнологии. Biophysics and biotechnologies. Учебное пособие
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"being done" is passive; the form "having been done" is perfect passive.
Examples of simple and compound forms
The student is reading a book.
The reading student didn't pay any attention to the teacher's words.
The student reading a book didn't pay any attention to the teacher's words.
Having read ten pages of the book, he decided to have a break.
The books read by him last week included several novels.
Published in 1900, the story was adapted into a film in 1939.
Having been translated into several languages, this story is well known in many countries.
Translation of Participles
Depending on the function in the sentence, on the context and meaning, English participles are translated into Russian as participles, as adjectives, as adverbial participles, as verbs. Compare these examples:
I saw a running boy.
He was running very fast.
"being done" (делаемый) – пассивная; форма "having been done" (уже сделанный) – перфектная пассивная.
Примеры простых и сложных форм
Студент читает книгу.
Читающий студент не обратил никакого внимания на слова преподавателя.
Студент, читающий книгу, не обратил никакого внимания на слова преподавателя.
Прочитав десять страниц книги, он решил сделать перерыв.
Книги, прочитанные им на прошлой неделе, включали в себя несколько романов.
Опубликованная в 1900 году, эта повесть была экранизирована в
1939 году.
Будучи переведённой на несколько языков, эта повесть хорошо известна во многих странах.
Перевод причастий
В зависимости от функции в предложении, от контекста и значения, английские причастия переводятся на русский язык как причастия, как прилагательные, как деепричастия, как глаголы. Сравните эти примеры:
Я увидел бегущего мальчика.
Он бежал очень быстро.
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He ran shouting something.
Running past the bakery, the boy stopped abruptly.
Adverbial Participles
In the examples above, "shouting something; running past the bakery; looking at the shop window; having found" have been translated into Russian with the help of adverbial participles.
Participle after noun
Participles are often placed after the nouns that they modify: the problems remaining; the people involved; the questions discussed
The questions discussed were quite important. – The questions discussed at the meeting were quite important. – The questions that were discussed at the meeting were quite important.
Participle construction after noun
Participle constructions in the function of attributes stand after the nouns that they modify. For example:
I talked to several people participating in the project.
Он бежал, крича что-то. Он бежал и кричал что-то.
Пробегая мимо булочной, мальчик внезапно остановился.
Деепричастия
В примерах выше, "shouting something; running past the bakery; looking at the shop window; having found" переведены на русский язык с помощью деепричастий (крича, пробегая, глядя, найдя).
Причастие после существительного
Причастия часто ставятся после определяемых существительных: остающиеся проблемы; люди, причастные к этому; обсуждавшиеся вопросы
Обсуждавшиеся вопросы были весьма важными. – Вопросы, обсуждавшиеся на собрании, были весьма важными. – Вопросы, которые обсуждались на собрании, были весьма важными.
Причастный оборот после существительного
Причастные обороты в функции определений стоят после существительных, которые они определяют. Например:
Я говорил с несколькими людьми, участвующими в проекте.
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Active and passive meanings of Participles
In the function of attributes, present participles express active meaning, and past participles express passive meaning.
In a number of cases there are no corresponding Russian participles with active and passive meaning, for example, in the case of "boring, bored". Compare these sentences:
His attitude is annoying.
She looks annoyed.
Participles as adverbial modifiers
Participles in the function of adverbial modifiers (of time, reason, manner, accompanying circumstances, etc.) are usually found in participle constructions, though single participles are also quite possible. The negative particle "not" is placed before the participle. Participle constructions in the function of adverbial modifiers are used mostly in writing.
Having finished my work, I went home. (After I finished my work, I went home.)
Prepositions and conjunctions in the form of participles
Some prepositions and conjunctions are in the form of participles. For example: concerning,
Активные и страдательные значения причастий
Вфункции определений, причастия настоящего времени выражают активное значение, а причастия прошедшего времени выражают страдательное значение.
Вряде случаев нет соответствующих русских причастий с активным и страдательным значением,
например, в случае "boring, bored".
Сравните эти предложения:
Его отношение раздражающее.
Она выглядит раздражённой.
Причастия как обстоятельства
Причастия в функции обстоятельств (времени, причины, образа действия, сопутствующих обстоятельств и т. д.) обычно встречаются в причастных оборотах, хотя одиночные причастия тоже вполне возможны. Отрицательная частица "not" ставится перед причастием. Причастные обороты в функции обстоятельств употребляются в основном в письменной речи.
Закончив работу, я пошёл домой. (После того, как я закончил работу, я пошёл домой.)
Предлоги и союзы в форме причастий
Некоторые предлоги и союзы имеют форму причастий. Например: concerning, considering, including, not-
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considering, including, notwithstanding, owing to, judging from, provided that, regarding, supposing.
Owing to the rain, the game was postponed. Considering the price, this table is a good buy.
Absolute Participle Construction
The absolute participle construction has its own subject and can stand at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
Nobody knowing what to do, we decided to do nothing.
Participles in constructions with Complex Object
In sentences like "I saw him crossing the street. I had my car washed.", the constructions "him crossing; car washed" are often called "Complex Object".
Present Participle in constructions with Complex Object
Constructions after verbs of sense perception
The present participle is used in constructions with complex object after the verbs of sense perception "hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel" to indicate the action in progress. For example:
I saw him locking the door.
withstanding, owing to, judging from, provided that, regarding, supposing.
Из-за дождя игра была отложена. Принимая во внимание цену, этот стол – удачная покупка.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот
Самостоятельный причастный оборот имеет свое собственное подлежащее и может стоять в начале или в конце предложения.
Так как никто не знал, что делать, мы решили ничего не делать.
Причастия в конструкциях со сложным дополнением
В предложениях типа "I saw him crossing the street. I had my car washed.", конструкции "him crossing; car washed" часто называются "Complex Object" (сложное дополнение).
Причастие настоящего времени в конструкциях со сложным дополнением
Конструкции после глаголов чувственного восприятия
Причастие настоящего времени употребляется в конструкциях со сложным дополнением после глаголов чувственного восприятия
"hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel", чтобы показать действие в процессе. Например:
Я видел, как он запирал дверь.
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The infinitive in such constructions usually expresses a completed action, but if the verb is of continuing nature, the infinitive can express the action in progress. Compare:
I saw him crossing the street. – I saw him cross the street.
Past Participle in constructions with Complex Object
Constructions after "see, hear, want, consider"
The past participle is used in constructions with complex object to show that the person or thing indicated by the object undergoes the action indicated by the participle.
He saw his bags put into the trunk of a large car.
She saw several participants registered during the conference.
Construction "have something done"
In such constructions the past participle is used after the verb "have" to show that the action is performed for you by someone, usually at your request.
She got her TV repaired.
She had her purse stolen yesterday.
Инфинитив в таких конструкциях обычно выражает законченное действие, но, если глагол продолженного характера, инфинитив может выражать действие в процессе. Сравните:
Явидел, как он переходил улицу. –
Явидел, как он перешёл улицу.
Причастие прошедшего времени в конструкциях со сложным дополнением
Конструкции после "see, hear, want, consider"
Причастие прошедшего времени употребляется в конструкциях со сложным дополнением, чтобы показать, что лицо или предмет, указанный дополнением, подвергается действию причастия.
Он видел, как его вещи положили в багажник большого автомобиля.
Она видела, как нескольких участников зарегистрировали во время конференции.
Конструкция "have something done"
В таких конструкциях прошедшего времени употребляется после глагола "have", чтобы показать, что действие выполняется для вас кемто, обычно по вашей просьбе
Ей починили телевизор.
У неё вчера украли кошелёк.
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10.Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.
1.The scientist working at this design is well known.
2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.
3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
4.Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.
5.Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.
6.Being cooled water turns into ice.
7.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
8.Transistors contain no moving parts.
9.The scientist is carrying on an important research.
10.Developing the new method they achieved good results.
11.Translate the following sentences.
1.Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.
2.When making the experiment he made notes.
3.The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current.
4.This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.
5.Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.
6.Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year.
7.While being checked the motor showed good performance.
8.The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.
9.Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.
12. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.
Example:
While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary.
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2.While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.
3.When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.
4.While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful.
5.When the engineer was improving the design he made many calculations.
6.While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.
7.When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.
One more example:
The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
1.The scientist who is working at the method is well known.
2.These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.
3.The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.
4.The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.
5.The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties.
Linking (past participial phrase)
1. The past participle alone can sometimes replace subject + passive verb. It makes the text more concise.
The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship project … (= The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)
2. The past participle can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, the Champion West oilfield is Shell’s flagship project …
Guided by smart technology, a single snake well can access pockets of oil …
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Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed, sensors relay digital information …
! Note that the participle must have the same subject as the verb in the main clause.
13. Join the information in each note into a single sentence in a similar way. Begin each sentence with the past participle in italics.
Example: Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.
1.the oil is isolated in small pockets + it can’t be extracted using vertical wells
2.the sensors are connected by fibre-optic cable + they collect data from inside the snake well
3.the drills are guided by remote controllers + they can hit a target only 2 m wide
4.the oil is locked 4,000 m beneath the seabed + it couldn’t be extracted for 30 years
5.the sensors are attached to the drill bit + they allow controllers to guide the drill
6.the software was developed by GeoSolutions + it generates computer models of the geology.
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Module 4. Cloning
Before you read:
1. |
What do you know about cloning? |
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2. |
What does cloning deal with? |
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Vocabulary |
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translation |
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word |
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1to split into
2tadpoles
3destroy the nucleus
4prodigy
5a twig
6to have unlimited possibilities
7to improve health
8to interfere with the laws of religion or nature
9to alter the features of a particular race
10 to face with new ethical questions
READING
1. Read the text and translate it: CLONING
It used to be only in science fiction that the existence of a race of identical creatures could be imagined: a group of people with exactly the same hair colour, the same features and the same height. However, now this dream – or nightmare – could actually become reality. In theory, the process of creating replicas of any living being seems quite simple. First, a body cell, which contains the specific genes of a living organism, splits in two.
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The resulting new cells, each containing the same genes, then grow into two new, identical organisms. This process is known as cloning, and it can be applied to humans, animals, insects and plants.
Early experiments with cloning took place using the tadpoles of frogs. In 1968, Dr J.B. Gurdon of Oxford University, England, took an unfertilised frog's egg from a frog - let us call it frog number 1 - and destroyed its nucleus. This meant that he had removed all the genetic information which related to this frog.
He then inserted a new nucleus extracted from a cell from another frog number 2. The tadpole which developed from the egg produced by frog number 1 was identical to frog number 2, not to frog number 1! It was not until 1996, however, in Scotland, that a group of British researchers led by Ian Wilmut achieved the successful cloning of an adult animal. The result was Dolly, who has taken her place in the history books as the first lamb to be cloned from the DNA of an adult sheep.
Following the birth of Dolly, both scientists and ordinary people have begun to think about the possibilities of cloning. The latest technology now means that we can remove body cells from the best of our race, the brilliant scientist, the musical genius, the child prodigy, and ensure that the same genes are reproduced in as many babies as we wish. However, cloning does not mean copying.
The process actually takes its name from the Greek word cion which means a twig. A twig has the same genetic information as the tree it comes from, but the two look very different. In the same way, a clone shares the same genes as its donor, but its behaviour and characteristics will be different: personality will always be unique.
Science has provided us with knowledge which seems to have unlimited possibilities. We can not only make designer human beings, but we can also use cloning to improve health. For example, scientists predict that in the future, pigs with organs that could be used in human transplants, could be cloned. Cloning could also enable us to learn more about the embryo and how organisms develop. Cloning could put an end to the risk of extinction of the endangered species on our planet; if animals can be cloned, they need never die out.
However, the process is very controversial. Some people have asked whether a cloned individual would really be a human; would it have a soul?
Would there.be relationships and responsibilities between donors and clones?
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