Биофизика и биотехнологии. Biophysics and biotechnologies. Учебное пособие
.pdfпозволяет глубже понять роль механических напряжений в развитии органов. На повестке дня создание искусственных «запчастей для ремонта» кровеносной системы.
10. Read and translate:
1. Mosquitoes on the hunt: the role of olfaction in finding human hosts
A recent study led by Nitin Gupta, Associate Professor, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, have questioned how mosquitoes can detect hundreds of odourants to find human hosts. In contrast to dedicated neural pathways for every odourant, the team of researchers discovered that a combinatorial action of multiple neurons for each odourant is the key to solving the puzzle.
(Posted on Aug 04, 2023 in Cell Biology, Biophysics & Research)
2. A new insight into cellular recycling
In a new study, researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, have demonstrated the functioning of a motor protein responsible for recycling material inside a cell. These findings are crucial since faulty recycling in cells is responsible for many disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Cancer.
(Posted on Oct 04, 2021 in Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Biophysics & Research)
3. Mapping the biophysics of early events in Parkinson’s disease
Aggregation of amyloid proteins is believed to play a central role in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Now, a collaborative study by Indian researchers has explored certain key biophysical processes that are involved in the initial steps of this process, providing us with an important clue about the early stages of Parkinson's disease progression.
(Posted on Jan 18, 2021 in Neuroscience, Biophysics & Research)
4. Eating foreign particles makes immune cells “stiff”, finds a new study
Macrophages are an important category of immune cells that patrol our body to find and destroy pathogens, often by swallowing them whole - a process known as phagocytosis. A recent study by researchers at the Indian
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Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, has discovered how the physical properties of macrophages change in response to phagocytosis and how this, in turn, affects their function.
(Posted on Aug 04, 2020 in Cell Biology, Biophysics & Research)
5. A physicist’s take on understanding stem cell differentiation
The question of how stem cells can differentiate to give rise to multiple different cell lineages has fascinated biologists for years. Now, a team of researchers from the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai and Ashoka University, Sonepat, have come up with a theoretical model that links the physical properties of the stem cell nucleus to its eventual fate.
(Posted on Jan 15, 2020 in Biophysics, Theoretical Biology & Research)
6.“Optical Biopsies” may help burn victims
In order to treat severe burn wounds, the progress of healing needs to be monitored regularly. This is usually done by measuring collagen levels using biochemical or histopathological methods. Now, researchers from the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, have come up with a way to assess burn wound healing by using a minimally-invasive laser-based method to optically measure collagen.
(Posted on Dec 07, 2018 in Health & Medicine, Biophysics, Research & Interdisciplinarity)
7. Understanding the forces that shape the brain
Physical forces play a major role in how the cells in our brain grow and signal to each other. In a recent study, scientists from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bangalore, and University of Hyderabad developed a simple assay to show that neurons are shaped by attachment to the substrate underneath them.
(Posted on Nov 06, 2018 in Neuroscience, Biophysics, Research & Interdisciplinarity)
WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of
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the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?
1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main point.
In the text (article) “…” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.
The text “…” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).
2. Write in the present tense.
At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes...
(comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).
Attention is drawn to the fact that ... . It should be noted that ... .
3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.
Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....
4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.
Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analysis of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .
In conclusion ... . At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that …, summarizes that ... .
5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.
Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.
11.Write the summary of the text "BIOPHYSICS".
SPEAKING
12.Make a presentation on the topic "BIOPHYSICS ". Speak about the most recent achievements in this field. Use the information below.
A PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. AN INTRODUCTION |
1. ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ |
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This is the most important part of |
Это самая важная |
часть вашей |
your presentation because the |
презентации, потому |
что аудитория |
audience will make judgements |
будет выносить суждения о вас. |
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about you. |
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They will decide in the first few |
Они в первые же несколько минут |
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minutes what you are like. |
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решат, какой вы рассказчик на самом |
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деле. |
They will also decide whether |
Они также решат, заслуживаете ли вы |
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you deserve their attention. |
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их внимания. |
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Therefore, it is very important |
Поэтому очень важно, чтобы вы |
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that you plan carefully what you |
тщательно спланировали то, что вы |
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want to say in the introduction. |
хотите сказать во вступлении. |
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Try to do these things in your |
Попробуйте сделать это в своем |
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introduction |
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вступлении |
Get the audience’s attention. |
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Привлеките внимание аудитории. |
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Introduce yourself. |
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Представьтесь. |
Explain why you are there. |
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Объясните, почему вы здесь. |
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Explain what you hope to |
Объясните, чего вы надеетесь |
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achieve. |
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достичь. |
Build a good rapport with the |
Установите хороший контакт с |
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audience. |
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аудиторией. |
USEFUL LANGUAGE |
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НЕОБХОДИМЫЕСЛОВАИФРАЗЫ |
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Introduction and welcome |
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Введение и приветствие |
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Good morning, |
ladies |
and |
Доброе утро, леди и джентльмены. |
gentlemen. My |
name's |
John |
Меня зовут Джон Джонс. Я руко- |
Jones. I'm head of sales at Acme |
водитель отдела продаж в Acme |
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Services. |
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Services. |
I would like to thank you for |
Я хотел бы поблагодарить вас за то, |
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inviting me here today to talk |
что вы пригласили меня сюда сегод- |
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about... |
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ня, чтобы поговорить об этом... |
I would like to thank you all for |
Я хотел бы поблагодарить всех вас за |
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attending this presentation. I plan |
участие в этой презентации. Я плани- |
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to be brief. |
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рую быть кратким. |
Explaining the purpose of your |
Объясните цель вашей презен- |
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presentation. |
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тации. |
I'd like to give you a brief |
Я хотел бы провести для вас краткую |
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presentation about... |
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презентацию по этому поводу... |
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The subject of my talk is... |
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Тема моего выступления ... |
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I'm going to talk about... |
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Я собираюсь поговорить о... |
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My topic today is... |
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Моя сегодняшняя тема ... |
My talk is concerned with... |
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Мое выступление касается... |
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The purpose of my talk is to... |
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Цель моего выступления состоит в |
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том, чтобы... |
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Giving an overview of the |
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Сделайте обзор презентации. |
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presentation. |
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I'm going to divide this talk into |
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Я собираюсь разделить этот доклад на |
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four parts. |
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четыре части. |
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Basically, I have three things to |
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В принципе, я хочу сказать три вещи. |
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say. |
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I'd like to begin by... |
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Я хотел бы начать с того... |
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Let's begin by... |
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Давайте начнем с... |
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First of all, I'll discuss... |
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Прежде всего, я расскажу... а потом я |
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and then I'll go on to talk about |
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продолжу говорить о ... / Далее,... Во- |
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Then... / Next,... Secondly,... / |
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вторых,... / В-третьих,... Наконец-то,... |
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Thirdly,... Finally,... / Lastly,... |
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/ В итоге… |
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2. THE MAIN BODY |
2.ОСНОВНАЯ ЧАСТЬ |
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You should use this part of the |
Вы должны использовать эту часть |
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presentation to explain |
key |
презентации для объяснения ключе- |
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information. Explain your |
points |
вой информации. Четко излагайте |
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clearly one at a time so your |
свои тезисы по одному за раз, чтобы |
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audience can follow what you are |
ваша аудитория могла следить за тем, |
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saying. |
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что вы говорите. |
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Remember to keep your points |
Помните, что ваши замечания |
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simple and short. Try not to give |
должны быть простыми и краткими. |
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too much information, otherwise |
Старайтесь не давать слишком много |
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the audience will not remember |
информации, иначе аудитория не |
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your message. |
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запомнит ваше сообщение. |
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USEFUL LANGUAGE |
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НЕОБХОДИМЫЕСЛОВАИФРАЗЫ |
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Starting a new section. |
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Как начать новый раздел. |
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Moving on now to |
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Теперь переходим к |
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Turning now to... |
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Переходим теперь к... |
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Let's turn now to |
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Давайте теперь обратимся к |
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So that brings me now to the topic |
Итак, это |
подводит |
меня |
теперь |
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of... |
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к теме... |
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The next area I'd like to focus on |
Следующая |
область, |
на |
которой |
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next is |
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я хотел бы сосредоточиться, – это |
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Now, we'll move on to... |
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Теперь мы перейдем к следующему... |
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I'd now like to discuss... |
Теперь я хотел бы обсудить это... |
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Let's now look at... |
Давайте теперь посмотрим на... |
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Finishing a section. |
Как закончить раздел. |
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That's all I have to say about... |
Это все, о чем я могу сказать... |
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So, in this section, we've looked |
Итак, |
в |
этом |
разделе |
мы |
at... |
рассмотрели... |
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Well, I think I've said enough |
Что ж, я думаю, я сказал достаточно |
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about… |
о … |
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Analyzing a point in your |
Проанализируйте отдельные |
мо- |
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presentation. |
менты в вашей презентации. |
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Where does that lead us? |
К чему это нас ведет? |
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Let's consider this in more detail... |
Давайте |
рассмотрим |
это |
более |
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I'd like to elaborate on what I said |
подробно... |
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Я хотел бы подробнее остановиться |
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earlier about… |
на том, что я сказал ранее о… |
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What does this mean for...? |
Что это значит для...? |
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Translated into real terms, this |
В переводе на реальные термины это |
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means that... |
означает следующее... |
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Why is this important? |
Почему это так важно? |
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The significance of this is... |
Значение этого таково... |
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On the one hand,... |
С одной стороны,... ... |
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...on the other hand,... |
с другой стороны,... |
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Giving examples. |
Приведите примеры. |
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For example,... |
Например,… |
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A good example of this is... |
Хорошим примером этого является... |
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As an illustration, I'd like to |
В качестве иллюстрации я хотел бы |
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mention... |
упомянуть... |
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To give you an example,... |
Чтобы привести вам пример,... |
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To illustrate this point,... |
Чтобы |
проиллюстрировать |
этот |
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момент,... |
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Paraphrasing and clarifying. |
Перефразируйте и разъясните. |
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Simply put,... |
Проще говоря,... |
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In other words,... |
Другими словами,... |
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So what I'm saying is... |
Итак, вот что я хочу сказать.. |
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To put it more simply... |
Говоря проще... |
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To put it another way,... |
Другими словами,... |
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3. THE CONCLUSION |
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3. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ |
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It is important to create a lasting |
Важно, чтобы ваше заключение |
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impression in your conclusion. |
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произвело |
неизгладимое |
впечат- |
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Use the last couple of minutes to |
ление. |
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Используйте последние пару минут, |
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repeat important points and key |
чтобы повторить важные моменты и |
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information. Leave some time for |
ключевую |
информацию. Оставьте |
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discussion, questions and answers |
немного времени для обсуждения, |
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at the end of the presentation. |
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вопросов и ответов в конце |
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Don’t forget to thank your |
презентации. |
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Не забудьте |
поблагодарить свою |
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audience for |
attending |
and |
аудиторию за то, что она пришла и |
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listening. |
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слушает. |
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USEFUL LANGUAGE |
of |
НЕОБХОДИМЫЕСЛОВАИФРАЗЫ |
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Summarising |
the |
content |
Резюмируйте |
содержание |
вашей |
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your presentation. |
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презентации. |
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To sum up,... |
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Подводя итог,... |
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To summarise,... |
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Подводя итог, можно сказать, что... |
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In short,... |
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Короче говоря,... |
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Right then, let's sum up, shall we? |
Итак, давайте подведем итоги, |
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хорошо? |
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Let's summarize briefly what |
Давайте вкратце подытожим то, что |
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we've looked at... |
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мы рассмотрели... |
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If I can just sum up the main |
Если я могу просто подытожить |
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points,... |
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основные моменты,... |
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Finally, let me remind you of |
Наконец, позвольте мне напомнить |
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some of the issues we've covered. |
вам о некоторых вопросах, которые |
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мы рассмотрели. |
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Closing the presentation. |
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Завершите презентацию. |
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To conclude... |
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В заключение... |
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In conclusion,... |
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В заключение,... |
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Well, that covers all I wanted to |
Что ж, это все, что я хотел сказать |
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say today. |
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сегодня. |
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Before I finish let me say just one |
Прежде чем я закончу, позвольте мне |
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last thing. |
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сказать еще кое-что напоследок. |
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That brings me to the end of my |
На этом я подхожу к концу своей |
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presentation. It |
just |
remains |
for |
презентации. |
Мне остается |
только |
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me to say, thank you very much |
сказать: большое вам спасибо за то, |
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for coming and I hope you have |
что пришли, и я надеюсь, что вы |
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found this presentation useful. |
нашли эту презентацию полезной. |
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Invitation to ask questions. |
Пригласите к дискуссии. |
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Does anyone have any questions |
Есть ли у кого-нибудь какие-либо |
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or comments? |
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вопросы или комментарии? |
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Please feel free to ask questions. |
Пожалуйста, не стесняйтесь задавать |
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Would you like to ask any |
вопросы. Вы хотели бы задать какие- |
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questions? |
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либо вопросы? Есть какие-нибудь |
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Any questions? |
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вопросы? |
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Checking |
comprehension. |
Проверьте восприятие сказанного. |
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Does that answer your question? |
Это ответ на ваш вопрос? Это ясно? |
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Is |
that |
clear? |
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May we go on then to the next |
Можем ли мы тогда перейти к |
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question? |
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следующему вопросу? |
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I hope |
I've |
made that |
clear. |
Надеюсь, я ясно дал это понять. |
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4. THE VISUAL AIDS |
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4. НАГЛЯДНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА |
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These are things (resources) you |
Это вещи (ресурсы), которые вы |
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could use to present your |
могли бы использовать для представ- |
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message. It is important to use |
ления своего сообщения. Важно |
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visual aids because they can: help |
использовать |
наглядные |
средства, |
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the audience focus on what you |
потому что они могут: помочь ауди- |
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are saying, make the presentation |
тории сосредоточиться на том, что |
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more interesting, help to explain |
вы говорите, сделать презентацию |
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the points you make more clearly, |
более интересной, помочь более |
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provide variety. |
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четко объяснить то, что вы выска- |
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зываете, внести разнообразие. |
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Preparing your visual aids |
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Подготовьте |
ваши |
наглядные |
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средства |
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When preparing your visual aids |
При подготовке ваших |
наглядных |
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make sure you do these things: |
средств убедитесь, что вы выпол- |
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няете следующие действия: |
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1. Check that the size of the print |
1. Убедитесь, |
что размер текста |
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is large enough for the audience to |
достаточно велик для того, чтобы его |
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see. |
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могли видеть зрители. |
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2. Don’t type |
all your |
text in |
2. Не набирайте весь текст заглав- |
capital letters as this makes it |
ными буквами, так как это затруд- |
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more difficult to read. |
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няет его чтение. |
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3. Don’t use long sentences – use |
3. Не используйте длинные предло- |
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bullet points and numbers to orga- |
жения – используйте маркеры и циф- |
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nize your key рoints. |
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ры, чтобы систематизировать ключе- |
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вые моменты. |
4. Use a type of text that is easy to |
4. Используйте шрифт, который лег- |
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read (e.g. Arial) |
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ко читается (например, Arial). |
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5. Add pictures, illustrations, diag- |
5. Добавьте картинки, иллюстрации, |
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rams to make it more interesting |
диаграммы, чтобы сделать его более |
||
and use colour. |
|
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интересным, и используйте цвет. |
USEFUL LANGUAGE |
|
НЕОБХОДИМЫЕСЛОВАИФРАЗЫ |
|
Referring to photos, graphs or |
Ссылайтесь на фотографии, графи- |
||
tables. |
|
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ки или таблицы. |
If you'd like to look at this graph, |
Если вы хотите взглянуть на этот |
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you'll see... |
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график, вы увидите... |
Take a look at this table. Here, we |
Взгляните на эту таблицу. Здесь мы |
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can see quite clearly that... |
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можем совершенно ясно видеть это... |
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This chart illustrates... |
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Эта диаграмма иллюстрирует... |
|
Let me show you a pie-chart that |
Позвольте мне показать вам круго- |
||
will make |
everything |
much |
вую диаграмму, которая сделает все |
clearer. |
|
|
намного понятнее. |
GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE PASSIVE VOICE
An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the object is 'this experiment'.
But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:
This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).
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How to make the Passive in English
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.
Tense |
Active |
present simple |
I make a mistake. |
present |
I am making a |
continuous |
mistake. |
past simple |
I made a mistake. |
past continuous |
I was making a |
|
mistake. |
Passive
A mistake is made (by me).
A mistake is being made (by me).
A mistake was made (by me).
A mistake was being made (by me).
present perfect |
I have made a mistake. A mistake has been made (by me). |
|
past perfect |
I had made a mistake. |
A mistake had been made (by me). |
future simple |
I will make a mistake. |
A mistake will be made (by me). |
future perfect |
I will have made a |
A mistake will have been made |
|
mistake. |
(by me). |
Verbs with two objects
Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:
Give
Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.
The passive in subordinate clauses
You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.
Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.
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