Биофизика и биотехнологии. Biophysics and biotechnologies. Учебное пособие

Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.

Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.

You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.

He loves being read to.

She would like to be promoted.

When should we use the Passive?

1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:

o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)

2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':

o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police). o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).

o The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).

o The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general). 3. In factual or scientific writing:

o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.

4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):

o The brochure will be finished next month.

5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:

o Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)

6. When the subject is very long:

o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')

13. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.

1.While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.

2.A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.

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3.At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers.

4.The apparatus will be working when you come.

5.The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with the most difficult problems.

6.For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

7.The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.

8.This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.

9.For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.

10.An interesting research in the field of biophysics is being done at our Institute.

11.Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.

12.Now biophysical problems are being studied by a lot of research

groups.

13.We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not

find it.

14.The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.

15.Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

14.Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the lecture started

2.the scientists are obtaining

3.the colleagues realized

4.the satellite was on its orbit

5.the properties depended

6.the stream is being broadcast

7.the chemist was searching

8.a new technology was demonstrated

9.the elements constituted

10.the student was being examined

11.new results were being obtained

12.the discovery established

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15. Translate into English using passive constructions:

1.Многое было сделано для развития биологической науки в современной России.

2.В этой лаборатории за последнее время было реализовано только два исследовательских проекта.

3.Расчеты собираются завершить на этой неделе.

4.Необходимую информацию скоро предоставят.

5.Печень может одновременно выполнять две функции.

6.На следующем уровне организации клетки объединяются в ткани.

7.Cегодня были отправлены новые данные.

8.Зеленые растения получают энергию в процессе фотосинтеза.

9.Врачу необходимо доверять.

16.Find it + passive constructions in this extract. Translate from

English into Russian.

It is generally agreed that the more difficult it is to follow the lecture, the more easily we get obsessed by sleep or other pleasant activity apart from listening to the professor. It has been observed that the farther you are from the source of noise, the more you are prone1 to sleepiness. It is thought that this phenomenon develops due to the fact that the sound vibrations produced by the professor’s articulative organs affect the auditory2 receptors of the nearby listeners stronger, resulting in more vivacity3 and higher speed of writing.

Notes

1 to be prone to smth – быть склонным к чему-л.; 2 auditory –

слуховой; 3 vivacity – живость, оживление

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READING

1. Read the text and translate it: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Biomedical engineering is the application of the principles and problemsolving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine. This is evident throughout healthcare, from diagnosis and analysis to treatment and recovery, and has entered the public conscience though the proliferation of implantable medical devices, such as pacemakers and artificial hips, to more futuristic technologies such as stem cell engineering and the 3-D printing of biological organs.

Engineering itself is an innovative field, the origin of ideas leading to everything from automobiles to aerospace, skyscrapers to sonar. Biomedical engineering focuses on the advances that improve human health and health care at all levels.

Biomedical engineers differ from other engineering disciplines that have an influence on human health in that biomedical engineers use and apply an intimate knowledge of modern biological principles in their engineering design process. Aspects of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, materials science, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science and engineering are all integrated with human biology in biomedical engineering to improve human health, whether it be an advanced prosthetic limb or a breakthrough in identifying proteins within cells.

There are many subdisciplines within biomedical engineering, including the design and development of active and passive medical devices, orthopedic implants, medical imaging, biomedical signal processing, tissue and stem cell engineering, and clinical engineering, just to name a few.

Biomedical engineers work in a wide variety of settings and disciplines. There are opportunities in industry for innovating, designing, and developing new technologies; in academia furthering research and pushing the

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frontiers of what is medically possible as well as testing, implementing, and developing new diagnostic tools and medical equipment; and in government for establishing safety standards for medical devices. Many biomedical engineers find employment in cutting-edge start-up companies or as entrepreneurs themselves.

Tissue and stem cell engineers are working towards artificial recreation of human organs, aiding in transplants and helping millions around the world live better lives. Experts in medical devices develop new implantable and external devices such as pacemakers, coronary stents, orthopaedic implants, prosthetics, dental products, and ambulatory devices. Clinical engineers work to ensure that medical equipment is safe and reliable for use in clinical settings. Biomedical engineering is an extremely broad field with many opportunities for specialization.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER READING TASKS

4. Answer the questions

1.What is biomedical engineering?

2.What spheres can BME be applied in?

3.What does BME usually focus on?

4.What type of knowledge do biomedical engineers apply?

5.What is integrated with human biology in biomedical engineering?

6.Can you name any subdisciplines within biomedical engineering?

7.What opportunities do biomedical engineers have in their careers?

8.What do clinical engineers work on?

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5. Fill in the table. Translate the terms.

6.Make up sentences with the terms from the table above:

7.Match the synonyms:

8. Translate from Russian into English:

1.методы решения проблем-

2.междисциплинарная сфера-

3.войти в общественное сознание-

4.с целью наилучшего понимания-

5.сочетать статистику, математику и инженерное дело-

6.лечение и выздоровление-

7.распространение имплантируемых медицинских устройств-

8.инновационная сфера-

9.Make up 8 sentences with the expressions above

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10. Read the text and translate it.

Career Prospects and the Future of a Biomedical Engineering

In the last few years, biomedical engineering has become one of the best health care careers ever. And the possibilities within biomedical engineering are nearly endless. New innovations in technology, materials, and knowledge mean that tomorrow's breakthroughs can barely be conceived of today. After all, a generation ago, biomedical engineering, as a field, did not exist.

Career paths in biomedical engineering tend to be driven by the interests of the individual: the huge breadth of the field allows biomedical engineers to develop specialties in an area that interests them, be it biomaterials, neuromodulation devices, orthopaedic repair, or even stem cell engineering. Biomedical engineers often combine an aptitude for problem solving and technical know-how with focused study in medicine, healthcare, and helping others. It is this hybridization that has led to so much innovation – and so much opportunity—in biomedical engineering.

Economically speaking, medical diagnostics triple in market value each year. Revolutionary advances in medical imaging and medical diagnostics are changing the way medicine is practiced. New medical devices, arising in the research laboratories of biomedical engineers around the world, have completely altered the manner by which disease and trauma is dealt with by physicians, extending the quality and length of human life.

Ultimately, the future of biomedical engineering is tied to both the issues and obstacles we discover and advances and achievements in fields like chemistry, materials science, and biology. Just as in most other fields, interdisciplinarity means that innovation originates from many directions at the same time.

WORD BUILDING

11. Form adjectives adding the suffix - al. Translate the words into Russian

Example:

medicinemedical (медицина – медицинский)

1.dentistry

2.government

3.recreation

4.biomedicine

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5.technology

6.addition

7.globe

8.habit

9.phenomenon

10.nature

11.option

12.logic

13.electronics

14.culture

15.classic

16.continent

WRITING

12.Write the summary of the text "BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING".

SPEAKING

13.Find the information dealing with bioengineering as an interdisciplinary field. Render this information.

14.Explain what bioengineering as a field of study is.

15.Speak about subdisciplines within bioengineering.

16.Speak about career prospects of a biomedical engineer. Share information on future trends in BME.

GRAMMAR FOCUS MODAL VERBS

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы can, may, must, ought to, should. Модальные глаголы не имеют формы инфинитива, т. е. перед ними не употребляется частица to. Смысловые глаголы употребляются после модальных глаголов без частицы to (Исключение ought to)

I can speak English. (Я могу говорить по-английски.)

1. Вопросительная форма образуется передвижением модального глагола на первое место в предложении: Must you go to the University tomorrow? (You must go to the University tomorrow.)

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В отрицательном предложении после модального глагола упот-

ребляется частица not (cannot, must not, should not): She cannot give you her text-book.

Глаголы can, may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can (could), may (might).

Глагол must имеет только одну форму. Чтобы отнести его к прошедшему или будущему времени нужно использовать его эквиваленты: to be to, to have to

ЗНАЧЕНИЯ МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Изучите употребление модальных глаголов в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive.

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