Английский язык для студентов-физиков. Кинооператорство. English for physics students. Cinematography. Учебное пособие

9. Translate the sentences into Russian. Underline abstract nouns

1.Action was a descriptive term applied to a wide variety of genres.

2.This appears initially in films like Bullitt (1968) where a tough police officer protects society by upholding the law against systematic corruption.

3.Following the continuity of the car and man hybrid of the previous decade, the 1980s featured weaponized men with who were either also carrying weapons such as Sudden Impact (1983), trained to be weapons (American Ninja (1985) or imbued with technology (RoboCop (1987).

4.The action films of this era have roots in classical storytelling, specifically rooted from martial arts films and Westerns, and are built around a three-act structure centered on survival, resistance and revenge with narratives where the physical body of the hero is tested, traumatized and ultimately triumphant.

5.Through psychological characterisation and a sometimes disjointed, fragmented narrative this movie type offers more complexity than the traditional action.

WRITING

10. Write the summary of the text “UNDERSTANDING FILMMAKING: THE 5 STAGES OF FILM PRODUCTION”

SPEAKING

11. Speak about the 5 Stages of film production

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READING. TEXT 1 1. Read the text

COMPOSITING

Compositing is the process or technique of combining visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live-action shooting for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre-digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use.

All compositing involves the replacement of selected parts of an image with other material, usually, but not always, from another image. In the digital method of compositing, software commands designate a narrowly defined color as the part of an image to be replaced. Then the software replaces every pixel within the designated color range with a pixel from another image, aligned to appear as part of the original. For example, one could record a television weather presenter positioned in front of a plain blue or green background, while compositing software replaces only the designated blue or green color with weather maps.

In television studios, blue or green screens may back news-readers to allow the compositing of stories behind them, before being switched to fullscreen display. In other cases, presenters may be completely within compositing backgrounds that are replaced with entire "virtual sets" executed in computer graphics programs. In sophisticated installations, subjects, cameras, or both can move about freely while the computer-generated imagery (CGI) environment changes in real time to maintain correct relationships between the camera angles, subjects, and virtual "backgrounds".

Virtual sets are also used in motion picture filmmaking, usually photographed in blue or green screen environments (other colors are possible but less common). More commonly, composited backgrounds are combined with sets – both full-size and models – and vehicles, furniture, and other physical objects that enhance the realism of the composited visuals. "Sets" of almost unlimited size can be created digitally because compositing software can take the blue or green color at the edges of a backing screen and extend it to fill

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the rest of the frame outside it. That way, subjects recorded in modest areas can be placed in large virtual vistas.

Most common, perhaps, are set extensions: digital additions to actual performing environments. In the film Gladiator, for example, the arena and first tier seats of the Roman Colosseum were actually built, while the upper galleries (complete with moving spectators) were computer graphics, composited onto the image above the physical set. For motion pictures originally recorded on film, high-quality video conversions called "digital intermediates" enable compositing and other operations of computerized post production. Digital compositing is a type of matting, and one of four basic compositing methods. The others are physical compositing, multiple exposure, and background projection, a method which utilizes both front projection and rear projection.

DEVELOPING VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENSION 4. Answer the following questions

1.What is compositing?

2.How is compositing achieved nowadays?

3.How does the digital method work?

4.How is weather forecast recorded?

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5.What are blue or green screens used for?

6.How are virtual sets used?

7.What is compositing like in sophisticated installations?

8.What is a set extension?

9.What are basic compositing methods?

ANALYZE

5. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

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7. Match the words from the text with their synonyms

1.The word modest in the text is closest to the meaning

(a) queer

(b) advanced

(c) unattractive

(d) initial

2.The word sophisticated in the text is closest to the meaning

(a) educated

(b) useless

(c) productive

(d) advanced

3.The word maintain in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)support

(b)let go

(c)go through

(d)execute

4. The word separate in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)abandon

(b)lose

(c)leave

(d)remove

8. Find matching phrases

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TRANSLATE

9. Translate from Russian into English:

1.Комбинированная съёмка расширяет изобразительные возможности кинематографа, и в некоторых случаях позволяет удешевить кинопроизводство и облегчить работу съёмочной группы.

2.Кроме того, комбинированная съёмка позволяет снимать опасные сцены без риска для жизни и здоровья актёров и остального персонала.

3.Создателемклассическихкинотрюков, основанныхнастоп-кадре, покадровой съёмке, многократной экспозиции, ускоренной и замедленной протяжке плёнки и других трюках считается Жорж Мельес.

4.Многократная экспозиция – специальный приём в фотографии

икинематографе, который заключается в том, что один и тот же кадр фотоматериала экспонируется несколько раз.

5.Многократная экспозиция позволяет совместить в одном кадре несколько объектов и действий, в реальности расположенных в разных местах и происходящих в разное время.

6.Эффектускоренной съемки нужен для создания нереальной атмосферы: например, сна персонажа фильма или имитации невесомости.

7.В 1992 году появилась возможность перевода аналогового изображения на киноплёнке в цифровую форму с помощью сканера киноплёнки.

8.Это дало почти неограниченные возможности доработки и трансформации исходного кадра в компьютере, избавив от необходимости оптического совмещения комбинированных кадров.

10. Translate from English into Russian:

1.In physical compositing the separate parts of the image are placed together in the photographic frame and recorded in a single exposure.

2.Partial models are typically used as set extensions such as ceilings or the upper stories of buildings.

3.The model, built to match the actual set but on a much smaller scale, is hung in front of the camera, aligned so that it appears to be part of the set.

4.Models are often quite large because they must be placed far enough from the camera so that both they and the set far beyond them are in sharp focus.

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5.Glass shots are made by positioning a large pane of glass so that it fills the camera frame, and is far enough away to be held in focus along with the background visible through it.

6.The entire scene is painted on the glass, except for the area revealing the background where action is to take place.

7.Photographed through the glass, the live action is composited with the painted area.

8.An in-camera multiple exposure is made by recording on only one part of each film frame, rewinding the film to exactly the same start point, exposing a second part, and repeating the process as needed.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

11. Before watching the video, match the words to compose phrases which will be used in the recording:

12. Watch the video and answer the questions

1. How was the scene with the clock in Safety Last filmed?

a.Matte painting was used

b.Green screen was used

c.Rear projection was used

d.A visual in-camera trick with a piece of set on top of a building

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2. How was the scene with the train in Metropolis filmed?

a. A toy set was filmed

b. There were moving human fingers

c. It was made with the help of mirrors to connect two shots together d. Some sort of miniatures

3. How was the scene in a cafe with the clock in Wings filmed?

a. With the help of a crane

b. A man was climbing over the tables c. They had tables on a swivel

d. With the help of an inverted rig made specifically for this shot

4. How was the scene with the falling house wall in Steamboat Bill filmed?

a.The actor actually did it, risking his life

b.Special decorations were used

c.Matte painting was used

d.A visual in-camera trick was used

5. How were the scenes with Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times filmed?

a.He actually did all those risky things

b.Painting on a set of glass was used

c.Special projection was used

d.Virtual set was used

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KF5p8VIbt0Y

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