Английский язык для студентов-физиков. Кинооператорство. English for physics students. Cinematography. Учебное пособие

ANALYZE

5. Match the words with their definitions:

6. Give the Russian equivalents:

1.the registration and rapid projection of several photographic images

2.to invest in distribution and production

3.the main entertainment and mass communication media worldwide

4.current digital and computerized trends

5.armchairs with builtin movements

6.to create places of mental recreation and entertainment for all ages

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7.to be based on aspects of daily life, work or family

8.to make the spectator’s creativity increase and promote intellectual development

WORD BUILDING

7. Read the words and say what suffixes they have and what parts of speech they belong to:

1.use, useful, usefulness;

2.invent, inventor, invention;

3.entertain, entertainment, entertaining;

4.work, worker;

5.produce, product, producer, production;

6.practice, practical;

7.contain, container;

8.lecture, lecturer;

9.create, creative, creation;

10.determine, determination;

11.proper, properly, property;

12.discover, discovery, discoverer;

13.important, importance;

14.react, reaction, reactor, reactivity;

15.arrange, arrangement;

16.elaborate, elaboration.

GRAMMAR

Participle clause

Participle clause can follow a noun. They define the noun. Clauses that use present participles (the -ing forms) have an active meaning, and clauses that use past participle have a passive meaning, eg.:

(1)By the 19th century, many experiments using images were active – By the 19th century, many experiments which used images were active.

(2)Images used in the experiments were active – Images that were used in the experiments were active.

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Participle clauses are much more common in formal written English than in spoken English.

8.Find more examples of participles in the TEXT 1

9.Choose the correct form

1.Passion, vision, and drive are some of the qualities making / made a great filmmaker.

2.The legend goes that Scorsese sat in his apartment all night, filling / filled with rage.

3.The famous “writing / written and directing / directed by Quentin Tarantino” stamp brings more people to his films than any actor could.

4.Tarantino has been quoted during a masterclass as saying / said: “Trying to make a feature film yourself with no money is the best film school you can do”.

5.Buster Keaton grew up performing / performed in Vaudeville theatre, giving / given him an understanding of comedy from a young age.

6.The movie has sharp, hilarious, and unflinching / unflinched storytelling, and received endless accolades.

7.The abstract artist and filmmaker is known for his impressionist and mysterious films leaving / left an impact on viewers.

8.Promoting / promoted diversity in his films, Peele’s importance in the film industry cannot be underestimated.

WRITING

10.Write the summary of the text “THE HISTORY OF CINEMATOGRAPHY”

11.Write an essay on the topic “The advantages and disadvantages of cinematography”. Study the rules of essay writing

In advantages and disadvantages essays, you will be asked to write the benefits and drawbacks of the topic given. You have to be careful that you write the advantages and disadvantages of the topic given and not your opinion about the topic. While explaining these kinds of essays, you can divide the content into 2 paragraphs. Paragraph 1 for Positive points and Paragraph 2 for negative points.

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Tips for Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

Given below are some points which you can refer to:

When the topic statement is given, you need to spend at least 5-10 minutes in understanding the benefits and the drawbacks related to the topic.

Make sure that you have relevant points, supporting the topic. Do not get deviated from the topic.

Make sure whatever you write is structured. Put the advantages of the topic in one paragraph and the disadvantages in a separate paragraph.

Structure of Advantage Disadvantage Essay

This task requires writing an essay encompassing various topics from all walks of life, right from social issues to workplace issues. These essays are of various types, including opinion essays, discussion essays, advantage-dis- advantage essays, etc.

Now, we will see the structure of advantage-disadvantage essays and what should be the approach of writing one.

First of all, as soon as you get to know the topic, look for the pros and cons of the issue, consider the advantages and disadvantages of it and in your mind, contemplate the whip hand and downsides of it. Once you have a clear idea of what outweighs between the two of them, pick your side (in case you are asked to) and set out to write your essay.

Introduction

Now, the first thing that you have to do is to write an introduction. Your introduction should paraphrase the topic of the essay and try to use different vocabulary/synonyms for the words in the topic, wherever possible.

Then, give a brief idea about what could be expected in the essay, i.e. the advantages and the disadvantages of the concerned topic and state which side you think weighs the most (when asked for an opinion.)

Body paragraphs

Body paragraph 1 should state the advantages of the topic. This should be backed by practical points, and the examples would be even better. Day- to-day incidents and instances can be brought to notice.

Body paragraph 2 should state the disadvantages of the topic. This as well, should be supported by valid points, and the daily incidents and examples can be highlighted to back your points.

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Conclusion: Conclude the topic by providing a summary of the points put forth in the entire essay and how advantages or disadvantages of the topic outweighs the other (if applicable).

OUTLINE Sample Question

What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?

Outline

Given below is a brief outline of what to write in the essay after identifying the essay type.

Essay Type

Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

Introduction

Paraphrase the essay topic using synonyms for the words used in the question.

Mention the contents of the following paragraphs.

Body Paragraph 1

Globalisation has led to a lot of positive changes, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. There has been an increase in employment opportunities, products and services are easily available to people around the world.

Body Paragraph 2

Globalisation also has various disadvantages like the exploitation of cheap labour from developing countries and also the decline in quality of products and services.

Conclusion

Summarize the topic and state the final view.

Sample Answer

Globalisation has been one of the most significant phenomena in the last few decades, and it has changed several aspects of human society both econo-

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mically and socially. There has been remarkable progress in terms of economic and financial development for developing countries due to the expansion of global organizations. However, there are several drawbacks to this rapid progress that need to be addressed. Evidently, globalization has more advantages than disadvantages and the following paragraphs will elaborate on the topic and justify these views.

First of all, the most advantageous aspect of globalization is the advent of numerous international companies and franchises in developing countries. Ever since global brands and corporations have expanded their operations in countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka and many more, there has been a notable increase in employment in these countries. Additionally, due to the remarkable rise in the number of imports and exports, people from third world countries now have access to a vast catalogue of products and services that were previously unattainable.

That being said, there are drawbacks to globalization that create concerning issues for a sizeable portion of the global population. One of the most disturbing consequences faced is the exploitation of labour. Many corporations are known to outsource their operations to developing countries due to cheap labour costs. This enables them to accomplish their manufacturing operations without having to provide proper remuneration. Also, due to the use of inexpensive labour, the quality of products is diminished, and customers receive inferior products.

In conclusion, there is no doubt that the effects of globalization are not entirely positive or negative. Nonetheless, the benefits brought by this occupation outweigh the drawbacks.

SPEAKING

12. Speak about the history of cinematography. Use the following

phrases.

What counts (matters) here is...

It is important to keep in mind that...

It is vital to note...

On the one hand...on the other hand...

This plays important/key/major/prominent role in...

To my way of thinking, ...

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television broadcasts. This form of advertising harnesses the visual and auditory capabilities of the medium, combining moving images, sound, and text to deliver compelling messages to a vast audience. As a traditional yet enduring marketing channel, television advertising continues to play a pivotal role in reaching consumers on a mass scale.

At its core, television advertising enables businesses to showcase their products, services, or brands to a diverse demographic. Advertisers craft visually engaging and emotionally resonant commercials, leveraging the power of storytelling to leave a lasting impression on viewers. The reach of television is unparalleled, with the ability to connect with millions of households simultaneously, making it an ideal platform for products with broad appeal. Despite the rise of digital marketing, television advertising remains a stalwart in the marketing mix, offering a unique and immersive experience that can captivate audiences in ways other mediums might struggle to achieve.

Television advertising is an effective form of marketing that uses both visual and audio components to transmit messages that are both captivating and relevant to a large audience.

It gives companies the chance to present their goods and services to a wide range of consumers, creating emotionally charged ads that stick in the minds of viewers.

TV advertising works by obtaining airtime during particular shows, and its ads, which can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes, are positioned to have the biggest possible impact.

It is still important because it provides a distinctive and immersive experience with a large audience, credibility, and high production qualities, even in the age of digital marketing.

Data-driven targeting, engaging advertisements, universal campaigns, connection with streaming services, and the advancement of addressable TV advertising for increased relevance.

How TV Advertising Works?

TV advertising operates by securing airtime during specific television programs or time slots. Advertisers create commercials, which are short-form promotional videos, ranging from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. These commercials are carefully crafted to convey a compelling message that resonates with the target audience. Negotiations with television networks deter-

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mine when and where these commercials will be aired, with costs varying based on factors such as viewership, time of day, and the popularity of the chosen programming.

The process begins with thorough market research and audience analysis to identify the most effective channels and time slots for reaching the target demographic. Once the strategy is defined, creative teams work on producing visually captivating and emotionally resonant commercials. Advertisers then engage in negotiations with TV networks to secure airtime, aiming to align their ads with relevant programming to maximize impact. The success of TV advertising is often measured through metrics like reach, frequency, and viewer engagement, allowing advertisers to assess the effectiveness of their campaigns and make informed decisions for future endeavors.

Characteristics of Television Advertising

1.Visual and Auditory Appeal: One of the distinctive features of television advertising is its ability to engage viewers through a combination of visuals and auditory elements. The dynamic interplay of moving images, music, and spoken words allows for a multi-sensory experience that can leave a lasting impression.

2.Mass Reach: Television has an unparalleled ability to reach a vast and diverse audience. Advertisers can tailor their campaigns to resonate with different demographic groups, making it a powerful tool for products or services with broad market appeal.

3.Creativity: Television advertising provides a canvas for creative expression. Advertisers can employ storytelling techniques, use captivating visuals, and incorporate music to create memorable and emotionally resonating commercials that stand out in the minds of viewers.

4.Credibility: Ads aired on reputable television channels benefit from the credibility associated with those networks. Viewers often associate wellknown channels with trustworthiness, lending an additional layer of credibility to the products or brands featured in the commercials.

5.High Production Value: Television commercials often boast high production values. The investment in professional production teams, actors, and sophisticated equipment ensures a polished and professional appearance, contributing to the overall impact of the advertisement.

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Types of TV Advertising

1.Commercial Advertisements: These are the traditional short-form advertisements that run between or during television programs. Ranging from a few seconds to a couple of minutes, these commercials succinctly promote a product, service, or brand.

2.Infomercials: Longer-format commercials that often resemble a TV program, infomercials provide in-depth information about a product or service. They typically include demonstrations, testimonials, and a call to action for viewers to make a purchase.

3.Sponsorships: Brands can opt for sponsoring entire shows or specific segments. In this type of advertising, the brand’s messaging is integrated with the content of the program, creating a seamless association between the brand and the show.

4.Product Placement: This involves subtly featuring a product within the storyline of a TV show or movie. The idea is to integrate the product into the narrative, making it a natural part of the on-screen environment.

5.Interactive Advertising: With advancements in technology, interactive TV ads are becoming more prevalent. Viewers can engage with the advertisement through their remote controls or other interactive features, creating a more immersive experience.

Disadvantages of Television Advertising

1.High Costs: One of the significant drawbacks of television advertising is the high cost associated with producing and airing commercials. This can be a limiting factor, especially for smaller businesses with budget constraints.

2.Limited Targeting Options: While certain programs attract specific demographics, television advertising lacks the precise targeting options available in digital marketing. Advertisers may struggle to reach niche audiences effectively.

3.Clutter and Zapping: The prevalence of advertisements can lead to viewer fatigue, and many viewers resort to channel surfing or using DVRs to skip commercials. This decreases the effectiveness of the ad, as it may not reach the intended audience.

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