Английский язык для студентов магистратуры = English for master's degree students. В 2 частях. Ч. 1. Учебное пособие
.pdfAssistantship — an appointment to a graduate student consisting of payment for part-time teaching or research in assistance of the regular faculty.
Associate’s Degree — a diploma conferred upon the successful completion of a 2-year academic program; usually awarded by 2-year colleges.
Baccalaureate — the bachelor's degree. Also, a ceremony (historically, a Christian service) honoring students who are about to graduate with bachelor's degrees from the university.
Bachelor's Degree — a diploma conferred by a college or university upon the successful completion of a 4-year curriculum.
Chairperson / Chairman — a professor whose main responsibility is to administer an academic department.
College:
1)an institution organized to provide undergraduate education, either independently or as an administrative unit within a university;
2)a general term of reference to all post-secondary (tertiary) education.
Community College — a 2-year, post-secondary institution supported by the local community (usually a school district or several consolidated school districts).
Comprehensive Examinations — broad examinations covering material in several courses; typically, the examination at the end of a master's degree program.
Continuing Education — an extension of educational activities by and for people who have completed their formal schooling; the reference is usually to non-credit coursework.
Cooperative Education — an educational plan which requires the student to alternate periods of full-time study with periods of full-time work, usually in his or her own major field.
Course — a formal, term-long (semester, trimester, or quarter) unit of study; not used by Americans as a synonym of curriculum or program.
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Credit:
1)in general, the worth of a learning activity in fulfilling course or degree requirements;
2)specifically, a unit measuring the worth of a particular course, based upon the weekly number of hours the class spends in session.
Credit by Examination — the practice of allowing students to demonstrate their learning by a special examination -rather than requiring them to take the subject in class-and awarding equivalent credits.
Credit Hour — a credit; a weekly class-hour.
Cumulative Grade-point Average — the numerical average of all the student’s grades achieved during the period of study at the university. “Curve”.
Grading — a grading system under which students are measured relative to one another's performance rather than by numerical or other absolute standards.
Dean — a professionally qualified, middle-level academic officer, usually one who supervises a college or post-baccalaureate school.
Dean's List — a list, often published each term, of those students in the college who have achieved a high grade-point average.
Department — the formal faculty group, together with its supporting' administrative personnel, which pro vides instruction in a general subject area.
Department of Education — the federal agency which supervises, supports, and collects data on the nation's education establishment.
Discipline — an area of academic concentration — e.g., the discipline of zoology.
Discovery Learning — the process by which students, under teachers' guidance, discover targeted information or processes for themselves.
Dissertation — the formal writing requirement traditionally, an original contribution to knowledge for an advanced degree, usually the Ph.D.
Distribution Requirement — that part of general education which requires students to take a set number of courses in specified, varying subject areas.
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Elective — a course which the student chooses freely from the university's offerings, or at least, chooses from among several possibilities.
Evaluation(s):
1)the process of reviewing and accepting (or rejecting) a student's transfer credits;
2)student ratings of their professors' performances.
Final Examination — a course-based examination given at the end of the term in each course.
Foreign Student Advisor — the university administrator charged with meeting various needs of international faculty, fellows, and students. Fraternity — an association, with a Greek name, of male university students.
Grade-point Average — the quotient of the quality points, or grade points, earned in all courses taken during the term divided by the number of credits carried.
Graduate:
1)a person who has successfully completed the curriculum at a high school, college, or university;
2)as an adjective, “post-graduate” or “post-baccalaureate”.
Graduate Advisor — the faculty member who serves as a general advisor to all graduate students in the department.
Graduate School — the office within the university which administers graduate education.
Incomplete — a temporary grade indicating that the student had not completed all course assignments at the end of the term.
Independent Study — a reading, writing, or research project carried out by the student under loose faculty supervision.
Language Requirement — the institution's requirement that its graduates master one or more foreign languages; occasionally a part of undergraduate programs, almost always a part of doctoral programs.
Load — an informal term used by professors or students to refer to the number of credits (or courses) they are teaching or studying, respectively.
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Major Professor — the faculty member who closely supervises the student through the final stages of a doctoral program; also the “dissertation advisor”.
Matriculate — to enroll in post-secondary studies leading to a degree; in nontraditional institutions, to enter a degree program after being enrolled as a non-degree student.
Office Hours — established hours during which the instructor will be in his or her office to consult with students.
Ph.D. — Doctor of Philosophy; the highest degree offered in most curricula.
Postdoctoral Fellow — usually, a new Ph.D. — holder given a temporary appointment to assist the university in its research and teaching functions.
Practical Training — a period of employment authorized, under immigration law, to foreign students upon the completion of their degree work.
Preliminary Examinations — written or oral examinations given to Ph.D. candidates to determine their readiness for the last stages of the doctoral program.
Prerequisite — a course which must be completed before a student can enroll in a more advanced course.
Probation — a status imposed on students who are doing unsatisfactory work, and maintained until they either achieve a satisfactory grade-point average or are dropped from the university or from the degree program.
Professor — the common honorific for all university faculty members, who are ranked as assistant, associate, or (full) professors.
Programmed Learning — a system of instruction in which students master a body of knowledge in small steps; they are evaluated after each step, before being allowed to go to the next.
Qualifying Examination — an examination which tests students' qualifications for doctoral work.
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Research assistant — a graduate student who, while pursuing the master’s or Ph.D., is employed part-time to assist with faculty research.
Research Fellow — an accomplished researcher hired temporarily to assist the university in its research effort.
Residence Requirement — the university's stipulation that a student may not receive its degree without completing a set number of credits at that university.
Seminar — a small class of (usually) advanced students which meets with a professor to discuss specialized topics.
Teaching Assistant — a graduate student who, while pursuing an advanced degree, is employed part-time by the university to carry out departmental teaching, or teaching-related, duties.
Thesis — a Ph.D. dissertation or a less substantial work required at the master's or (occasionally) bachelor's level.
Transfer Credit — credit awarded toward the degree on the basis of studies at another institution; also “advance(d) credit”.
Undergraduate:
1)description of a post-secondary programme leading to a bachelor's
degree;
2)a student in such a programme.
University — an institution of higher learning consisting of several colleges (or branches of learning) which awards advanced degrees and engages in research activities.
B. Based on the Glossary, create a test for your fellow students. For the sample, first perform the test suggested below.
Sample Test. Choose the correct translation.
1. Tuition is …
a)предмет, которому студент уделяет основное внимание;
b)краткое содержание тем, включенных в курс обучения;
c)денежные суммы, взимаемые учебным заведением за преподавание и обучение (в эти суммы не входят расходы на книги).
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2. Grade point average is …
а) система выставления оценок;
b) система записи показателей успеваемости, определяемая на основе средней числовой величины оценок, полученных по каждому курсу, средний балл;
с) перспективная программа повышенной сложности для студентов с высокими отметками.
3. Midterm exam is …
а) предмет, которому студент уделяет основное внимание;
b) предмет, которому студент уделяет наибольшее внимание после основного предмета специализации;
с) экзамен, применяемый после прохождения половины академического срока, охватывающий весь материал, пройденный на занятиях до этого момента.
4. Resident assistant is …
а) помощник коменданта студенческого общежития, проживающий по месту службы;
b) ассистент преподавателя;
с) процесс, посредством которого студенты выбирают курсы для их прохождения в течение четверти, семестра или триместра.
5. Liberal arts are …
а) виды либерального искусства; b) гуманитарные науки;
с) точные науки.
6. Associate degree is …
а) ассоциативный градус; b) степень магистра;
с) cтепень кандидата в бакалавры.
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Task 5.6. Read and retell the text “Teacher education in the USA: training of pre-primary, primary / basic and secondary school teachers”1 in English.
Requirements for education and certification (licensure) of early childhood (kindergarten) and elementary (primary) teachers in the USA are set by state governments which require multiple exams (subject matter, etc.) prior to entering teacher education and again following completion of teacher education but prior to certification. Four States (Alaska, Idaho, Vermont and Wyoming) require no examinations and 8 states require only minimal skills assessment. Thirty-eight (38) states require completion of a prescribed program of studies at the undergraduate level in order to qualify for certification and satisfactory completion of a supervised practicum. Undergraduate studies must be completed at an accredited institution in 47 states and in a state-approved institution in the other three states. The initial teaching qualification is a bachelor's degree plus certification. Most states offer higher levels of certification based on experience and additional education, and many teachers at this level earn a master's degree. Continuing professional education is required in 42 states in order to maintain certification.
The basic pre-certification requirements for secondary teachers are the same as for elementary school teachers. A major difference is that secondary school teachers are certified as competent in one or more academic or vocational subjects and spend their careers concentrating on these subjects, whereas elementary school teachers — especially for the lower grades — may be comprehensively certified to teach the full primary course or may specialize, particularly if teaching in the more differentiated upper elementary / middle school grades. All States certify teachers according to subject specializations as well as grade levels / ranges. Special education teachers are trained in most states in specialized programmes at both the undergraduate and graduate levels and are also separately certified. Forty-seven (47) states certify such teachers according
1 From “The United States of America — Education system”. — URL: https://globaled.us/ WWCU/background/United-States.
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to the particular specialization that they practice, e.g. education of the deaf, education of the visually impaired, etc. as well as the degree of severity of the handicap with which they are trained to work. While the minimum academic requirement is a Bachelor's degree in special education or a related field (such as developmental psychology), most teachers possess a Master's degree. Specialized non-instructional personnel must also be certified in most U.S. States; these individuals include school administrators, school counsellors, school health personnel (psychologists, nurses), school librarians, supervisory teachers and curriculum specialists.
Task 5.7. Find some information about one of the universities in the USA. Work with PowerPoint presentations. Pay special attention to Master course programmes in this university.
PANEL DISCUSSION
Task 5.8. Read the following information and learn how to prepare a successful panel discussion.
Panel Discussion1
Panel discussion is the format of a debate in which participants representing various shades of opinion on a topic argue the case, usually under the guidance of a chairperson, often he is called a panel moderator. To host a successful panel discussion of your own you should:
• Choose an interesting topic.
Work with your team to narrow down different topic ideas that could generate the right audience for your discussion.
• Know your purpose.
Figuring out the purpose of your panel discussion is an important step that is crucial before you start in-depth planning. Think of the value
1 From “A complete guide to Panel discussions”. — URL: https://www.hubilo.com/blog/a- complete-guide-to-panel-discussions.
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you wish to provide audiences members with on the intended topic — do you wish that they gain a new perspective, or update them on the latest innovations in your sphere? These are all important questions to figure out the exact purpose of your panel discussion.
• Prepare a list of questions ahead of time.
To ensure your panel members give you and your audience their best insights and knowledge on the topic at hand ask them to look for the information on the given topic in various sources of information; send them the questions you’ll be asking ahead of time. By sending them
2–3 questions you’re planning on asking before the discussion, they can prepare their answers to the best of their ability.
• Choose the right panelists.
To provide the most insightful experience for your discussion audience, you’ll want to gather quality panelists to join the discussion. Once you find the topic you’ll want to discuss, do some research on who you believe would be a great fit to speak on said subject. It’s a good idea to mix in panelists with a range of experience levels to get all sorts of perspectives as well.
• Give time for panelists to prepare.
Other than the panel questions, additional information should be sent out to your panel guests to prepare them. Information on what your intended audience is like could be a great piece of insight for your panelists so they can prepare their answers beforehand. Your event will be even better when your panelists can prepare their answers, ensuring that they provide answers to the best of their abilities.
• A strong moderator should lead.
A moderator who’s an expert at their craft will know that moderating takes a certain level of leadership. As the leader of the panel, a moderator is in charge of keeping the audience engaged with the material and making it fun for guests. It’s important that the moderator uses language that the audience understands and manages the pane; time in an effective manner.
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• Introduce the moderator to the panelists.
Make the panel environment more comfortable by introducing everyone involved. Host a small gathering, either virtual or in person, where the moderator and panelists can meet and get to know one another before the event. This will make the panel discussion better for everyone involved, as interacting with people you’ve met is better than with strangers.
• Prepare the questions and prompts.
One of the best practices for running a successful panel discussion is to come prepared for the event. This not only includes introducing the moderator and panelists, but also preparing questions and answers ahead of time. Have your moderator ask open ended questions so panelists can elaborate and have a chance to show their expertise. Your panelists’ background can also come into play with questions; asking them questions that relates to their professional background can give them a chance to open up on their professional experiences on the matter.
• Keep your questions short and relevant.
No one wants to sit through a panel question that takes an entire hour to answer, especially when there’s so many more thoughts to share. The moderator of your panel discussion should keep the questions they ask to a moderate length to ensure there’s plenty of time to cover enough questions. Keeping the questions short but impactful is what makes a great panel discussion!
Task 5.9. Prepare a panel discussion on the topics connected with the problems of the UNIT you have just studied — “Higher education in Russia and English-speaking countries”. As an example, the following questions for panel discussion may be suggested:
1.Why does modern society develop student-centered approaches to education?
2.What is modern education aimed at?
3.What is more important today: to teach facts or skills? Why?
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