Английский язык для студентов магистратуры = English for master's degree students. В 2 частях. Ч. 1. Учебное пособие
.pdfискусств ВA (Bachelor of Arts), бакалавр в области наук BSC (Bachelor of Science), бакалавр в инженерной области BENG (Bachelor of Engineering), бакалавр в юридической области LLB (Bachelor of Law). Есть также бакалавр медицине и стоматологии. Степень бакалавра присуждается после трехили четырехлетней учебы по специализированным программам на дневном отделении университета или колледжа.
3.Британская степень бакалавра признается во всем мире, что дает высокие шансы на успешную профессиональную карьеру в любой стране. Bachelor Degree — это первая ступень высшего образования. Вторая ступень — Master Degree.
4.Postgraduate Course — это уровень образования, начинающийся после получения степени бакалавра и ведущий к получению степени магистра и доктора.
5.Есть два типа программ, обеспечивающих получение степени магистра: программы, ориентированные на исследовательскую деятельность и программы, ориентированные на повышение профессионального уровня по одной из специализаций. Как правило, магистерские программы состоят из курса лекций и семинаров, сдаются экзамены, затем студенты защищают дипломный проект, над которым они работали на протяжении всех лет обучения в магистратуре. По результатам экзаменов и защиты дипломной работы присваивается степень магистра.
6.Магистерскую исследовательскую степень (Research) называют магистром философии М. Phil (Master of Philosophy). Эту степень, получают после 1–2 лет самостоятельной научной работы под руководством научного руководителя. По результатам этой работы присваивается степень магистра.
7.Степень доктора (Doctoral или PhD Degree). В Великобритании большинство программ, ведущих к получению степени доктора, — чисто исследовательские проекты. Никаких лекций или учебных семинаров обычно не проводится. Научный руководитель, в лаборатории или на кафедре которого студент готовится к получению
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степени доктора, определяет для студента тему научного исследования и обеспечивает необходимые для исследований возможности (рабочее место, оборудование и материалы). На завершение исследовательской программы уходит 2–3 года. К концу этого периода студент должен опубликовать полученные результаты в официальных отчетах, в научных или специализированных журналах и по опубликованным материалам написать диссертацию. Степень доктора присваивается после успешной защиты диссертации.
LISTENING
Task 4.9. Watch the video “Top 10 Best Universities in the UK” — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAuhOGGl9Uw1. While watching, pay attention to the following information about universities shown in the video:
1.What is the name of the university?
2.Where is the university located?
3.When was the university founded?
4.What is the university renowned for?
5.What programmes are available at the university?
6.Name typical features about the campus of the university and the students’ life there.
Prepare a small report (presentation) about any of the Universities in the UK.
INTRODUCTION TO TEXT 5:
Next, you will be asked to read the text about higher education in the USA. Do you know that:
• 2The selection criteria for American universities differ from those in other countries in that an applicant with the highest academic
1Контент с YouTube является нежелательным, доступ к нему замедлен.
2From “5 Facts about American Universities”. — URL: https://world.uz/ru/blog/view/5_ faktov_ob_amerikanskih_universitetah.
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performance will be preferred to an applicant with the best motivation? Proof of motivation will be volunteer work, diplomas, sports achievements, as well as a good motivation letter. In addition, international students must confirm a high level of English proficiency by obtaining a good TOEFL1 / IELTS2 score.
•You can go to university without deciding on a specialty. Most US universities offer a flexible education system, allowing people to choose a specialty for up to two years. Students who have not chosen a study profile receive undeclared status and can study general education subjects during the first two years. During this time, you can also change your specialty (which, however, may extend the training time).
•You can get two higher educations at the same time.
If desired, American students can receive two higher educations at the same time. To do this, however, you need to have a good academic record and get a special permit. All students are allowed to choose an additional minor in addition to the main profile to broaden their horizons.
• It is necessary to submit documents in advance.
Most US universities accept documents for the fall semester in October and November almost a year in advance, which many students are not ready for.
• Students distribute the workload themselves.
In the USA, students are offered two forms of study: full-time (12–18 units or 4–6 lessons per week): part-time (3–9 units or 1–3 lessons per week). Thus, by choosing more lessons per week, students can graduate from college not in 4 years, but in 3, and conversely, by studying 2 lessons per week, a student can graduate from university in six years.
1TOEFL — Test of English as a Foreign Language — стандартизованный тест на знание английского языка, результаты которого могут использоваться для подтверждения уровня владения английским языком абитуриентами из неанглоязычных стран при поступлении в вузы США, а также Европы и Азии.
2IELTS — International English Language Testing System — международная система оценки знания английского языка. Позволяет определить уровень и навыки владения английским у людей, для которых он не является родным. IELTS — наиболее востребованный тест английского языка для учёбы и иммиграции в Великобританию, Канаду, Австралию и Новую Зеландию.
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TEXT 5. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
READING
Task 5.1. Skim the text and find out:
1.How is higher education in the USA also called?
2.How does higher education in the USA differ from some other national systems of higher education?
3.What higher education institutions are there in the USA?
1Higher education in the USA is also called postsecondary education. It is not divided into different sectors (university, non-university, etc.) as are some other national systems and it is a diverse and autonomous community of publicly and privately supported institutions.
These Institutions are classified in the following categories:
1.Research Universities (I and II): Comprehensive doctorategranting institutions that operate extensive theoretical and applied research programmes in a wide variety of disciplines.
2.Doctorate-granting Universities (I and II): Institutions offering comprehensive studies in a wide variety of disciplines but which do not award the Doctorate in as many fields as do research universities.
3.Master’s (comprehensive) Universities and Colleges (I and II):
Institutions offering academic and professional programmes at the Bachelor's and Master's degree levels, and first-professional degrees, but which do not award the research Doctorate.
4.Baccalaureate (liberal arts) Colleges (I and II): Institutions offering academic and professional programmes at the Bachelor's degree level, but not higher degrees. (The classification of these institutions by I or II refers, for the research universities, to the amount of research funding the
institution obtains from the Federal Government. For all the others, it
1 From “The United States of America — Education system”. — URL: https://globaled.us/ WWCU/background/United-States.htm.
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refers to the size of the institution and to the number or types of programmes offered. None of the classifications is meant to be used as an indicator of quality or status — these are determined by other means).
5.Associate of arts colleges: Institutions offering academic and professional or occupational studies at the Associate Degree level, including public community colleges and public and private junior colleges.
6.Professional schools and other specialised institutions: Institutions that offer instruction in only one or a few related subjects, either professional or academic, and thus are not comprehensive enough to fit into other classifications. The degree level ranges from the associate degree through the research Doctorate (e.g. Independent schools of medicine, engineering, dentistry, and law; schools for the visual and performing arts; theological seminaries, etc.).
7.Post-secondary vocational and technical schools: Institutions offering short, non-degree training programmes of less than two years duration, leading to Certificates or Diplomas in occupational specialities.
Let’s describe each category, beginning with the last.
• Post-secondary studies (technical / vocational type). Non-university
level.
There is no distinction between “university level” and “nonuniversity level” higher education. The level of studies is delineated by the level of qualification offered in a specific programme rather than by type of institution offering it. Educational programmes corresponding to “nonuniversity level technical / vocational post-secondary studies” include all technical and occupational programmes that lead to a degree, diploma or certificate below the bachelor's degree. Education at this approximate level would include:
1)all institutions that only award qualifications less than the bachelor's degree;
2)programs leading to awards less than the bachelor's degree offered at other institutions.
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Institutions in the first category may be classified under the Carnegie Classification headings of “Two-Year Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges” and “Professional Schools and Other Specialized Institutions” (in the latter category, only those institutions awarding less than the bachelor's degree). They would also fit the NCES classifications of “Institutions Awarding Certificates or Diplomas of at Least 2 but Less Than 4 Years”, “Associate Degree Institutions”, “Institutions Awarding Certificates or Diplomas of at Least One but Less Than 2 years”, and “Institutions Awarding Certificates or Diplomas of Less Than One Year”. Institutions in the second category may include universities and other institutions that award short course and Associate Degree qualifications in addition to Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral degrees.
• University level first stage: Associate Degree, Bachelor degree, Advanced Certificate, first professional degree.
Holders of this degree may apply to enter other first-degree programmes (such as those leading to the Bachelor's Degree), but are not qualified to apply directly for advanced (graduate) studies programmes. Programmes of study for this degree are usually designed to take 2 years of full-time study, but some programmes take longer to complete. Persons who pursue this degree on a part-time basis also take longer than 2 years to finish. The Associate Degree may be awarded in the liberal arts and general studies as an academic qualification or it may be awarded in a professional occupational field. Associate Degree programmes generally fulfill 2 years of the course requirements needed for a Bachelor's degree. Credit for Associate Degree studies is usually transferable to Bachelor's degree programmes, especially where transfer agreements have been established between or among institutions.
The Bachelor's Degree is the second academic degree that can be awarded in U.S. postsecondary education, and is one of two such undergraduate (first) degrees that qualifies a student to apply to programmes of advanced (graduate) study (the other such degree is the first-professional degree). Programmes of study for this degree are designed to take between 4 and 5 years of study, depending on the field of
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study and whether the degree is pursued on a fullor part-time basis. Honours programmes are offered by many institutions that award the Bachelor's degrees. These generally require the completion of additional requirements such as preparation of an undergraduate thesis, honours paper or project, advanced coursework, or special examinations. Advanced certificates requiring a year or less of study following (and sometimes accompanying) completion of a Bachelor's are sometimes awarded to signify a concentration in a sub-specialization or completion of a related set of competences. The study content of the first professional degree programmes is undergraduate in nature and the degrees are prerequisites for entry-level access to certain regulated professions. Confusion sometimes arises because several first professional degrees use the term “doctor” in the title even though they are not advanced research degrees. First professional degrees are awarded in Medicine (MD), Dentistry (DDS / DMD), Veterinary Medicine (DVM), Osteopathic Medicine (DO), Optometry1 (OD), Podiatry2 (DPM), Chiropractic3 (DC), Pharmacy (D.Pharm), Divinity4 (M.Div), Rabbinics5 (MHL / Rav), and Law (JD).
• University level second stage: Master's Degree, Post-Master's Degree, Diploma or Certificate.
The Master's Degree represents the second stage of higher education and is the first advanced (graduate) degree awarded. U.S. master's degrees may be taught (without thesis) or research (with thesis) and may be awarded in academic or professional fields. Most master's degrees are designed to take 2 years of fulltime study, although the time may vary depending upon the subject, the preparation achieved by the student at the undergraduate level, the structure of the program, and whether the degree is pursued on a fullor part-time basis. Master's degrees generally require
1Optometry [ɒpˈtɒmɪtrɪ] — медицинская специальность, имеющая отношение к глазам
исвязанным с ними системам, таким как зрение, зрительные системы и зрительное восприятие человека.
2Podiatry [pɒˈdaɪətrɪ] — ортопедия — лечение заболеваний стоп.
3Chiropractic [kaɪ(ə)rəˈpræktɪk] — хиропрактика — вид альтернативной медицины, при котором заболевания спины и всего тела лечат с помощью манипуляций с позвоночником.
4Divinity [dɪˈvɪnɪtɪ] — богословие.
5Rabbinics [ræˈbɪnɪks] — Талмуди́ческий иудаи́зм.
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completion of a series of course requirements and may, depending on the type of Master's program, require completion of a research thesis, special project, examinations in one or more subfields, satisfaction of special requirements (such as linguistic or quantitative skill), or a combination. U.S. awards that fall between the master's and the research doctorate may be of several types, but all of them fall within the second stage of U.S. higher education. Examples of awards given at this level include the degree of Education Specialist (E.Sp. or Ed.S.) and Certificates and Diplomas of Advanced Study (C.A.E., D.A.E.).
• University level third stage: Research Doctorate.
The research doctorate represents the third and highest stage of higher education in the United States and may be awarded in academic disciplines and some professional fields. This degree is not awarded by examination or coursework only, but requires demonstrated mastery of the chosen subject and the ability to conduct independent, original research. Doctoral programmes require intensive study and research in at least one subfield and professional level competence in several others. Following a series of research seminars and comprehensive examinations, the student must prove his or her capability in original research or independent practice through the preparation and defence of a published dissertation or project thesis and the passage of a battery of oral and written examinations before a committee of senior faculty, including both the examining committee and invited guests. Most doctoral degrees take at least 4 or 5 years of full-time study and research after the award of a Bachelor's degree or at least 2 to 3 years following a Master's degree. The actual time to degree varies depending upon the subject and the structure of the programme. Research Doctorates are awarded in the academic disciplines and for theoretical research in some professional fields, with the most common such degree being that of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). There are a variety of equivalent degree titles used in some institutions and disciplines. The focus of professional doctoral studies is usually on applied rather than theoretical research, and there is a wide variety of degree titles in use.
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READING AND SPEAKING
Task 5.2. Read the text for detail and find the answer to the following questions.
1.It there any distinction between “university level” and “nonuniversity level” higher education in the USA? What is the level of studies delineated by?
2.What do educational programmes of “non-university level technical / vocational post-secondary studies” include?
3.What degrees do the first university level stage award?
4.What is the Associate Degree? Where can holders of this degree apply to? How long does the study at these programmes last? In what fields can the Associate Degree be awarded?
5.What is the Bachelor's Degree in U.S. postsecondary education? How long does the study at these programmes last? What does it depend on?
6.Honours programmes are offered by many institutions that award the Bachelor's degrees. What do these programmes generally require?
7.In what fields are first professional degrees awarded?
8.What degrees belong to the second stage of higher education in the
USA?
9.What is the difference in U.S. master's degrees in academic and professional fields? How long are these degrees designed to take?
10.What do Master's degrees in U.S. education require? In what fields of study are these Master's degrees in the U.S. education awarded?
11.What does the research doctorate represent in the higher education in the United States? In what academic disciplines and professional fields may it be awarded?
12.How long do most doctoral degrees take its aspirant to get them? What is necessary to do to become a PhD?
Task 5.3. Pick out from the text the words and the word combinations you consider the key ones and ask your fellow students to translate them into Russian.
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Task 5.4. Make up the summary of each part of the text.
VOCABULARY WORK
Task 5.5. A. Get acquainted with the Glossary1 of terms related to higher education in foreign countries: read and translate the words and word phrases and their definitions.
ABD “All but Degree” or “All but Dissertation” — someone who has completed all Ph.D. requirements except the dissertation.
Academic — a person who teaches or does research or academic administration at university level.
Academic Year — in the United States, the period September-June when schools, colleges, and universities are in full session.
Adjunct Faculty — faculty members who teach part-time for a department without appointments in that department's regular faculty.
Adjustment Period — a period just before or just after the beginning of an academic term when students may change their class schedules; also called “Add-Drop Period”, “Drop-Add Period”.
Admissions — the name of the office which formally admits students to the university's programs.
Advanced Standing — the university's recognition of course work taken by an incoming student at another institution; also known as advanced or transfer credit(s).
Advisor — the person to whom a student looks for academic guidance, whether the Dean of Freshmen, a regular faculty member, the Graduate Advisor, or a thesis / dissertation advisor; in the American system, every student is entitled to an advisor.
Alumnus (fem. Alumna) — a graduate of the university. Pl. Alumni (m.), Alumnae (f.).
1 Glossary [ˈɡlɒs(ə)ri] — глоссарий, алфавитный список слов, относящихся к определенному предмету, тексту или диалекту, с пояснениями; краткий словарь.
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