Английский язык для специалистов по мехатронике и робототехнике. English for mechatronics and robotics students. Учебное пособие

11. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the modal meaning of the Infinitive.

1.At that period of time he was the only scientist to support this theory.

2.It was the first theatre to be opened in England.

3.The work to be completed by us is of great importance.

4.The material to be tested had interesting properties.

5.Printed lists contain material not to be found elsewhere.

6.Evidently our power of making this comparison depends upon our knowledge of the things to be compared.

7.The entity to be controlled is denoted y and referred to as the measurement signal or output.

8.The plan of our research work will be discussed at the conference to be held next week.

9.Mendeleyev left blank spaces in his Table for the elements to be discovered in future.

10.Newton was the first to solve the problem of gravitation.

11.The results to be received may vary considerably.

12.12. Our plant produces automatic and semiautomatic machine-tools to be installed in new large shops.

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12. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Study the glossary.

CONTROL THEORY

Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, overshoot, or steady-state error and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality.

To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled process variable (PV), and compares it with the reference or set point (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the error signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled

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process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. Control theory is used in control system engineering to design automation that have revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, and created new fields such as robotics.

Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram. In it the transfer function, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system.

Control theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by James Clerk Maxwell. Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874, Charles Sturm and in 1895, Adolf Hurwitz, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky. Although a major application of mathematical control theory is in control systems engineering, which deals with the design of process control systems for industry, other applications range far beyond this. As the general theory of feedback systems, control theory is useful wherever feedback occurs - thus control theory also has applications in life sciences, computer engineering, sociology and operations research.

13. Answer the following questions, using information from the text above.

1.What does control theory deal with?

2.What is the aim of control theory?

3.What is the function of the controller?

4.What is the transfer function?

5.When did control theory appeared?

6.Who first described control theory?

7.What is a major application of mathematical control theory?

8.Who developed PID control theory?

14. Find the following words and word combinations in the text.

1.Технические процессы и прикладная математика

2.Управлять применением входных данных системы

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3.Обеспечивать уровень стабильности управления

4.Контроллировать регулируемую переменную процесса

5.Опорное илизаданное значение

6.Проектирование систем управления

7.Основанный на дифференциальных уравнениях

8.Установить критерии устойчивости управления

9.Разработка теории ПИД регулирования

10.Разработка систем управления технологическими процессами

15.Read the text and translate it into Russian. Study the glossary.

Open-Loop аnd Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control

Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop: open-loop control (feedforward), and closed-loop control (feedback).

An electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process.

In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature.

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In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feedback a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat. A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the "reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.

The definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standard Institution is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero."

Likewise; "A Feedback Control System” is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control."

16. Answer the following questions, using information from the text above.

1.What types of control-loop are mentioned in the text?

2.What kind of control-loop is used in a central heating boiler?

3.How does an electromechanical timer work?

4.What are closed-loop controllers called?

5.How does a feedback control system work?

WRITING

17.Write the summary of the text CONTROL THEORY.

18.Write the summary of the text OPEN-LOOP AND CLOSEDLOOP (FEEDBACK) CONTROL.

SPEAKING

19. Get ready with the presentation CONTROL THEORY.

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UNIT 4. Electrical Engineering

BEFORE YOU READ

1.What do electrical engineers deal with?

2.What are the fields related to electrical engineering?

VOCABULARY

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Read the following international words and translate them without a dictionary.

discipline [ˈdɪsɪplɪn], system [ˈsɪstəm], electricity [ɪlekˈtrɪsɪtɪ], electronics [ɪlekˈtrɒnɪks], commercialization [kəmɜːʃ(ə)laɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n], generation [dʒenəˈreɪʃ(ə)n], resistor [rɪˈzɪstə], microcontroller [ˈmaɪkrəʊkənˈtrəʊlə], turbine [ˈtɜːbaɪn], navigation [nævɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n], signal [ˈsɪɡn(ə)l], transmission [trænzˈmɪʃn], manufacturer [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərə], technology [tekˈnɒlədʒɪ], infrastructure [ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə], specialization [speʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən].

READING

1. Read the text and translate it.

Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged in the latter half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electrical power generation, distribution, and use. Through electrical engineering, we can design devices and systems using electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, etc. Electrical Engineers can design and work on items such as super low power microcontrollers, PCB design, high power turbines, navigation systems, etc.

What Are the Different Specializations of Electrical Engineering?

Electrical engineering is divided into power, electronics, control systems, signal processing, and telecommunications engineering. Each of these groups breaks down into several subgroups of their own. To keep it brief, we’ll just cover these main areas.

Power Engineering

This field is concerned with generating power and how the power gets from point A to point B, also known as transmission. Without power engineers, our biggest and brightest cities would become dark each night, and we wouldn’t be able to exist in the modern comfort to which we’ve become so accustomed.

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Electronics Engineering

This electrical engineering discipline focuses on the circuitry and power supply in many products we use daily. Major manufacturers worldwide employ thousands of electronics engineers to help design every conceivable electronic device you could imagine.

Here are a few examples we might see in the real world:

designing circuit boards for a remote control

designing plans for satellites

ensuring circuit boards have adequate systems in place to process data as necessary

microchip design and fabrication for use in everyday electronics.

Control Systems Engineering

Control systems are pretty self-explanatory. These are the systems that control our lights, fans, air conditioning, security and fire alarms, and all manner of other systems that need constant monitoring or control.

Signal Processing Engineering

A person wants to send a text message to a friend. How does the phone send the signal, and where does it go? How does the signal go to the correct phone and not the phone of a random guy nearby? Hello, signal processing!

Signal processing allows calls to be sent and received seamlessly without manually directing them. Some examples of signals processing engineering might be:

writing algorithms to capture incoming signals and process them to determine their origin and destination

programming artificial intelligence (AI) and other systems to route signals to their correct destinations

designing systems to overcome difficulties in sending signals such as distance, storms, or intentional jamming by hostile entities

planning encryption for seamless and secure end-to-end transmission of messages and signals around the world.

Telecommunications Engineering

Telecommunications engineering is related to all the technology and infrastructure behind the scenes that allow the signals to travel to where they need to go to keep our digitally connected world moving.

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Telecommunications engineers make it all possible, whether it’s a phone call to your grandmother or a text message to your best friend about your Saturday night plans.

https://www.guru.com/blog/the-different-types-of-electrical-engineers/#:~:text= Electrical%20engineering%20is%20divided%20down,several%20subgroups%20 of%20their%20own.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY

Working out the meaning of unknown words

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

a)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

b)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER READING TASKS

4. Answer the following questions, using information from the text above.

1.What is Electrical Engineering concerned with?

2.What are the different specializations of Electrical Engineering?

3.What does Power Engineering deal with?

4.What are the examples of Electronics Engineering?

5.What does Signal Processing Engineering deal with?

6.What are the examples of Signal Processing Engineering?

7.What is Telecommunications Engineering related to?

8.What fields of Electrical Engineering do you study at NSTU?

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5. Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

1.Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.

2.Electrical engineering emerged in the latter half of the 18th century.

3.Electrical engineering is divided into mechatronics and robotics.

4.Power Engineering is concerned with generating power.

5.Systems that control our lights, fans, air conditioning, security and fire alarms don’t need constant monitoring or control.

6.Programming artificial intelligence is an example of signal processing.

7.The signal goes to the correct phone due to signal processing.

8.Telecommunications engineering is related to the circuitry and power supply in many products we use daily.

6. Match the words with their definitions/explanations.

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