Английский язык для обучающихся по направлению «Криогеника и нефтехимическое производство». Учебное пособие

cesses using either chemical are essentially the same: both are done in a large excess of isobutane, because an olefin molecule will react with the first molecule it interacts with. Thus, maximizing excess isobutane minimizes unwanted secondary reactions, such as polymer formation. If sulfuric acid is used, however, the process must be refrigerated to about 40–50 °F (10 °C). With hydrofluoric acid, the process is performed at ambient temperature. Octane rating is better with the sulfuric acid process, and acid consumption is also lower. In addition, the safety considerations of using hydrofluoric acid result in sulfuric acid being the preferred catalyst in most refineries today. This is the case even though extra costs exist that are associated with refrigeration required by the sulfuric acid process.

Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Process

The alkylation process converts propylene (C3H6), butylene (C4H8), pentene (C5H10) and isobutane (C4H10) to alkane liquids, such as Isoheptane (C7H16) and isooctane (C8H18). Anhydrous hydrofluoric alkylation is the name for this process. The feed containing the olefins (butylene, propylene and pentene) and isobutane are charged into a combined reactor settler of Phillips design. The hydrogenated phase that is produced in the Phillips combined reactor settler is fed to the main fractionator, which separates the reactants to the alkalate products (isoheptane and isooctane), propane and recycle isobutane. Small amounts of dissolved hydrofluoric are removed from the propane by the hydrofluoric stripper and recycled.

Removal of n-butane from the alkyate product is accomplished by a main fractionator vapor side stream. Alternately, a debutanizer may be added to the system for complete removal of n-butane from the alkylate product.

Exercise 5. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

1) плавиковая кислота, 2) процесс алкилирования, 3) установка каталитического крекинга, 4) установка для коксования (коксовая печь), 5) низкое давление пара, 6) преобразование, 7) изогептан, 8) изооктан, 9) циклическое нагнетание газа.

Exercise 6. Compose the pairs of synonyms:

to blend to delete to convert to mix

to remove to transform

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important valuable component procedure to decrease price

to use to reduce to produce part process to apply

reaction to manufacture costs response

Exercise 7. Compose the pairs of antonyms:

refrigeration cold heat melting

to mix to decrease to remove to damage negligible to ignore component essential to increase whole

to use to divide

to produce to destroy to react to involve

Exercise 8. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1.Alkylation is an important refining process that converts heavy olefins into a light gasoline components.

2.Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components produced in the refinery because of its high octane and low vapor pressure.

3.The chemical reaction of alkylation is achieved by subjecting the isobutane and olefins to very low pressures.

4.Catalysts in the form of hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid can’t be used.

5.The necessary equipment for this procedure can be bought at a discount so it is not so expensive.

6.Small amounts of dissolved hydrofluoric are removed from the propane by the hydrofluoric stripper, frozen and then added again.

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Part II

Control Valve Guidelines

(Hydrofluoric Acid Applications) Generally HF Alkylation requires the use of a globe-style control valves with carbon steel or monel bodies and monel or k-monel trim. Gaskets and packing must be virgin PTFE (no glass binder). Rotary valves are also ideal for this service.

Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Process

Olefin feed is first mixed with recycled isobutane from the deisobutanizer overhead, then cooled before entering the reactor. Insoluble water, which is condensed at a lower temperature, is removed in the coalescer. The isobutane-olefin mixture, along with recycle acid and refrigerant, is introduced to the reactor. The reactants and the acid catalyst are then mixed. In the presence of sulfuric acid, the olefin and isobutane react very quickly to form alkylate and release reaction heat. In the autorefrigeration system, the reaction heat is removed by vaporizing some isobutane from the reaction mixture. The vapors leaving the reactor are routed to the refrigeration section where they are compressed, condensed and sent to the economizer before being returned back to the reactor. Thus, the reactor is held at an optimal temperature of about 40 °F (4 °C). Any propane introduced with the feed concentrates in the refrigeration section and must be removed from the alkylation plant. Therefore, a small slipstream of refrigerant is depropanized after being caustic and water-washed to remove any SO2. The propane overhead is sent to storage, while the isobutane-rich bottoms are returned to the process. Thus, the depropanizer operation avoids building up propane in the alkylation plant.

Returning to the reactor, the reactor product is routed to the settler, where the acid is settled from the hydrocarbon and is recycled back to the reactor. The hydrocarbon portion of the reactor product (which contains alkylate, excess isobutane and normal butane) is then causticand water-washed to remove any acidic components before being fed to the deisobutanizer. Makeup isobutane, which is consumed by the alkylation reaction, is also typically added to the deisobutanizer. The overhead from the tower is an isobutane-rich stream that is recycled back to the reactor, while the bottoms from the tower (which contain normal butane and alkylate) are routed to the debutanizer tower. In the debutanizer, butane is removed overhead, while the alkylate bottoms – which meet vapor pressure specifications – are cooled and routed to alkylate storage. These towers can be designed to operate at a low enough pressure to allow the use of low-pressure steam.

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Control Valve Guidelines (Sulfuric Acid Applications)

The sulfuric acid alkylation process involves concentrated H2SO4 which requires the use of carbon steel and 316 stainless steel due to their resistance to corrosion.

Generally, these alloys are specified. By design, the temperature of the process stays relatively low, which aids in the prevention of corrosion damage. The other process fluid constituents are petroleum-based and are not corrosive. The valve bodies are generally carbon steel or 316 stainless steel and the valve trim is 316 stainless steel. Occasionally, Alloy 20 or Hastelloy C may be specified when dilute acid is encountered in the process. In the reforming process, light petroleum distillate (naphtha) is contacted with a platinum-containing catalyst at elevated temperatures and hydrogen pressures ranging from 50 to 500 psig (3.5 to 34.5 barg). Reforming produces a high-octane liquid product that is rich in aromatic compounds. Hydrogen, light gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are also produced as reaction by-products. Do not use graphite packing or gaskets in an acid-based application. Rotary valves are well-suited for this application also.

Control Valve Applications:

•Control Valve Applications

•HF Alkylation

•Sulfuric Alkylation

Recommended Control Valve

Valtek Mark One Globe-style Valve – The Mark One control valve is highly

recommended for both HF and sulfuric alkylation services. With HF alkylation service, the Mark One valve is generally configured with a carbon steel or Monel 500 body, K-Monel plug and seat ring, and Monel 500 seat retainer. With sulfuric alkylation service, the valve bodies are constructed from carbon steel, Hastelloy B or Alloy 20 with corresponding trim materials depending on service conditions and specifications. The Mark One design uses double-top stem guiding to keep the guiding surfaces out of the flow stream, and to avoid the galling and sticking associated with cagedguiding. The standard trim is interchangeable with special trim designs for high CV or low CV applications. The Mark One actuator is a spring cylinder design that offers high thrust, features high performance and is easy to handle or maintain.

Exercise 9. Translate into Russian the following words and word combinations:

globe-style control valves, gaskets, rotary valves, monel, coalescer, sulfuric acid, economizer, deisobutanizer, stainless steel, acid-based application, standard trim.

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Exercise 10. Use the proper form of the verbs:

1.Hydrofluoric Acid Applications (to require) the use of a globe-style control valves with carbon steel or monel bodies and monel or k-monel trim.

2.The isobutane-olefin mixture, along with recycle acid and refrigerant, (to introduce) to the reactor.

3.The propane overhead (to send) to storage, while the isobutane-rich bottoms are returned to the process.

4.The sulfuric acid alkylation process (to involve) concentrated H2SO4 which (to require) the use of carbon steel and 316 stainless steel due to their resistance to corrosion.

5.The Mark One control valve (to recommend) for both HF and sulfuric alkylation services.

6.The Mark One design (to use) double-top stem guiding to keep the guiding surfaces out of the flow stream.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences:

1.Olefin feed is first mixed with … .

2.Insoluble water is removed in … .

3.The reactants and the acid catalyst are then … .

4.The reactor is held at an optimal temperature of about … .

5.Any propane introduced with the feed concentrates in the refrigeration section and must be … .

6.The propane overhead is sent to storage, while … .

7.The depropanizer operation avoids … .

8.These towers can be designed to operate at a…enough pressure to allow the use of … -pressure steam.

Exercise 12. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1.(Hydrofluoric Acid Applications) Generally HF Alkylation requires the use of

(шарового крана-регулятора) with (углеродистой сталью) or monel bodies and monel or k-monel trim.

2.Olefin feed is first mixed with recycled isobutane from the (колонны для отгонки изобутана) overhead, then cooled before entering the reactor.

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3.Insoluble water, which is condensed (при низкой температуре), is removed in the (коагулятор).

4.By design, the temperature of the process stays relatively low, which aids in the (предотвращение от коррозионных повреждений).

5.Reforming produces a high-octane liquid product that is rich in (ароматиче-

скими соединениями).

6.The Mark One control valve is highly recommended for both HF and (серно-

кислотного алкилирования) services.

Speaking

Case 1

Find in the text (both parts) the sentences that correspond to the following statements:

1.Alkylation is an essential refining process.

2.The reason of using alkylate in the refinery.

3.Substances which are converted by the alkylation process.

4.Temperature required when using sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid.

5.The description of using control valves.

6.Recommendations.

Case 2

Speak English on the following information:

1.Алкилирование – важный процесс нефтепереработки, который преобразовывает лёгкие олефины в более тяжёлые бензиновые составляющие.

2.Алкилат является одним из лучших компонентов для смешивания из-за его высокого содержания октана и низкого давления пара.

3.Химическая реакция алкилирования достигается путем подвержения изобутана и олефинов очень высокому давлению.

4.Применение плавиковой кислоты требует использования шарового кра- на-регулятора.

5.Работа депропанизатора избегает наращивания пропана в установку алкилирования.

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Case 3

Speak on the role of alkalation in oil refinery:

1.How would you describe the process of alkylation?

2.How is the chemical reaction achieved by alkylation?

3.What equipment is necessary for this process?

4.How is the process of using chemicals carried out?

5.What acids are used for alkylation? How is the alkylation process of hydrofluoric acid carried out?

6.What do you think is the most important in the alkylation process?

7.What is the role of alkylation in oil refinery?

SECTION VIII

Catalytic Reformer

Grammar: Must.

Word-formation: Prefix -re.

Speaking: Application of Catalytic Reformer.

Learn the pronunciation and the meaning of the words:

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Vocabulary development: word building

Префикс -re передаёт значение «вновь», «заново», «пере» и образует глаголы, существительные, прилагательные, причастия.

Например: to redisperse – повторно рассеивать (давление), regeneration – обновление, восстановление, регенерация, reversible – двухсторонний, потенциально обратимого характера.

Exercise 1. Give the initial words of the following derivatives:

reformer, regenerative, to remove, to restore, to return, to recycle, to reduce, to refrigerate, reflector.

Exercise 2. Form the words with prefix -re. Translate them into Russian. Work with a technical dictionary:

fresh, entry, engagement, to cover, coupling, to draw, facing, generation, to disperse, ignition, heater.

В предложенном ниже тексте встречаются следующие единицы измерения: barg – единица измерения давления (в нефтегазовой отрасли избыточного

давления), psig – индикаторных фунтов на квадратный дюйм.

Exercise 3. Find in the text sentences with “barg” and “psig” and translate them.

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Также в тексте есть выражение “a number of”, которое переводится «целый ряд». Обратите внимание на то, как от использования того или другого артикля зависит перевод следующего словосочетания. Так, выражение “the number of” переводится «количество, число».

A number of articles have been published on the problem of using low octane naphthas in catalytic reforming.

Ряд статей был опубликован по проблеме использования низкооктанового бензина (нафты) в каталитическом риформинге.

The number of participants at the conference “Oil and gas 2019” was some 500 people.

Число участников на конференции «Нефть и газ 2019» составило около 500 человек.

Exercise 4. Find in the text the sentence with “a number of” and translate it.

Grammar study

В состав английского сказуемого наряду со вспомогательными глаголами входят модальные глаголы в качестве первого компонента, изменяющие смысл сказуемого, усиливая или ослабляя его категоричность. Модальные глаголы сохраняют своё значение, а следовательно, переводятся на русский язык.

Модальный глагол “must” встретился нам в следующем тексте в значении необходимости, требования, которые должны соблюдаться по отношению к установкам, устройствам, оборудованию в силу каких-то причин.

Hydrogen must be mixed with the feed to keep a high concentration of hydrogen vapors in the reactors. This prevents carbon atoms from depositing on the catalyst, as in cat cracking.

Водород необходимо смешивать с исходным нефтепродуктом для поддержания высокой концентрации паров водорода в реакторах. Это предотвращает осаждение атомов углерода на катализатор, как при каталитическом крекинге.

Exercise 5. Find in the text the examples with the modal verb “must”.

В английской устной и письменной речи могут использоваться словасвязки (linking words) и короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые организуют речь и делают её более логичной. Например, in addition – кроме того, however – однако.

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Exercise 6. Remember the following linking words:

firstly, secondly, thirdly – во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих, furthermore – кроме того,

to begin, in conclusion – для начала, в завершение, in addition – кроме того,

besides – кроме того, hence – следовательно, obviously – очевидно, undoubtedly – несомненно,

surely – конечно, несомненно,

after all – в конце концов, ведь, в общем, помимо прочего, indeed – действительно.

Exercise 7. Put into the sentences the linking words from exercise 4:

1.… it could be rather risky, … , we don’t have enough qualification to make our own decision about using low-octane naphtha in this process.

2.And, … ,I did not know the whole job then.

3.I wish … to express the view of the whole team.

Read the text, telling about catalytic reformer:

Text

Catalytic Reformer

Part I

Introduction to Catalytic Reforming

Catalytic reforming upgrades low octane naphthas to a high octane-blending component reformat. It was originally developed to upgrade low-octane-number straightrun naphtha to high-octane motor fuels; the process has been applied to the production of LPG and high purity aromatics. A wide range of platinum-based catalysts permit tailored processing schemes for optimum operation. Innovation has led to increased yields and octane, while still controlling coke deposition on the catalyst. The path to higher yields and octane lay in operating at low pressure, high temperature. However, high temperature and low pressure lead to coke production and subsequent coke laydown and deactivation of the catalyst. Catalytic reforming typically re-

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