Английский язык для обучающихся по направлению «Криогеника и нефтехимическое производство». Учебное пособие
.pdf3. Дизельное топливо, авиационные керосины, кровельные материалы
ибитумы, выпускаемые заводом, соответствуют международным стандартам.
4.Из года в год Омский нефтезавод регулярно модернизирует свои производственные фонды.
5.Омский нефтезавод был признан всемирной ассоциацией лучшим нефтеперерабатывающим заводом 2012 года.
6.Продукция компании вошла в сотню лучших товаров России.
7.Омский нефтезавод проводит масштабную реконструкцию и модернизацию, которая в основном затрагивает системы очистки продукции от вредных
итоксичных примесей.
8.Нефтеперерабатывающий завод сегодня производит около пятидесяти наименований продукции.
9.На заводе планируется построить ультрасовременные очистные соору-
жения.
Case 3
Speak on the status of Omsk refinery:
1.Why is Omsk refinery considered to be the best oil refinery in Russian fede-
ration?
2.What does the refinery produce? What is the amount of production?
3.From what company was Omsk refinery formed? What can you say about the history of the company?
4.Can you identify the stages of its development? What can you say about the new stage?
5.What allows Omsk refinery to occupy the top positions in the list of Russian enterprises for the output of light petroleum products and the depth of raw material purification?
6.Why is it the leader in the processing industry forever?
7.What actions does it take to improve the environment?
8.What are the prospects of the refinery?
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SECTION VI
Crude Distilling Unit
Grammar: Gerund, Participle I.
Word-formation: Suffix -tion.
Speaking: Distillation of oil.
Practise the reading of the words:
chemical processes |
[ˈkemɪkəl ˈprəʊses] |
isomerization |
[ɪsʌməraɪˈzeɪʃn] |
coking plant |
[ˈkəʊkɪŋ plɑːnt] |
hydrogen |
[ˈhaɪdrɪʤən] |
methane |
[ˈmiːθeɪn] |
vaporized |
[ˈveɪpəraɪzd] |
residue |
[ˈrezɪdjuː] |
column |
[ˈkɔləm] |
liquefy |
[ˈlɪkwɪfaɪ] |
stainless steel |
[ˈsteɪnlɪs stiːl] |
versatile |
[ˈvɜːsətaɪl] |
Learn the pronunciation and the meaning of the words:
crude oil |
сырая нефть |
fugitive emissions |
летучие выбросы |
distilling column |
ректификационная колонна |
bubble caps |
колпачки ректификационной колонны |
reflux |
рефлюкс, отлив |
crude distilling unit |
блок сырой перегонки |
alkalation |
алкилирование |
catalytic reformer |
каталитический преобразователь, катализатор |
hydrotreating |
гидроочистка |
vacuum flashing |
вакуумная гидроизоляция |
isomerization plant |
установка изомеризации |
gas plant |
газовая установка |
olefins plant |
установка олефинов |
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catalytic cracking plant |
установка каталитического крекинга |
hydrocracking plant |
установка гидрокрекинга |
thermal cracking plant |
установка термического крекинга |
coking plant |
установка коксования |
evaporate |
испаряться |
straight-run residue |
остатки прямой перегонки (осадок) |
vessel |
сосуд, резервуар, ёмкость |
downcomer |
переливной стакан, |
|
труба с нисходящим потоком |
control valve |
регулирующий клапан (вентиль / кран), |
|
распределительный клапан, кран-регулятор |
globe-style valve |
вентиль, шаровой кран-регулятор |
eccentric plug valve |
эксцентриковый кран |
seat ring |
седло клапана, гнездо, глубина установки, |
|
точка посадки, упор |
fugitive emissions |
неорганизованные, неконтролируемые выбросы |
actuator |
привод, механизм автоматического |
|
управления клапанами (штуцерами). |
Vocabulary development: word building
Рассмотрим словообразовательный суффикс -tion и его варианты: -ion, -sion, -ation. Образуя существительные от многочисленных глагольных основ, суффикс -tion придаёт им значение действия, условия действия, процесса, состояния, сущности. Например, alkalation – алкилирование, isomerization – изомеризация.
Exercise 1. Find in the text the words with suffixes: -tion, -ion, -sion, -ation and translate them.
Exercise 2. Form nouns with the help of suffixes: -tion, -ion, -sion, -ation from those verbs with which it is possible:
to separate, to apply, to crack, to emit, to isomerize, to perforate, to require, to press, to distil, to drive, to install.
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Grammar study
Герундий может выполнять в предложении те же функции, что и существительное. Герундий в функции подлежащего стоит всегда перед сказуемым и переводится на русский язык существительным или инфинитивом.
Distillation is a typical refinery process.
Перегонка является типичным процессом нефтепереработки.
Герундий в функции прямого дополнения стоит после сказуемого и переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзом «что».
I remember having visited this refinery plant some years ago.
Япомню, что посетил этот нефтеперерабатывающий завод несколько лет
назад.
Предложное дополнение обычно стоит после глаголов, прилагательных, причастий, требующих после себя определённых предлогов, и переводится на русский язык существительным или придаточным предложением.
I insist on hydrotreating.
Янастаиваю на гидроочистке.
Причастие подлежащим и дополнением быть не может.
Герундий в функции определения стоит после определяемого слова с предлогом of или for. Переводится герундий в этом случае существительным.
We used the method of catalytic cracking.
Мы использовали метод каталитического крекинга.
В роли определения герундий также может входить в ряд слов, где будет действовать правило ряда. Последнее слово ряда – всегда определяемое существительное, все остальные слова – его определения. Часто ряд состоит из трёх слов, среднее из которых может быть герундием, а также причастием I и II. Перевод такого ряда следует начинать с последнего слова и продолжать, двигаясь вперёд. Но если первым словом в ряду является прилагательное, а не существительное, то переводим сначало последнее слово, затем прилагательное, то есть первое, а затем герундий, то есть второе.
Например, catalytic cracking plant – установка каталитического крекинга. Причастие I в функции правого или левого определения переводится на
русский язык причастием настоящего времени с помощью суффиксов: -ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ.
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Crude oil is a carbonand hydrogen-based natural resource liquid using to produce petroleum products.
Сырая нефть – это природная жидкость на основе углерода и водорода, использующаяся для производства нефтепродуктов.
Примечание: a carbonand hydrogen-based natural resource liquid – это тоже цепочка определений с конечным определяемым словом, в которой при переводе действует правило ряда.
Причастие I в функции обстоятельства переводится с помощью суффиксов -ая, -яя или придаточным предложением с союзом «который».
Translating the article the students found the description of gas plant.
Переводя статью, студенты нашли описание газовой установки.
Если причастие I или II сопровождается союзами when, while или if, то переводить лучше через предлог «при» + существительное.
When heated to its boiling point, crude oil does not completely evaporate and leaves a residue.
При нагревании до температуры кипения сырая нефть полностью не испаряется и оставляет осадок.
Exercise 3. From these sentences choose the sentences with the gerund in the functions of object or subject and translate them:
1.A typical refinery is divided into several subprocesses or plants: crude distilling unit, alkalation, catalytic reformer, hydrotreating, vacuum flashing, isomerization plant, gas plant, olefins plant, catalytic cracking plant, hydrocracking plant, thermal cracking plant, coking plant.
2.By nature, many refining applications are severe services characterized by extreme temperatures, erosion, corrosion, and high pressure drops.
3.A thermometer would indicate that the water stayed at its boiling point throughout the process.
4.Liquid boiling above 800° F (427 °C) does not vaporize and exits from the bottom of the column.
5.From the distillation column, the initial product cuts are made, and the products flow to other plants within the refinery for further refining.
6.Distillation is the process of using heat to separate light and heavy crude oil.
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Exercise 4. From these sentences choose the following sentences with Participle I in the functions of attribute and adverbial modifier and translate them:
1.When further specifying the character of crude oil, grouping certain compounds in fractions or cuts is useful.
2.The typical crude oil has the following fractions…
3.The bubble caps force the vapor coming up through the trays to bubble through the liquid standing several inches deep on that tray.
4.Condensed liquid is reintroduced to a lower tray, while remaining vapor is sent off as product to the distillation column.
5.This process is called reboiling.
6.Globe-style valves with positioners are generally used in applications requiring 4-inch and smaller valves.
7.The Mark One design includes large plug stem diameters, which ensures packing and guiding integrity.
Read the text, telling about crude distilling unit:
Text
Crude Distilling Unit
Part I
Introduction to refining
The modern crude oil refinery is designed to convert basic raw crude oil into various useful products through a series of separation and chemical processes. For
example, the refinery process is used to produce gasoline, kerosene, light oils, lubricating oils, and gases.
By nature, many refining applications are severe services characterized by extreme temperatures, erosion, corrosion, and high pressure drops. With strict environmental requirements, process equipment must also restrict fugitive emissions to acceptable limits.
A typical refinery is divided into several subprocesses or plants: crude distilling unit, alkalation, catalytic reformer, hydrotreating, vacuum flashing, isomerization plant, gas plant, olefins plant, catalytic cracking plant, hydrocracking plant, thermal cracking plant, coking plant.
On the flow diagram you can see the whole picture of refining process (fig. 2).
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Fig. 2. Refining Process
Crude Oil Characteristics
Crude oil is a carbonand hydrogen-based natural resource liquid used to produce petroleum products. It is not just one chemical compound; rather, it is a mixture of chemical compounds. This becomes apparent when the crude oil is heated. When heated to its boiling point, crude oil does not completely evaporate and leaves a residue. In contrast, if water (which is a pure compound) is heated to its boiling point and left at that temperature, it would continue to boil until no water remained. A thermometer would indicate that the water stayed at its boiling point 212 °F at 14.7 psia (100 °C at 1 bar) throughout the process.
Unlike water, crude is not a single chemical compound, but rather thousands of different chemical compounds. Some of these compounds are as simple as methane (CH4) or more complex such as isooctane (C8H18). The important point to remember is that each one of these compounds has its own boiling temperature. For example, if a vessel filled with a medium weight crude is heated until it reaches a temperature of about 150 °F (66 °C), the oil will begin to boil. If enough heat is applied to keep the vessel at 150 °F (66 °C), soon the vessel will stop boiling. If the heat is applied to raise the temperature to 350 °F (177 °C), the vessel will begin to boil again and stop after a period of time.
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This process can be repeated many times, boiling off more crude with each step and increase in temperature. The compounds that boil at a temperature below 150 °F (66 °C), vaporized in the first step, while the compounds that boil at a temperature between 150 °F and 350 °F (66 and 177 °C) vaporized in the second step, and so forth. With this process, a distillation curve can be developed, which is a plot of temperature on one scale and the percent evaporated on the other. Each type of crude oil has a unique distillation curve that determines what kinds of chemical compounds are in the crude.
When further specifying the character of crude oil, grouping certain compounds in fractions or cuts is useful. The typical crude oil has the following fractions.
Temperatures Fraction
Less than 90 °F (32 °C) butanes and lighter 90–220 °F (32–104 °C) gasoline
220–315 °F (104–157 °C) naphtha 315450 °F (157–232 °C) kerosene 450–800 °F (232–427 °C) gas oil 800 °F (427 °C) and above residue
Crude oil compositions may vary widely. Light crude oil tends to have more gasoline, naphtha and kerosene; heavy crude oil tends to have more gas oil and residue. Generally, the heavier the compound, the higher the boiling temperature.
Примечание: сравнительный союз “the + прилагательное в сравнительной степени и ещё раз the + прилагательное в сравнительной степени”
переводится на русский язык «чем…, тем…».
Exercise 5. Translate into Russian the following word combinations:
Gas oil, light oils, lubricating oils, fugitive emissions, crude distilling unit, catalytic reformer, vacuum flashing, catalytic cracking plant, hydrocracking plant, thermal cracking plant, coking plant, carbonand hydrogen-based natural resource liquid, petroleum products, a mixture of chemical compounds, boiling point, a medium weight crude, heavy crude oil, light crude oil, сrude oil compositions, the heavier…the higher…
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Примечание: слово “crude” может означать «сырой» в терминологическом сочетании “crude oil”, то есть являться прилагательным, а также может употребляться самостоятельно и переводиться как «сырая нефть» и являться существительным. Такой переход из одной части речи в другую называется «кон-
версией».
Exercise 6. Compose word combinations of the words given in two columns and translate them:
gas |
reformer |
hydrocracking |
products |
catalytic |
point |
vacuum |
oil |
petroleum |
unit |
chemical |
flashing |
boiling |
compounds |
heavy |
compositions |
crude oil |
plant |
distillation |
crude oil |
Exercise 7. Make up sentences, using the following words:
1.is designed to convert, the modern crude oil refinery, into various useful products, basic raw crude oil.
2.gasoline, kerosene, light oils, is used, lubricating oils, and gases, to produce, the refinery process.
3.and high pressure drops, by nature, many refining applications, extreme temperatures, erosion, corrosion, are severe services characterized by.
4.is divided, a typical refinery, crude distilling unit, alkalation, catalytic reformer, into several subprocesses or plants: hydrotreating, vacuum flashing, isomerization plant, gas plant, olefins plant, catalytic cracking plant, hydrocracking plant, thermal cracking plant, coking plant.
5.crude oil is, used to, a carbonand hydrogen-based natural resource liquid, produce petroleum products.
6.to its boiling point, crude oil, when heated, and leaves a residue, does not completely evaporate.
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7.unlike water, chemical compounds, crude, but rather thousands of different, is not a single chemical compound.
8.has the following fractions:, the typical crude oil, butanes and lighter, and above residue, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, gas oil.
Exercise 8. Answer the questions:
1.What is crude oil?
2.Into what subprocesses or plants is a typical refinery divided?
3.What role does the boiling point play for crude oil?
4.What fractions has the typical crude oil?
5.How may crude oil compositions vary?
Exercise 9. Try to learn the definition of crude oil by heart.
Part II
Introduction to distillation
Distillation is the process of using heat to separate light and heavy crude oil. To begin the distillation process, the crude oil is heated to about 800 °F (426 °C) and flows to the bottom of the main crude column. Liquid boiling above 800 °F (427 °C) does not vaporize and exits from the bottom of the column.
Inside the distilling column are trays with perforations in them. The perforations permit the vapors to rise through the column. When the crude liquid/vapor charge reaches the inside of the distilling column, gravity causes the denser (heavier) liquid to drop toward the column bottom, but the less dense (lighter) vapors start moving through the trays toward the top.
The perforations in the trays are fitted with a device called bubble caps. The bubble caps force the vapor coming up through the trays to bubble through the liquid standing several inches deep on that tray. This bubbling is essential for the distilling operation. The hot vapor bubbles through the liquid and transfers heat to the liquid during the bubbling. As the vapor bubbles cool, some of the hydrocarbons in the bubbles will change from vapor to a liquid state. As heat transfers from vapor to a liquid, the temperature of the vapor drops. The lower temperature of the liquid causes some of the compounds in the vapor to condense and liquefy.
After the gas has passed through the liquid and sheds some of the heavier hydrocarbons, the vapor then moves up to the next tray where the same process takes place. The amount of liquid on each tray grows as some of the hydrocarbons from the vapor
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