Английский язык для обучающихся по направлению «Криогеника и нефтехимическое производство». Учебное пособие

are stripped out. A downcomer is installed to permit excess liquid to overflow to the next lower tray. This cycle is continuous and repetitive. Some of the molecules in the compounds make several round trips: up a couple of trays as vapor, finally condensing, then down a few trays via the downcomer as a liquid. This mixing of liquid/ vapor creates the separation.

At several levels on the column, side draws take the liquid-distilled product off the lighter products (lower boiling points) from the top of the column, and the heavier liquids (higher boiling points) toward the bottom.

BUTANE AND LIGHTER STRAIGHT-RUN GASOLINE NAPHTHA

KEROSENE LIGHT GAS OIL HEAVY GAS OIL

STRAIGHT-RUN RESIDUE

Several processes are designed outside the distilling column to facilitate the operation. To assure purity and to eliminate carry-over, a portion of the vapor will be run through a cooler. Condensed liquid is reintroduced to a lower tray, while remaining vapor is sent off as product to the distillation column. This process is called reflux.

At the bottom of the column, some of the light hydrocarbons could be entrained with the heavy hydrocarbons. A portion of the bottoms is normally recirculated through a heater to vaporize any light hydrocarbons, which are then reintroduced into the distilling column as a vapor. This process is called reboiling.

The distillation column is the primary separation portion of a refinery. From the distillation column, the initial product cuts are made, and the products flow to other plants within the refinery for further refining.

Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

1) процесс перегонки, 2) лёгкая и тяжёлая нефть, 3) ректификационная колонна, 4) лотки с перфорацией, 5) жидкое состояние, 6) капли пара, 7) колпачки ректификационной колонны, 8) тяжёлые углеводороды, 9) переливной стакан (труба с нисходящим потоком), 10) разделение, 11) боковая фракция (боковой прогон), 12) остатки прямой перегонки (осадок от прямой перегонки), 13) продукты первичной переработки нефти.

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Exercise 11. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1.Distillation is the process of using heat to separate light and heavy crude oil.

2.To begin the distillation process, the crude oil is heated to about 426 °F (800 °C) and flows to the bottom of the main crude column.

3.Liquid boiling above 800 °F (427 °C) vaporizes.

4.Inside the distilling column are trays with clay in them.

5.Clay does not permit the vapors to rise through the column.

6.When the crude liquid/vapor charge reaches the inside of the distilling column, gravity causes the less dense (lighter) liquid to drop toward the column bottom, but the denser (heavier) vapors start moving through the trays toward the top.

7.The perforations in the trays are fitted with a device called bubble caps.

8.The bubble caps force the vapor coming down through the trays to bubble through the liquid.

9.This bubbling is important for the distilling operation.

10.After the gas has passed through the liquid and sheds some of the heavier hydrocarbons, the vapor then moves up to the next tray where the same process takes place.

11.It is not necessary to install a downcomer, liquid overflows to the next lower tray itself.

Exercise 12. Compose the pairs of synonyms:

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Exercise 13. Compose the pairs of antonyms:

Exercise 14. Try to remember the definition of distillation.

Part III

Control Valve Guidelines

Within a crude unit, the valve body material is normally carbon steel. The trim material is generally 316 stainless steel. The material selection is based on process temperature and pressure considerations. Corrosion is generally not a problem. Globe-style valves with positioners (such as Valtek Mark One globe valves) are generally used in applications requiring 4-inch (DN 100) and smaller valves. When 6-inch (DN 150) and larger valves are required, rotary valves (such as the Valtek MaxFlo eccentric plug valve) are commonly used, because they are inherently less expensive. Rotary valves are also less susceptible to packing leaks and should be considered when strict environmental regulations are in force.

Control Valve Applications:

•VAC/ATM Residue

•VGO/AGO/LDO/HDO/AR/VR Pumparounds

•Bottoms Pump Recirculation

•Fuel Gas Block and Bleed

•Furnace Fuel Gas

•Furnace Pass Flow Control

•Exchanger Bypass

•Product and Unit Tower Cuts

•Stripping Steam Flow Control

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•Crude Tower Pumparounds

•Mixing Systems

Recommended Control Valves

Valtek MaxFlo Eccentric PlugValve - The MaxFlo control valve provides a

cost-effective solution to a number of crude distillation operations. The valve is /designed with a 200:1 turndown and can be equipped with reduced trim options (which are accomplished by simply changing the seat ring). With various configurations of body and trim materials, the MaxFlo control valve can handle temperatures from cryogenic up to 800 °F (427 °C). Trim options include NACE, soft seat, hard seat, and solid Alloy 6 configurations. Low fugitive emission packing options are /also available. The Valtek rotary-motion spring cylinder actuator provides high torque, and is compact and lightweight for easy maintenance.

Valtek Mark One Globe-style Valve - The Mark One control valve is available in a wide range of sizes (0.5 - 42-inch/DN 15 - 1000) and pressure classes (ANSI Class 150 - 2500/PN16 - 400). It can be constructed from carbon or 316 stainless steels, Hastelloy C, Alloy 20, or other alloys as required. To meet the demands of /refining applications, the standard Mark One configuration (carbon steel body/316 stainless steel trim) is built with NACE-compatible materials. The Mark One design is highly versatile, allowing for interchangeable trim installations (including antinoise, anti-cavitation, high CV, or low CV trims). Doubletop stem guiding is used to keep the guiding surfaces out of the flow, avoiding the use of cage-guided trim that stick or gall in particulate-laden services. The Mark One design includes large plug stem diameters, which ensures packing and guiding integrity. The high-thrust spring cylinder actuator is compact and lightweight for easy maintenance, field-reversible, and easily disassembled.

Exercise 15. Translate into Russian the following word combinations:

control valve, carbon steel, trim materials, the material selection, globe-style valve, eccentric plug valve, the seat ring, fugitive emission, rotary-motion spring /cylinder actuator, high torque, easy maintenance, stainless steel, other alloys, CV, anti-cavitation, plug stem, field-reversible, easily disassembled.

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences:

1.Within a crude unit, the valve body material … .

2.The material selection is based on … .

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3.Rotary valves are commonly used, because … .

4.Control valve applications are … .

5.The MaxFlo control valve provides … .

6.the MaxFlo control valve can handle temperatures … .

7.The Valtek rotary-motion spring cylinder actuator provides … for easy maintenance.

8.The Mark One control valve is available in … .

9.Doubletop stem guiding is used to … , avoiding the use of cage-guided trim that stick or gall in particulate-laden services.

10.The Mark One design includes large plug stem diameters … .

11.The high-thrust spring cylinder actuator is … .

Exercise 17. Can you find in the internet the drawings of described above valves and show them to your groupmates or make your own ones?!

Speaking

Case 1

Find in the text (all III parts) information that explains the following ideas, choose the most essential things:

1.The operation of a modern refinery.

2.Refinery production.

3.Crude oil characteristics.

4.The process of distillation.

5.The main control valves.

Case 2

Speak English on the following information:

1.Современный нефтеперерабатывающий завод предназначен для переработки сырой нефти в различные полезные нефтепродукты, пройдя через технологический процесс разделения и рафинирования нефти.

2.Сырая нефть – это жидкость на основе углерода и водорода, используемая для производства нефтепродуктов.

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3.При нагревании до температуры кипения сырая нефть полностью не испаряется и оставляет осадок.

4.В отличие от воды, сырая нефть – это не одно химическое соединение,

атысячи различных химических соединений.

5.Важно помнить, что каждое из этих соединений имеет свою температуру кипения.

6.При дальнейшем уточнении характера сырой нефти полезно группировать определенные соединения по фракциям.

7.Типичная сырая нефть имеет следующие фракции: бутан и более лёгкие газы, бензин, нафта, керосин, газойль и другие осадки.

8.Легкая сырая нефть имеет больше бензина, нафты и керосина; тяжелая сырая нефть имеет больше газойля и остатков.

9.Чем тяжелее соединение, тем выше температура кипения.

10.Перегонка – это процесс использования тепла для разделения легкой и тяжелой сырой нефти.

11.Тяжёлая нефть всегда находится в верхней части ректификационной колонны.

12.Ректификационная колонна – основная технологическая установка первичной переработки нефти.

13.Далее нефть перемещают на другие установки для дальнейшей очистки.

Case 3

Speak on distillation of oil:

1.Through what processes is crude oil converted into various useful products?

2.What environmental characteristics do petroleum products have?

3.Into what subprocesses or plants is a typical refinery divided? What is the name of the plant for primary oil refining?

4.What is crude oil? What role does the boiling point play for crude oil?

5.What fractions has the typical crude oil? Can you name them?

6.What is distillation? Can you briefly characterize this process?

7.Can you name the most commonly used control valves? What specific features do they have?

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SECTION VII

Alkalation

Grammar: To be; to be to.

Word-formation: Suffices -ene, -ane; -er, -or.

Speaking: Alkalation.

Learn the pronunciation and the meaning of the words:

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Vocabulary development: word building

Суффиксы -ene и -ane используются для названия химических веществ.

Суффикс -ene читается как [i:n] и переводится на русский язык суффиксами -ен

или -ол. Например: pentene – пентен, propylene – пропилен, toluene – толуол, benzene – бензол.

Суффикс -ane читается как [ein] и переводится на русский язык суф-

фиксами -ат или -ан. Например: alkylate – алкилат, alkane – алкан, isoheptane – изогептан.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the names of the following substances: butylene, propylene, pentene, isobutene, alkane, alkylate, isoheptane, isooctane.

Суффиксы -er, -or образуют существительные от глагольных основ со значением исполнителя действия, названия прибора, устройства или орудия. Например: deisobutanizer – колонна для отгонки изобутана, depropanizer – установка для отделения пропана, fractionator – фракционирующая колонна, ректификационная колонна.

Exercise 2. Give your own examples with suffixes -er, -or.

Суффикс -ic имеет название кислот, солей, спиртов. Он же характеризует некоторые химические процессы. Ударение всегда приходится на слог, предшествующий суффиксу. Например: ac’rylic – акриловое соединение, a’cidic – кислотный, кислый.

Главное «химическое» значение этого суффикса – обозначение соединений, в которых элемент имеет высшую валентность. Например: sulfuric – сер-

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ный, серно-кислотный, hydrochloric – соляной, соляно-кислый, хлористоводородный, alkylphosphonic – алкилфосфоновый.

На низкую валентность элементов указывает суффикс -ous. Например: sulfurous – содержащий серу, alkylphosphonous – алкилфосфонистый.

Exercise 3. Find the names of acids in the text.

Grammar study

Глагол “to be” в английском предложении может выполнять несколько функций:

1) смыслового глагола (to be + предлог + существительное) в значении находиться, являться, иметь, представлять.

Alkylation is of great importance for oil refining.

Алкилирование имеет большое значение для переработки нефти;

2)глагола-связки (to be + существительное, прилагательное, герундий, причастие, инфинитив). Переводится в зависимости от именной части.

The necessary equipment for this procedure is expensive.

Необходимое оборудование для этой процедуры является дорогим;

3)вспомогательного глагола во временах группы Continuous (to be + Participle I), в пассивном залоге (to be + Participle II).

We are reading the text about alkalation.

Мы читаем текст об алкилировании.

The process is performed at ambient temperature.

Процесс выполняется при температуре окружающей среды;

4)модального глагола долженствования (to be + to + инфинитив смыслового глагола).

Any propane is to be removed from the alkylation plant.

Любой пропан должен удаляться из алкилационной установки. We are to meet and discuss it.

Мы должны встретиться и обсудить это.

Exercise 4. Define the functions of the verb "to be" in the following sentences:

1.The chemical reaction of alkylation is achieved by subjecting the isobutane and olefins to very high pressures.

2.The process is to be refrigerated to about 40–50 °F (10 °C).

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3.The safety considerations of using hydrofluoric acid is of great importance

today.

4.A debutanizer may be added to the system for complete removal of n-butane from the alkylate product.

5.Removal of n-butane from the alkyate product is accomplished by a main fractionator vapor side stream.

6.Insoluble water, which is condensed at a lower temperature, is removed in the coalescer.

7.Both processes are done in a large excess of isobutene.

8.Octane rating is better … .

9.Hydrogen, light gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are also produced as reaction by-products.

10.Rotary valves are well-suited for this application.

Read the text, telling about alkalation:

Text

Alkalation

Part I

Introduction to Alkylation

Alkylation is an important refining process that converts light olefins (such as propylene and butylene, which are produced in catalytic crackers and cokers) into a more highly valued gasoline component. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components produced in the refinery because of its high octane and low vapor pressure.

Chemistry Overview

The alkylation process converts propylene (C3H6), butylene (C4H8), pentene (C5H10) and isobutane (C4H10) to alkane liquids such as isoheptane (C7H16) and isooc-

tane (C8H18).

Alkylation Process

The chemical reaction of alkylation is achieved by subjecting the isobutane and olefins to very high pressures. However, the necessary equipment for this procedure is expensive. Therefore, catalysts in the form of hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid are used. Catalysts allow the reaction to take place at much lower temperatures and pressures, and decrease costs by eliminating the need for expensive equipment. The pro-

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