Английский язык для магистрантов гражданско-правовое направление. Учебное пособие

Marriage trends show that social institutions can, and often do change quickly

Across the world, fewer people are choosing to marry, and those who do marry are, on average, doing so later in life.. The underlying drivers of these trends include the rise of contraceptives, the increase of female participation in labor markets (as we explain in our article here), and the transformation of institutional and legal environments, such as new legislation conferring more rights on unmarried couples..

These changes have led to a broad transformation of family structures.. In the last decades, many countries have seen an increase in cohabitation, and it is becoming more common for children to live with parents who are not married, or a single parent..

These changes have come together with a large and significant shift in people’s perceptions of the types of family structures that are possible, acceptable, and desirable.. Perhaps the clearest example of this is the rise of same-sex marriage..

The de-institutionalization of marriage and the rise of new family models since the middle of the 20th-century show that social institutions

that have been around for thousands of years can change very rapidly..

FindthefulltextofthesurveyatURL:https://ourworldindata.org/marriages- NB! and-divorces

19. Search the Internet for papers relating to your research topic and write their summaries in Russian and/or English using “How to write anacademicsummary”p.23.

What’stheJUST FORVerdict?FUN

You are the judge in tricky courtroom quizzes. You don’t need to be a lawyer to get the “right” answer. Care, common sense and imagination should lead to the correct solution in a case, regardless of previous education or training.

Lucy1.ThesuedOtherforWomandivorce. Her husband, Mac, also sued for divorce in the same lawsuit. Mac, however, refused to answer questions about his relationship with the “other woman”. Mac’s position is that he does not have totestify about his own wrongdoing because that would violate his privilege against self-incrimination. Must Mac testify about the“other woman” if he wishes to pursue his suit for divorce?

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Nataliesuesfordivorce.Can2.TwiceNatalieCruelplaceinevidencethefactthather husband was divorced by a former wife for cruelty?

Isabel had two children,3.agedChildeightNeglect?years and twenty-two months. Sheleftthechildrenalonetogotoapartyatalocaltavern.Whileshewas away, the children were killed in a fire, the cause of which is unknown. Isabel is charged with child neglect. Is she guilty?

Peter abandoned his4.ThewifeDefenseand childrenofDiligence. The wife worked two jobs and was aided by her family and local church. Both thewife and children had adequate food and shelter. Peter made no payments to the wife. He is charged with criminal nonsupport of his children. In order for the prosecution to gain a conviction, it must show that thechildren were in “necessitous circumstance” at the relevant time. Is Peter guilty?

What is the2difference.2.4. LABOUR/EMPLOYMENTbetween labour relationsLAWand employment relations? The two terms are often used interchangeably but there is some difference between them. Labour relations are mainly the relationship between unions and employees while employment relations deal solely with companies and their employees. Labour law topicsincludeunionmembership,unionduties,andcollectivebargaining agreements. Employment law topics include hours, wages, overtime, hiring practices, workplace discrimination, and retaliation. Is there such subdivisionintheRussianlaw?Doesemploymentlawprotectemployees or employers? What types of cases are most often handled under employment law?

1.TheTerminologysituation in andwhichDefinitionsan employer officially makes someoneDismissalleave their. job.

2.To give somebody a job to do for payment.

3.Employ. . A person who is paid to work for somebody.

4.Employee A person or company that pays people to work for them.

5.Employer.The. factofhaving thesamerights,status,advantages,etc.

6.Equality. To force somebody to leave their job.

7.Fire To give somebody a job.

Hire.

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8. .Aperiodoftimewhenyouareallowedtobeawayfromwork for a holidayLeave or for a special reason. It can be annual leave, maternity

week or every month, for work or services.

TEXT 1

1.Readthetextandmakealistoftheworkers’rightsmentionedinit.

All work EMPLOYMENTenvironments areLAWgoverned. WORKERS’by specificRIGHTSrules and laws. This is where employment law comes into play. Central to employment law is the protection of worker’s rights. The laws usually determine the following things:

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(https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/law/labour-law/) and

(https://www.oneeducation.org.uk/rights-Oneof-employees/)Education

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2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and

минимальныйphrases: размер заработной платы, наемный работник, работодатель,наборумений,почасоваяоплата,40часоввнеделю,иметь право наоплатузасверхурочную работу, привестиксудебному разбирательству, очень личные замечания, опасный производственный фактор, опасность для здоровья, чистая производственная среда (чистота на рабочем месте), отпуск по семейным обстоятельствам (по уходу за родственником), больничный (отпуск по болезни), профессиональный союз, коллективные переговоры.

4. Make up your own sentences using the words and expressions from exercises2and3.

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5. Read about some British rules and regulations concerning rights ofworkers1. AsofandAprilcompare2021, thethemUKwithnationalRussianminimumones: wage for workers aged 23 and over is £8.91 per hour. For workers aged 21 to 22, it’s £8.36 per hour. There are lower rates for younger workers and apprentices.

2. Already during the recruitment process, applicants have the right tobefreefromdiscrimination.Forexample,aprospectiveemployercannot ask applicants a certain family-related question during an interview or advertise a position as “suitable for young and dynamic applicants”.

3.Theemployerhastopayatime-and-a-halfrateofpayforemployees who work additional hours.

4. When a child is due or born female employees can take time off for antenatal care and can take 52 weeks of statutory maternity leave Male employees can take 1-2 weeks of paternity leave when the baby. is due or born. If an employee is pregnant or on maternity leave and receivesadismissalnotice,thisnoticemustcontainawrittenexplanation of the reason.

6. A role-play. People in the situations given below are sure that their rights were broken and are ready to file a complaint with the court. Advise

them as a lawyer specializingworkingemployment law about the possible outcomes1.JohnofDreamthecourthasproceedingsbeen . inafactoryfor3years.Todayhehas discovered that another worker there doing thesame job ispaid 1 pound an hour more than he.

2. Kate and Samantha were made redundant yesterday because their firm needed toreduce thenumber ofemployees asthere was not enough workforeverybody.Onlytwoofthemintheofficehadyoungchildrenand sometimes had to take parental leaves. Their qualification is even higher than that of other employees.

3. Jack Wallis is 23 years old. Last week he applied for ajob in a very prestigiouslawfirm.Duringthejobinterviewhewastoldthathewasnot the best candidate as he had no work experience.

TEXT 2

An7.Remploymentadthetextsilecontracttlyandisentitlean agreementit: between an employer and anemployeeregardingtheemployee’stermofemployment.Employment contract requirements refer to all the stipulations necessary for a valid and enforceable employment contract. These requirements may differ

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due to local labour laws, industry regulations, or even specific employeremployee requirements.

These clauses are present in most employment contracts:

Job Description and Duties: In this clause, you ought to include specificinformationaboutanemployee’sposition,title,androles,aswell as any other specific tasks or duties expected of them.

CompensationandBenefits:Theclausemustcontaindetailslikewhat salary an employee gets paid, extra benefits given (for example, medical insurance),whenonegetspaid,aswellashowtheyreceivetheirpayslips.

Work Schedule and Hours: If this is provided in the agreement, then it will give time limits for working hours per week for employees with overtime provisions. Otherwise, it can specify working days, including normal working hours, without any overtime provision.

Probationary Period: A probationary period may also be included in a contract of employment where the employer assesses the ability of an employee before confirming their permanent status at work.

Termination and Notice Period: The rules regarding termination of employment, notice periods required by both parties, plus conditions under which either party can end up terminating without notice are all contained in this clause.

Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure: This clause could concern confidentiality related to trade secrets or sensitive information in case such issues occur during their course of duty.

Intellectual Property Rights: Furthermore, ownership rights are often outlined within agreements alongside assignment-to-licensing ofintellectualpropertyifsuchpatentswereacquiredbyemployeeswhile still being employed.

Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation Agreements: Employees may sometimesberequiredto agreeto notsolicitcustomersforthe benefit of a competitor upon resignation or termination. They typically limit where a former employee may work within a specific geographic region.

Dispute Resolution: Sometimes, the agreement may indicate how to solve disputes, which could include legal processes, arbitration, or mediation.

There are some clear advantages as well as drawbacks to having an employment contract in place. Advantages of employment contracts are the following: clearly defined duties and benefits; protection of both employers and employees; stability. The primary drawback ofanemploymentcontractisthatitlimitstheemployer’sandemployee’s

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flexibility.Boththeemployerandemployeearelegallyboundtotheterms ofthecontract,anditcannotbechangedwithoutrenegotiatingtheterms.

Based on (https://www.contractscounsel.com/t/us/employmentContractCounsel-contract)

9.Findthecorrectclauseheadingfromthetextforeachofemployment contract1. Employerclausesgivenshallbemploylow: Employee as a senior office manager on a full time basis under this Agreement. In this capacity, Employee shall have the following duties and undertake the following responsibilities ….

2. Employee’s employment under this Agreement shall begin on [DATE] and will terminate on [DATE].]

3. Employee’s probation period shall be 3 months, starting from the first day of Employee’s employment. In the event that Employee fails to pass the probation period, Employer may terminate this Agreement immediately by giving notice to Employee.

4. As compensation for theservices provided by theEmployee under this Agreement, Employer will pay Employee 15 $ per hour. Theamount will be paid to the Employee once a week on the first day of each week.

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5.EmployeeagreesandcovenantsduringthetermofthisAgreement and for a period of 12 months following the voluntary or involuntary termination of Employee’s employment, not to:

a. Provide goods or services which directly or indirectly compete with Company;

b. Invest either directly or indirectly in a business that directly or indirectly competes with Company;

6.TheEmployeemayterminatethisAgreementandtheiremployment at any time by giving 14 days’ notice in writing to Employer.

0. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements

of the employer and the employee, the job title, start date.

8. Work Schedule and Hours Clause outlining the working hours, breaks,andovertimepolicyofthecompanydoesnotneedtocomplywith relevant labour laws as the parties have the right to agree otherwise.

TEXT 3

11.Read the text quickly and name all the types of a) voluntary and

b)involuntaryterminationofemployment:

TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT:

TerminationRIGHTS,of employmentTYPES, ANDrefersLEGALtoCONSIDERATIONSthe departure of an employee from a job and the subsequent ending of their employment contract.

Thiscanhappenvoluntarilybytheemployee(resignation)orinvoluntarily bytheemployer(dismissal).

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