Английский язык для магистрантов гражданско-правовое направление. Учебное пособие

3.What is the difference between structured and unstructured abstracts?

4.What problems can arise when an abstract is being translated?

3.StudyandmemorizethewordsandphrasesinTable1.

TABLE 1. ACADEMIC STYLE PHRASES

USED IN ABSTRACTS

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5.TranslatethephrasesисследованияinboldintoRussian:,касающиесяхарактеристики гражданскихThispaperправонарушенийaddresses в судебных решениях.

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обрисовать социальный контекст правонарушенийThe goal wasв соответствииto с судебной практикой.

четырех ключевых темах, чтобы изучить, как нарушенияWe focusedавторскогоon права определяются в судебной практике.

для анализа 265 судебныхA mixedрешений-methodsпо деламapproachо нарушенииwas utilizedусловий договора.

что большинство гражданских дел составляютThe resultsимущественныеrevealed споры.

6. Abstract 1 bellow follows the IMRD format. For your convenience the abstract is divided into corresponding paragraphs, although on a real journal page you will most likely see a solid text, not divided into logical parts. Read the abstract carefully and study each section paying attention

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7.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoRussian.

8.Read Abstract 2. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

ofthepartsaremissing.

TheAbstractarea2of the regulatory, theoretical and practical foundations of developing a corporate liability category is attracting considerable interestbecauseofthegapsexistinginlegalguidelinesrelatedtothelegal natureofthisliability.Theessenceofcorporateliabilityliesinthefactthat it arises in relative corporate relations associated with the management oflegalpersons.Thenormativebasisofcorporateliabilityistheselection in p. 1 of Art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of corporate relations as an independent variety of civil law relations associated with participation in corporate organizations or with their management. The regulatory framework ofcorporate liability isalso the special nature oflegalsourcesprovidingforcorrespondingliability:thesearethenorms of legislation on legal entities, corporate acts, and acorporate agreement related to the management of a legal entity. The theoretical basis for identifying the corporate liability category is the relativity of corporate management duties established by corporate law, the violation of which causes harm and the violation of the subjective civil rights of other participants of civil turnover. The purpose of the article is to justify the need to develop a separate category of corporate liability in civil law. The approach is based on general methods of study (analysis and synthesis,inductionanddeduction,systemanalysis)andmethodsoflegal science (methods of comparative law, literal, systematic, teleological and historical interpretation of legal norms). The article reveals the practical grounds for identifying the corporate liability category which are expressed in the absence of uniform judicial practice in resolving several keyissuesfortheprosecutionofparticipantsofcorporaterelations.These include issues of correlation of norms on corporate, tort, contractual liability, on the liability of controlling persons in bankruptcy, on public liability of a legal entity. Also unresolved in practice are questions about determining the legal nature of the liability of controlling persons in bankruptcy; on the content of the fiduciary duty to act in good faith and reasonably intheinterests ofalegal entity. Aspecial set ofprinciples of corporate liability is proposed (the principle of separate property liability, principles of specialty, personalization and differentiation) and

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the reasons for their establishment. Based on the study of the Russian doctrine and judicial practice a number of conclusions and proposals were prepared regarding the essence of corporate liability and necessity of its allocation in a separate civil category.

DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2019.4.4.30

9.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoRussian.

10.Would you like to read the whole paper to make a reference to it inyourresearch?Giveyourreasons.

11.Read Abstract 3. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

ofthepartsaremissing.

ВAbstractстатье3раскрываются нормативные, теоретические и практические основания разработки категории корпоративной ответственности. Существо корпоративной ответственности в том, что она возникает в относительных корпоративных отношениях, связанных с управлением юридическими лицами. Нормативным ее основанием выступает выделение в п. 1 ст. 2 ГК РФ корпоративных отношений как самостоятельной разновидности граждан- ско-правовых отношений, связанных с участием в корпоративных организациях или с управлением ими. Нормативным основанием корпоративной ответственности является также особый характер правовых источников, предусматривающих соответствующую ответственность: это нормы законодательства о юридических лицах, корпоративные акты, корпоративный договор, связанный с управлением юридическим лицом. Теоретическим основанием выделения категории корпоративной ответственности является относительность корпоративных управленческих обязанностей, установленных нормами корпоративного права, нарушение которых влечет причинение вреда и нарушение субъективных гражданских прав других участников оборота. Целью статьи является обоснование необходимости разработки отдельной категории корпоративной ответственности в гражданском праве. Методологическуюосновуисследованиясоставилиобщенаучныеметоды(анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция, метод системного анализа) и методы юридической науки (втом числе сравнительного правоведения,

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буквального, систематического, телеологического и исторического толкования правовых норм). Исследование показало, что единообразие судебной практики врешении нескольких ключевых вопросов ответственности участников корпоративных отношений отсутствует. К ним относятся вопросы соотношения норм о корпоративной, деликтной, договорной ответственности, об ответственности контролирующих лиц при банкротстве, о публично-правовой ответственности юридического лица. Предлагается набор принципов корпоративной ответственности (раздельной имущественной ответственности, специалитета, персонализации и дифференциации) и обоснование их установления. На основе изучения российской доктрины и судебной практики подготовлен ряд выводов и предложений, касающихся существа корпоративной ответственности и необходимости ее выделения в отдельную гражданско-правовую категорию. Нерешенными на практике остаются вопросы об определении правовой природы ответственностиконтролирующих лиц прибанкротстве;осодержаниифидуциарнойобязанностидействовать добросовестно и разумно в интересах юридического лица, что требует дальнейшего исследования в данном направлении.

12.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoEnglish.

13. Read Abstract 4. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

ofthepartsaremissing.

HumanAbstractbeings4 are constantly pursuing the value of their lives, thus doing constant exploration of the field of biotechnology. Surgical robots are an inevitable product of the development of science and technology to a certain stage, and have been widely used in many fields such as medical surgery and diagnosis. While liberating doctors’ hands, it also poses a brand new challenge to the legal system. Along with the surgical robots are widely used in the field of medical treatment, and its related infringementincidentsgraduallyincreased,whichexposesthetraditional tort theory deficiencies, but also highlights the lagging of the traditional tort law system. Compared with the general tort relationship, surgical robots involved in the tort of damage is much more complex, including the subject of tort liability confirmation, tort liability fault determination and causal relationship determination. The issue of defining the subject

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oftortliabilityhasparticularlytriggeredaheateddebateintheacademic community. According to the previous research and the characteristics of surgical robots, the article will discuss the issue of tort liability of surgical robots causing human damage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v4n2.02 (https://wepub.org/index.php/IJSSPA/article/view/3561)

14.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoRussian.

15.Would you like to read the whole paper to make a reference to it inyourresearch?Giveyourreasons.

16.Read Abstract 5. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

ofthepartsaremissing.

By concluding5 a contract, parties intend to allocate the contractual riskAbstrabetween them. This means that parties must anticipate any future adverse result and determine whether aparty will have tocover any loss incurred by the other party as a result of performance or, more often, bad performance. In sales contracts, for example, parties may decide to exclude any liability for defects of goods, especially when selling used goods or for other reasons, or at least tolimit liability for some defects or to limit types of possible claims. Similarly, in mergers and acquisitions, partiesverystrictlydeterminewhatisknownbythesellerinadisclosure letter and give the buyer access to some information in a data room prior to the conclusion of the contract to limit liability to the unknown and the non-disclosed. CA Hill / BJM Quinn / SD Sollomon , Mergers and Acquisitions, Law, Theory, and Practice (2019) 372–403; R Tschäni / H-J Diem / M Wolf (eds), M&A-Transaktionen nach Schweizer Recht (3rd edn 2021) 209–215 (paras 420–431); O Duys/K Henrich in: W Hölters (ed), Handbuch Unternehmenskauf (8th edn 2015) ch 16, paras 16.108– 16.116.

For each party, much of contractual drafting boils down to limiting risk to the greatest extent possible, or at least to ensure compensation for any risk incurred. If parties are on an equal footing, this may lead to an equitable allocation of risk and a balanced contractual liability regime. Contractual limitations of liability are, therefore, part of this process of adequate allocation of risks.

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17.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoRussian.

18.Would you like to read the whole paper to make a reference to it inyourresearch?Giveyourreasons.

19.Read Abstract 6. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

ofthepartsaremissing.

TheAbstractauthors6 of the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) did not intendtoregulateindetailthestrictliabilityofamanufacturerfordamage caused by a defect in its product. While creating general principles of liability for damage caused otherwise than by breach ofan obligation, they had no need to refer to those problems for which uniform and detailed solutions already existed in the European Communities. Product liability was such aproblem (the only one inthe area of tort law, by the way). Given the existence of the 1985 Product Liability Directive, there was no need tolook for an answer to the issue of the victim’s claim against theproducer inthePETL’s provisions on strict liability (art 5:101 PETL) or on fault-based undertaking liability (art 4:202 PETL). However, theneedforthishasemergedinrecentyears.Astechnologyandbusiness models have developed, new possibilities of harm to users of products (in the broad sense of the latter term) and third parties have emerged, which seem to call for the liability of the manufacturer or commercial intermediaries. This liability, however, cannot be based on 1985 Product Liability Directive (PLD) provisions. The question therefore arises whether the Principles adopted in2005 would be asufficient foundation uponwhichsuchaliabilityrulecouldbebuilt.Thearticlediscussessome of these new damage scenarios and explains why neither the narrow approach to strict liability in PETL nor its fault-based enterprise liability

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20.Makealistofkeyacademicphrasesusedbytheauthorandtranslate themintoRussian.

21.Would you like to read the whole paper to make a reference to it inyourresearch?Giveyourreasons.

22.Read Abstract 7. Does it follow the IMRD format? If “YES”, indicate the sentences starting each part of the IMRD format, if “NO”, say which

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