Английский язык для бухгалтерского дела. English for Accounting. Учебное пособие

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Modals

Study the Table and do the exercises below.

THE PRINCIPAL PATTERNS OF THE MODAL VERBS USAGE

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Ex. 1. Translate into Russian, using the grammar Table for reference.

1.You can leave town at once.

2.But for this I could leave town at once.

3.You might at least leave town at once.

4.You should leave town at once, I think.

5.Shall I leave town at once?

6.You’ll have to leave town at once.

7.You can’ t leave town at once.

8.Can he have left town at once?

9.He can’t have left town at once.

10.May I leave town at once?

11.You are to leave town at once and wait for us at the camp.

12.You should have left town at once.

13.You needn’t have left town at once.

14.You needn’t leave town at once.

15.He must have left town at once.

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16.Could you leave town at once?

17.I must leave town at once.

18.Why should he leave town at once?

19.He may leave town at once.

20.He had to leave town at once.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with “can”, “could” or “be able to”.

Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

1.Oh dear, I (not)... remember her address.

2.Where are the keys? I (not)... find them last night.

3.The show is very popular but luckily I... get two seats for Saturday.

4.It’s nice... sleep late on Sundays.

5.My sister (not)... swim until she was eleven.

6.I lost all my money but fortunately I ... borrow some from my friends.

7.He ... drive a car when he was sixteen.

8.Mary moved to New York last month, so she will ... see her parents more often.

9.The exam was very easy. I ... do all the questions.

10.10. If we are lucky we ... see the whole match.

11.I’d like to ... speak a little but of every language.

12.I went to the library, Mrs. Price, but I ... (not) find the book you wanted.

13.He ... find a good answer if you ask him tonight.

14.Olaf ... speak English better after he had more classes.

Ex. 3. Complete with “mustn’t” or “don’t (doesn’t) have to”.

1.I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I ... work.

2.You … forget what I told you. It’s very important.

3.I ... leave yet. I’ve got plenty of time.

4.She ... get up so early. She gets up early because she prefers to.

Ex. 4. Complete with “must” or “have to”/ “had to”.

1.You really ... work harder if you want to pass that examination.

2.We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We ... take it to a garage.

3.I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I ... work late.

4.I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I ... work late.

5.Ann was feeling ill last night. She ... leave the party.

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Ex. 5. Complete with “must”, “mustn’t” or “needn’t”.

1.We’ve got a lot of time. We ... hurry.

2.Tom gave me a letter to post. I ... forget to post it.

3.Do you want me to wait for you? - OK. You ... wait.

4.You ... come if you don’t want to but I hope you will.

5.We have enough time so we ... go shopping today.

6.This book is very valuable. You ... look after it carefully. You ... lose it.

Ex. 6. Translate into English:

1.Ты сможешь помочь мне по математике сегодня вечером? - Боюсь, что нет. Мне предстоит поехать в аэропорт встретить своего приятеля.

2.Я должен поторопиться. Аня и я договорились встретиться в институте в 10 часов.

3.Не надо вставать так рано. Ты сможешь все сделать, если встанешь на час позже.

4.Можно мне просмотреть эти журналы? - Боюсь, что нет. Я должна показать их директору. Вы сможете взять их только после обеда.

5.Я напряженно работал и смог завершить работу в срок.

6.Я не могу пойти с вами в театр. Мне придется задержаться на работе до 8.

7.Мне не пришлось посылать ей телеграмму. Она позвонила сама. 8. Тебе пришлось долго ждать? - Около часа.

8.Поторопитесь. Пароход должен отправиться в 7.00.

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Read Text B and do the tasks given after it. Make up questions

on the text for your groupmates to answer. Use these answers for making up a summary of the text.

Text B

OPENING AN ACCOUNT. THE LEDGER

The first step is to open a ledger account for each item in the balance sheet. The value of each asset is placed on the debit side of its own account, while the values of capital and any liabilities are placed on the credit side of their accounts. The date will be that of the balance sheet

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from which we have taken the figures and in the details column each entry can be described by the term “balance”. For the time being we will not bother giving each account a page number as the use of the folio column for cross-referencing will be dealt with later. Apart from the fact that they wouldn’t be condensed together on one page, the ledger accounts will then

As you know a balance sheet is a reflection of the book-keeping equation: assets = capital + liabilities. If all the assets are now entered on the debit side of their ledger accounts while the capital and liabilities are placed on the credit side of their accounts, it follows that the total value of all the debit balances must equal the total value of all the credit balances.

It is important, however, not to confuse balance sheets with ledger accounts. Use the terms debit and credit to refer to the left and right hand side of ledger accounts. Do not use these terms when referring to a balance sheet. A balance sheet is an accounting statement not a ledger account.

Book-keeping is the part of accounting concerned with recording transactions. The main book used to record these transactions is known as the ledger. At one time all ledgers were bound volumes. Today loose-leaf paper, ledger cards and computer-based systems are also used. Whatever

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the means used to record transactions, the principles and methods are basically the same.

The ledger contains accounts of each asset and liability of the business as well as the capital of the owner. The word “account” is usually

still used in some texts to describe the left-hand side of the page.

The right-hand side is known as the credit side and is abbreviated to

'Cr.'

The word “credit” has different meanings in other contexts. When referring to ledger accounts, though it is simply the right-hand side of the account.

The name of the account is written at the top of the page, which is numbered for reference purposes.

Some accounts will require more pages than others. The loose-leaf system provides useful flexibility in such circumstances.

The columns on the debit side are the same as on the credit side. There is space to record the date, brief details and the amount of money involved in a transaction. The folio column is used mainly to provide a cross-reference system.

Cash account

I.Match the terms (1-5) with their explanations (a-e).

1.ledger

2.cash account

3.debtor

4.folio

5.double-entry

a.way of recording financial transactions that requires two entries for every transaction so that the accounting equation remains in balance.

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b.one of the books of financial entry.

c.the number of a single page in a journal or of a pair of facing pages in a ledger.

d.a term used to describe the lift-hand side of the ledger page.

e.account in which all cash receipts and payments are recorded.

II. Answer the following questions:

How is the main book used to record transactions called? What other systems of recording transactions are used today? How many sides has each page in the ledger?

III. Guess the meaning of the following international words: computer-based, principles, methods, abbreviation, cards, detail,

system.

IV. Find: a. three attributes for the word “system”, b. four attributes for the word “side” in Text B.

V. Define what parts of speech the following words belong to; translate them:

recording, bound, loose, means, a recode, clearly, numbered, purposes, circumstances, whatever, as, top.

* * *

Translate Text C into Russian in 45 minutes in writing. Use the

dictionary. Answer the question: What does the profit and loss account reveal?

Text C

THE NEED FOR ACCOUNTING

Most people associate accounting with the world of business. To see what it involves we can divide it into three parts.

First, it concerns the recording of transactions. This aspect is known as book-keeping because, at one time, most records or accounts were kept in books. Second, it involves reporting to people wanting information about the state of the business. This is called financial accounting because

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such reporting provides information in monetary or financial terms. Third, it is associated with controlling what is happening within a business. This is generally known as management accounting because managers are the people responsible for making the decisions which control what goes on.

Financial accounting is of vital importance to any firm. The owner will need to know how successful he is. This can be shown best by preparing a profit and loss account4, which measures the amount of profit or loss made in a particular period of time, usually a year. The owner is not the only one who will be interested in what it reveals. The Inspector of Taxes will want to know. People who own businesses do not pay tax weekly or monthly as do employees under the “pay-as-you-earn” scheme.

Their tax is assessed according to the amount of profit earned each year. The owner would also like to know how much his business is worth.

One way of showing this is by preparing a balance sheet5. This shows the financial position of the business at a particular moment of time. In this respect it differs from the profit and loss account which covers a period of time.

4profit and loss account - отчёт о прибылях и убытках

5balance sheet - балансовый отчёт

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UNIT IV

Text for Study: A Balance Sheet (Text A)

Grammar Guide: The Infinitive

Supplementary Reading:

The Income Statements (Text B);

Share Capital (Тext C).

PRE-TEXT TASKS

I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words from text A and memorize them.

1.fiscal ['fIsk(q)l] - финансовый

2.alter ['O:ltq] - изменять, изменяться

3.particular [pq'tIkjVlq] - особый, особенный

4.fixtures ['fIksCqz] - оборудование, принадлежности

5.decrease ['di:kri:s] - уменьшать, понижать

6.accumulate [q'kju:mjVleIt] - накапливать

7.government ['gAvnmqnt'] - правительство

8.onsecutive [kqn'sekjVtIv] - последовательный

9.annual ['xnjVql] - ежегодный, годовой

10.proprietor [prq'praIqtq] - собственник

11.manufacturing ["mxnjV'fxktS(q)rIN] - производство

12.frequency ['fri:kwqnsI] - частота

13.conclusion [kqn'klu:Z(q)n] - заключение

II. Study the meaning of the word combinations.

1.to draw up a statement - составлять отчет

2.to make transactions - совершать сделки

3.business and government bodies - деловые и правительственные учреждения

4.a fiscal year that runs - финансовый год, который длится

5.as if it were static - как если бы оно было неизменным

6.interested parties - заинтересованные стороны

7.decrease in value - снижение объёма

8.lead to the conclusion - привести к заключению

III. Read the following international words and define their meaning without a dictionary:

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accumulate, management, financial, summarize, balance, position, company, elements, corporation, classify, categories, condition, calendar, cycle, fiscal, manufacture.

IV. Look through Text A and find the words and word combinations which are equivalent to the following.

1.период наибольших продаж

2.полный годовой цикл

3.балансовый отчёт

4.капитал собственника

5.финансовое положение

V. Find antonyms among the following words:

assets, disbalance, decrease, dynamic, often, narrow, suitable, latent, liabilities, equation, increase, static, seldom, expand, similar, unsuitable, evident.

* * *

Readafter it.Text A for detailed understanding and do the task given

Text A

A BALANCE SHEET

When a new business starts it is a good idea to draw up a statement showing its financial position. One way of doing this is in the form of a balance sheet. Look carefully at the following statement.

Balance sheet of Valuemart as at 1 July 2000

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