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Radiotechnical Communication Components. Радиотехнические средства связи. Учебное пособие

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The

questions

discussed

were

Обсуждавшиеся вопросы были весь-

quite important. – The questions

ма важными. – Вопросы, обсуждав-

discussed at the meeting were

шиеся на собрании, были весьма

quite important. – The questions

важными. – Вопросы, которые об-

that were discussed at the meeting

суждались на собрании, были весьма

were quite important.

 

важными.

 

 

Participle

construction

after

Причастный оборот после суще-

noun

 

 

 

 

ствительного

 

Participle

constructions in the

Причастные

обороты

в функции

function of attributes stand after

определений стоят после существи-

the nouns that they modify. For

тельных, которые они определяют.

example:

 

 

 

Например:

 

 

I talked to several people partici-

Я говорил с несколькими людьми,

pating in the project.

 

участвующими в проекте.

Active and passive meanings of

Активные и страдательные значе-

Participles

 

 

 

ния причастий

 

In the function of attributes, pre-

В функции определений, причастия

sent

participles

express

active

настоящего времени выражают ак-

meaning, and past participles ex-

тивное значение, а причастия про-

press passive meaning.

 

шедшего времени выражают страда-

 

 

 

 

 

тельное значение.

 

In a number of cases there are no

В ряде случаев нет соответствующих

corresponding Russian participles

русских причастий с активным и

with active and passive meaning,

страдательным значением, например,

for example, in the case of "bor-

в случае "boring, bored". Сравните эти

ing,

bored".

Compare

these

предложения:

 

sentences:

 

 

 

 

 

 

His attitude is annoying.

 

Его отношение раздражающее.

She looks annoyed.

 

Она выглядит раздражённой.

Some past participles in the func-

Некоторые

причастия

прошедшего

tion of attributes can express ac-

времени в функции определения мо-

tive meaning. For example: ad-

гут выражать активное значение.

vanced students; experienced

Например: продвинутые студенты;

users; developed countries; in-

развитые страны; опытные пользова-

creased activity.

 

 

тели; возросшая активность.

41

Participles as adverbial modi

Причастия как обстоятельства

fiers

 

 

 

 

 

Participles in the function of ad-

Причастия в функции обстоятельств

verbial modifiers (of time, reason,

(времени, причины, образа действия,

manner,

accompanying

circum-

сопутствующих обстоятельств и т. д.)

stances, etc.) are usually found in

обычно встречаются в

причастных

participle

constructions,

though

оборотах, хотя одиночные причастия

single participles are also quite

тоже вполне возможны. Отрицатель-

possible.

The negative

particle

ная частица "not" ставится перед

"not" is placed before the partici-

причастием. Причастные обороты в

ple. Participle constructions in the

функции

обстоятельств

употребля-

function

of adverbial modifiers

ются в основном в письменной речи.

are used mostly in writing.

 

 

 

 

Having finished my work, I went

Закончив

работу, я пошёл домой.

home. (After I finished my work,

(После того, как я закончил работу,

I went home.)

 

я пошёл домой.)

 

Not knowing what to expect, she

Не зная, чего ожидать, она боялась

was afraid to open the door.

открыть дверь.

 

Surprised by his strange decision,

Удивлённые его странным решением,

his friends tried to talk him out

его друзья пытались отговорить его

of it.

 

 

от этого.

 

 

Prepositions and conjunctions

Предлоги и союзы в форме прича-

in the form of participles

стий

Some prepositions and conjunc-

Некоторые предлоги и союзы имеют

tions are in the form of partici-

форму причастий. Например: con-

ples. For

example: concerning,

cerning, considering, including, not-

considering,

including, notwith-

withstanding, owing to, judging from,

standing, owing to, judging from,

provided that, regarding, supposing.

provided that, regarding, supposing.

 

Owing to the rain, the game was

Из-за дождя игра была отложена.

postponed. Considering the price,

Принимая во внимание цену, этот

this table is a good buy.

стол – удачная покупка.

Absolute Participle Construc

Самостоятельный причастный обо

tion

рот

The

absolute participle construc-

Самостоятельный причастный оборот

tion

has its own subject and can

имеет своё собственное подлежащее

42

stand at the beginning or at the

и может стоять в начале или в конце

end of the sentence.

 

предложения.

 

 

 

Nobody knowing what to do, we

Так как никто не знал, что делать, мы

decided to do nothing.

 

решили ничего не делать.

 

Sydney is the largest city in Aus-

Сидней – самый большой город в Ав-

tralia, with Melbourne being the

стралии, а Мельбурн – второй по ве-

second largest.

 

личине.

 

 

 

 

Our work finished, we said good-

Так как наша работа была закончена,

bye and left.

 

мы попрощались и ушли.

 

Participles in constructions with

Причастия

в

конструкциях

со

Complex Object

 

сложным дополнением

 

In sentences like "I saw him

В предложениях типа "I saw him

crossing the street. I had my car

crossing the street. I had my car

washed.", the constructions "him

washed.", конструкции "him crossing;

crossing; car washed" are often

car washed" часто называются "Com-

called "Complex Object".

plex Object" (сложное дополнение).

Present Participle in construc-

Причастие настоящего времени в

tions with Complex Object

конструкциях со сложным допол-

 

 

нением

 

 

 

 

Constructions after

verbs of

Конструкции после глаголов чув-

sense perception

 

ственного восприятия

 

 

The present participle is used in

Причастие настоящего времени упо-

constructions with complex object

требляется в конструкциях со слож-

after the verbs of sense perception

ным дополнением после глаголов чув-

"hear, see, watch, observe, notice,

ственного

восприятия

"hear,

see,

feel" to indicate the action in pro-

watch, observe, notice, feel", чтобы по-

gress. For example:

 

казать действие в процессе. Например:

I saw him locking the door.

Я видел, как он запирал дверь.

 

The infinitive in such construc-

Инфинитив

в

таких

конструкциях

tions usually expresses a complet-

обычно выражает законченное дей-

ed action, but if the verb is of con-

ствие, но если глагол продолженного

tinuing nature, the infinitive can

характера, инфинитив может выра-

express the action in

progress. жать действие в процессе. Сравните:

Compare:

 

 

 

 

 

 

I saw him crossing the street. –

Я видел, как он переходил улицу. –

I saw him cross the street.

Я видел, как он перешёл улицу.

 

43

Past Participle in constructions Причастие прошедшего времени в with Complex Object конструкциях со сложным дополнением

Constructions after "see, hear,

Конструкции после "see, hear, want,

want, consider"

consider"

 

 

 

The past participle is used in con-

Причастие прошедшего времени упо-

structions with complex object to

требляется в конструкциях со слож-

show that the person or thing in-

ным дополнением, чтобы показать,

dicated by the object undergoes

что лицо или предмет, указанный до-

the action indicated by the parti-

полнением,

подвергается

действию

ciple.

причастия.

 

 

 

He saw his bags put into the trunk

Он видел,

как

его вещи

положили

of a large car.

в багажник большого автомобиля.

She saw several participants regis-

Она видела, как нескольких участни-

tered during the conference.

ков зарегистрировали во время кон-

 

ференции.

 

 

 

We heard her name mentioned

Мы слышали, как её имя упоминали

during the discussion.

во время дискуссии.

 

He wants it done as soon as pos-

Он хочет, чтобы это было сделано

sible.

как можно скорее.

 

I consider this matter closed.

Я считаю этот вопрос закрытым.

Construction "have something

Конструкция

"have

something

done"

done"

 

 

 

In such constructions the past par-

Втаких конструкциях прошедшего

ticiple is used after the verb

времени употребляется после глагола

"have" to show that the action is

"have", чтобы показать, что действие

performed for you by someone,

выполняется для вас кем-то, обычно

usually at your request.

по вашей просьбе

 

She got her TV repaired.

Ей починили телевизор.

 

In some cases the action ex-

в некоторых случаях, действие, вы-

pressed by the participle after the

раженное причастием после глагола

verb "have" is performed not at

"have" в таких конструкциях, совер-

your request, the action may be

шается не по вашей просьбе, дей-

unpleasant.

ствие может быть неприятным.

She had her purse stolen yesterday.

У неё вчера украли кошелёк.

44

6. Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.

1.The scientist working at this design is well known.

2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.

3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.

4.Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

5.Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.

6.Being cooled water turns into ice.

7.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.

8.Transistors contain no moving parts.

9.The scientist is carrying on an important research,

10.Developing the new method they achieved good results.

7. Translate the following sentences.

1.Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.

2.When making the experiment he made notes.

3.The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current.

4.This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.

5.Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.

6.Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year.

7.While being checked the motor showed good performance.

8.The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.

9.Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.

8. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.

Example:

While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

45

1.When he was translating the article he used a dictionary.

2.While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.

3.When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.

4.While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful.

5.When the engineer was improving the design he made many calcula-

tions.

6.While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.

7.When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.

One more example:

The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

1.The scientist who is working at the method is well known.

2.These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.

3.The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.

4.The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.

5.The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties.

Speaking

9.Divide text A into logical parts and find the topical sentence of each part.

10.Tell the story of transistors and semiconductor devices using the topical sentences.

Writing

11. Write the summary of the text "Transistors and Semiconductor Devices".

46

Lesson 5. Integrated Circuits

Preview

Before you read

1.What is an integrated circuit?

2.Why do integrated circuits tend to be restricted to low power applica-

tions?

 

Vocabulary

 

 

 

 

 

word

translation

1

integrated circuit

интегральная схема

2

resistor

резистор

3

capacitor

конденсатор, емкость

4

package, case

корпус

5

lead

ввод, вывод

6infinitesimally small бесконечно малые члены выражения terms

7

chip (die)

чип, кристаллик

8

to tend

иметь тенденцию

9

cost

цена, стоимость

10

common

широко распространенный; общепринятый

11

thinand thick-film ICs

тонкопленочные и толстопленочные инте-

 

 

гральные схемы (ИС)

12

simultaneously

одновременно, совместно

13

complete

полный

14

performance

производительность, эффективность, каче-

 

 

ство функционирования

15

design

проект, конструкция

 

 

 

16

to design

проектировать, конструировать, разрабаты-

 

 

вать

17

evaluate

оценивать

18

to bring about

вызывать, быть причиной

19

discrete component

дискретный компонент

20SSI (small-scale inteмалая интегральная схема gration)

47

21

MSI (medium-scale

средняя интегральная схема

 

integration)

 

22

LSI (large-scale inte-

большая интегральная схема

gration)

Reading

1. Read the text.

Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit (IС) is a collection of interconnected transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors mounted in one package or case with as many as fourteen leads.

The word "integrated" does not refer to the mathematical process of adding together an infinite number of infinitesimally small terms, but rather to the fact that all transistors, diodes, and resistors are formed from a single piece of semiconductor material called a "chip" or a “die”.* If only one chip is present in the case, the IС is called "monolithic"; if several chips are mounted inside the case the IС is called "hybrid". Some integrated circuits contain several thousand transistors and resistors, and so extreme miniaturization is possible.

Because of their extremely small size, integrated circuits tend to be restricted to low power applications. Their small size, however, does enable them to operate at high frequencies. The cost of an IC is considerably less than the total cost of the separate components. Monolithic ICs are by far the most common, but there are other kinds. Thin-film and thick-film ICs are larger than monolithic ICs but smaller than discrete circuits. With a thinor thick-film IС, the.passive components like resistors and capacitors are integrated simultaneously on a substrate. Then, discrete active components like transistors and diodes are connected to form a complete circuit. Therefore, commercially available thinand thick-film circuits are combinations of integrated and discrete components. If only a few components have been integrated to form the complete circuit it is an example of small-scale integration (SSI). As a guide SSI refers to ICs with less than 12 integrated components.

Medium-scale integration (MSI) refers to ICs that have from 12 to 100 integrated components per chip. Large-scale integration (LSI) refers to more than a hundred components.

48

The IС is becoming more important as a component to be used in the design of electronic equipment, not only in equipment that must be small and light in weight, but where reliability and performance are demanded. In many areas of application particularly in digital computers, the IС provides more economical designs.

A number of important new developments are being evaluated both in the laboratory and in limited product usage. Some of these promise to bring about significant changes in the way microcircuits arc designed and used.

After-reading tasks

2. Answer the questions.

1.What is an integrated circuit?

2.What does the word 'integrated' mean?

3.What types of integrated circuits are known to you?

4.What is large scale integration?

5.How can commercially available thinand thick-film circuits be characterized?

Word Building

3. Give the initial words of the following derivatives

Example:

agreement – to agree

1.regulation

2.instruction

3.communication

4.technological

5.considerable

6.generation

7.separately

8.production

9.industrial

10.historic

11.logical

12.researcher

49

Grammar

4. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the phenomenon was explained

2.astronomy is studying

3.the telescope is built;

4.the power plants were being controlled

5.the observation shows

6.the energy was converted

7.the data will be checked

Speaking

5.Make the outline of the text. Speak about integrated circuits.

Writing

6.Write the summary of the text "Integrated Circuits".

Lesson 6. Lasers and Masers

Preview

Before you read

1.What is a laser?

2.Can you say a few words about a maser?

 

Vocabulary

 

 

 

 

 

word

translation

1

laser

лазер

2

maser

мазер

3

amplification

усиление, амплификация

4

emission

излучение

5

a bit like

немного напоминающий

6

is operated on the same principle

работает на том же принципе

7

1.000 times more sensitive

в 1000 раз более чувствительный

8

intense

интенсивный

9

neutron

нейтрон

10

liquid

жидкость, жидкий

50

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