Radiotechnical Communication Components. Радиотехнические средства связи. Учебное пособие
.pdfadjectives and participles: advisaприлагательных и причастий: advisable, amazing, awful, bad, convenble, amazing, awful, bad, convenient, ient, careless, correct, cruel, dancareless, correct, cruel, dangerous, degerous, desirable, difficult, easy, sirable, difficult, easy, foolish, funny, foolish, funny, good, great, hard, good, great, hard, helpful, important, helpful, important, impossible, impossible, interesting, intolerable, interesting, intolerable, natural, natural, necessary, nice, pleasant, posnecessary, nice, pleasant, possible, sible, reasonable, ridiculous, silly, reasonable, ridiculous, silly, strange, surprising, terrible, unbearable, strange, surprising, terrible, unundesirable, unnecessary, unpleasant, bearable, undesirable, unnecessary, unreasonable, useful, useless, wise, unpleasant, unreasonable, useful, wonderful, wrong.
useless, wise, wonderful, wrong.
It is nice to meet you.
It is useless to talk to him. It is hard to be a doctor.
It was dangerous to stay there.
The infinitive in this construction is used after various nouns, for example, after "duty, fun, idea, mistake, pleasure, surprise, thing, time".
It's a good idea to invite John.
Приятно познакомиться с вами. Бесполезно говорить с ним. Трудно быть врачом.
Было опасно оставаться там.
Инфинитив в этой конструкции употребляется после различных существительных, например, после "duty, fun, idea, mistake, pleasure, surprise, thing, time".
Это хорошая мысль – пригласить Джона.
It is time to leave. |
Пора уходить. |
It was a surprise to hear such |
Было удивительно слышать такие |
words. |
слова. |
It was a terrible thing to say. |
Было ужасно сказать такое. |
FOR + noun / pronoun + |
FOR + существительное / место- |
infinitive |
имение + инфинитив |
The action indicated by the infinitive usually refers to the subject or to the object. Compare: I'm planning to visit her. – I asked him to visit her.
Действие, указанное инфинитивом, обычно относится к подлежащему или дополнению. Сравните: Я планирую навестить её. – Я попросил его навестить её.
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In some sentences, the action indicated by the infinitive does not refer either to the subject or to the object: For example: It is pleasant to walk in the park. The tea was too hot to drink.
If it is necessary in such sentences to indicate the person to whom the action of the infinitive refers, add "for + noun / pronoun" before the infinitive. For example: It is pleasant for me to walk in the park. The tea was too hot for the children to drink.
Examples:
It was important for Victor to be present at the meeting.
It is difficult for him to live alone. It is easy for her to learn English. This is not for us to decide.
In some cases, "of + noun / pronoun" is used before the infinitive to indicate the person to whom the action of the infinitive refers. For example: It was very nice of you to bring her flowers. It was inconsiderate of him to ask her such questions.
Infinitive of purpose
The infinitive is often used as an adverbial modifier of purpose. In this function the infinitive may be preceded by "in order" or "so as".
В некоторых предложениях действие, указанное инфинитивом, не относится ни к подлежащему, ни к дополнению. Например: Приятно гулять в парке. Чай был слишком горячим, чтобы его пить.
Если нужно в таких предложениях указать лицо, к которому относится действие инфинитива, добавьте for + существительное / местоимение перед инфинитивом. Например: Мне приятно гулять в парке. Чай был слишком горячим, чтобы дети могли его пить.
Примеры:
Для Виктора было важно присутствовать на собрании.
Ему трудно жить одному.
Ей легко изучать английский язык. Это не нам решать.
В некоторых случаях перед инфинитивом употребляется of + существительное / местоимение, чтобы указать, к кому относится действие инфинитива. Например: Было очень любезно с вашей стороны принести ей цветы. Было неделикатно с его стороны задавать ей такие вопросы.
Инфинитив цели
Инфинитив часто употребляется как обстоятельство цели. В этой функции перед инфинитивом может сто-
ять "in order" или "so as".
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He went to London in order to Он поехал в Лондон, чтобы изучать study English. английский язык.
She came here to study. He did it to help her.
Она приехала сюда учиться. Он сделал это, чтобы помочь ей.
Press Enter to start the installation. |
Нажмите Enter, чтобы начать уста- |
|
новку. |
For emphasis, the infinitive of |
Для усиления, инфинитив цели ино- |
purpose is sometimes placed at the |
гда ставится в начале предложения. |
beginning of the sentence. |
|
To understand his stories, you |
Чтобы понять его рассказы, вам |
need to know where he grew up. |
нужно знать, где он вырос. |
Infinitive of consequence |
Инфинитив следствия |
The infinitive is also used as an ad- |
Инфинитив также употребляется как |
verbial modifier of consequence, |
обстоятельство следствия, с наречи- |
with the adverbs "too" and "enough". |
ями "too" и "enough". |
I was too tired to notice it. |
Я слишком устал, чтобы заметить |
|
это. |
It is too late to call him now. |
Слишком поздно звонить ему сей- |
|
час. |
He is too young to be a manager. |
Он слишком молод, чтобы быть ме- |
|
неджером. |
She is old enough to understand it. |
Она достаточно взрослая, чтобы по- |
|
нять это. |
I don't know this subject well |
Я знаю этот предмет не настолько |
enough to discuss it with you. |
хорошо, чтобы обсуждать его с вами. |
Other infinitive constructions |
Другие инфинитивные конструк- |
|
ции |
In speech and writing of general character, the infinitive is not used as the predicate. But there are some constructions in which the infinitive may serve as the predicate.
В устной и письменной речи общего характера инфинитив не употребляется как сказуемое. Но есть некоторые конструкции, в которых инфинитив может служить сказуемым.
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The infinitive without the particle |
Инфинитив без частицы "to" может |
"to" may be used as the predicate |
употребляться как сказуемое в во- |
in interrogative sentences begin- |
просительных предложениях, начи- |
ning with "Why" and expressing |
нающихся с "Why" и выражающих |
suggestion, usually in everyday |
предложение-побуждение, обычно в |
speech. |
разговорной речи. |
Why pay more than necessary? Why not wait a little?
Зачем платить больше, чем нужно? Почему бы не подождать немного?
The infinitive with the particle "to" Инфинитив с частицей "to" может may be used as the predicate in the употребляться как сказуемое в значеmeaning close to the meaning of нии, близком к значению фразы the phrase BE TO expressing BE TO, выражающей сильное ожидаstrong expectation that some acние, что какое-то действие произойtion is going to happen according дёт согласно правилам, договоренноto rules, agreements, plans, and the стям, планам и т. п. Такое употребlike. Such use of the infinitive is ление инфинитива в основном встреmostly found in legal, commercial, чается в юридических, коммерческих or technical texts, in newspaper или технических текстах, в газетных articles and advertising materials. статьях и рекламных материалах.
Buyers to pay for ordered goods Покупатели должны оплатить закаupon delivery. (= Buyers are to занные товары после доставки.
pay for ordered goods upon delivery.)
Three new schools to open next year. (= Three new schools are to open next year.)
The same construction may be used as an infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence.
Goods are ordered by catalogue, buyers to pay for ordered goods upon delivery.
Registration lasts till September, applications to be submitted in person.
Три новые школы должны открыться в следующем году.
Такая же конструкция может употребляться как инфинитивный оборот в конце предложения.
Товары заказываются по каталогу, а покупатели должны оплатить заказанные товары после доставки.
Регистрация длится до сентября, причем заявления должны подаваться лично.
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Set expressions with infinitives
Set expressions containing infinitives, such as "needless to say; so to speak; to be quite frank; to make matters worse; to put it mildly; to say the least; to tell the truth", are used as parenthetical words. For example:
To be quite frank, I didn't want to lend him my books.
Needless to say, he lost my books.
Split infinitive
A split infinitive is a construction in which the adverb that modifies the infinitive is placed between the particle "to" and the infinitive. Split infinitives are quite common in informal English speech.
Generally, style manuals say that the particle "to" should not be separated from the infinitive without necessity, especially in writing.
For example, splitting the infinitive in the following sentences is considered unnecessary: They want to quickly sell the house. He seems to often complain about it. In such cases, it is better to use more typical constructions: They want to sell the house quickly. He seems to complain about it often.
Устойчивые выражения с инфинитивом
Устойчивые выражения, содержащие инфинитив, такие как "needless to say; so to speak; to be quite frank; to make matters worse; to put it mildly; to say the least; to tell the truth", упо-
требляются как вводные слова. Например:
Честно говоря, я не хотел давать ему мои книги.
Не стоит и говорить, что он потерял мои книги.
Разделённый инфинитив
Разделённый инфинитив – это конструкция, в которой наречие, которое определяет инфинитив, помещено между частицей "to" и инфинитивом. Разделённый инфинитив весьма часто встречается в разговорной английской речи.
В целом, справочники по стилю говорят, что частица "to" не должна быть отделена от инфинитива без необходимости, особенно в письменной речи.
Например, разделение инфинитива в следующих предложениях считается ненужным: They want to quickly sell the house. He seems to often complain about it. В таких случаях, лучше употребить более типичные конструк-
ции: They want to sell the house quickly. He seems to complain about it often. (Они хотят быстро продать дом. Видимо, он часто жалуется насчёт этого.)
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However, in some cases placing Однако в некоторых случаях помеthe adverb between the particle щение наречия между частицей "to" "to" and the infinitive is preferable и инфинитивом предпочтительно to placing that adverb in any other помещению этого наречия в любой part of the sentence because such другой части предложения, так как use may help to express the meanэто может помочь выразить значение ing more clearly and may even более ясно или даже может помочь help to avoid possible misunderизбежать возможного неправильного standing of the whole sentence. понимания всего предложения. НаThe adverbs "really, fully, even, речия "really, fully, even, never, ever" never, ever" are rather often placed довольно часто помещаются между between the particle "to" and the частицей "to" и инфинитивом. infinitive.
For example, look at this sen- |
Например, посмотрите на это пред- |
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tence: She always tried to really |
ложение: She always tried to really |
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understand |
young |
children and |
understand young children and their |
their hopes and fears. If we move |
hopes and fears. (Она всегда стара- |
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"really" to some other places, the |
лась действительно понять малень- |
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meaning will change, the con- |
ких детей и их надежды и страхи.) |
||
struction will become awkward or |
Если мы передвинем "really" в дру- |
||
incorrect: always really tried to |
гие места, значение изменится, кон- |
||
understand; always tried really to |
струкция станет громоздкой или не- |
||
understand; |
to understand really |
правильной: always really tried to |
|
young children; |
to understand |
understand; always tried really to un- |
|
young children and their hopes |
derstand; to understand really young |
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and fears really. |
|
children; to understand young children |
|
|
|
|
and their hopes and fears really. |
6. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the Infinitive.
1.To solve this complicated problem is an actual task in our investigation.
2.He expected to discover more accurate figures in the course of the experiment.
3.He was one of the first scientists to appreciate the importance of complex numbers.
4.It is a peculiar thing to do.
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5.He was able to create an ingenious method.
6.To complete the survey, you have to collect more data.
7.You might prefer to experiment with these substances.
8.This approach gives you great power to reveal hidden relations between these methods.
9.Nowadays scientists tend to take these benefits for granted.
10.It is hard to believe that they achieved such great progress.
7.Translate from Russian into English, using different forms of the Infinitive.
1.Это позволяет нам производить оборудование нового поколения. 2.Он, должно быть, обдумывает результаты своей работы.
3.Мы довольны тем, что получили подобные данные.
4.Было бы отлично выполнить проект до наступления крайнего срока.
5.Нам надо закончит множество экспериментов.
6.Установку следует демонтировать.
7.Ему надо попросит техника починить станок.
8.Руководитель заставил его повторить эксперимент.
9.Оказывается, они талантливые ученые.
10.Натрий и хлор соединяются, образуя хлорид натрия.
8. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, using enough.
Follow the example given below.
She is clever. She can answer the question. – She is clever enough to answer the question.
1.The data were sufficient. We could conduct a survey.
2.The arguments are strong. He can prove his viewpoint.
3.The equipment is new. The mechanics can make the moulds.
4.The experiments are numerous. They can come to a definite conclu-
sion.
5.They are prepared. They can answer the opponents̒questions.
9. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Subject.
1.The plane was reported to have landed safely.
2.He is considered to be a good specialist.
3.He is said to be working on this report.
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4.That project was declared to have taken the first place.
5.The conference was supposed to be making great progress.
10. Translate the sentences using the Passive Infinitive.
1.Мы хотим, чтобы предложение было принято.
2.Я бы хотел, чтобы эксперимент был проведен прямо сейчас.
3.Мы не хотим, чтобы станок демонтировали.
4.Руководитель хочет, чтобы проблема была решена немедленно.
5.Мы ожидаем, что факты будут доказаны.
Writing
11. Write the summary of the text "Types of Radars".
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Supplementary Reader
1. a) Read the text. Make the glossary to it. Translate it from English into Russian. Make the outline of the text. Retell it to your group. Mention different types of radar transmitters.
b) Write the summary of the text.
Radar Transmitters
The radar transmitter must not only be able to generate the peak and average powers required to detect the desired targets at the maximum range, but also has to generate a signal with the proper waveform and the stability needed for the particular application. Transmitters may be oscillators or amplifiers, but the latter usually offer more advantages.
There have been many types of radar power sources used in radar. The magnetron power oscillator was at one time very popular, but it is seldom used except for civil marine radar. Because of the magnetron's relatively low average power (one or two kilowatts) and poor stability, other power sources are usually more appropriate for applications requiring long-range detection of small moving targets in the presence of large clutter echoes. The magnetron power oscillator is an example of what is called a crossedfield tube. There is also a related crossed-field amplifier (CFA) that has been used in some radars in the past, but it also suffers limitations for important radar applications, especially for those requiring detection of moving targets in clutter. The high-power klystron and the traveling wave tube (TWT) are examples of what are called linear beam tubes. At the high powers often employed by radars, both tubes have suitably wide bandwidths as well as good stability as needed for Doppler processing, and both have been popular.
The solid-state amplifier, such as the transistor, has also been used in radar, especially in phased arrays. Although an individual transistor has
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relatively low power, each of the many radiating elements of an array antenna can utilize multiple transistors to achieve the high power needed for many radar applications. When solid-state transistor amplifiers are used, the radar designer has to be able to accommodate the high duty cycle at which these devices have to operate, the long pulses they must use that require pulse compression, and the multiple pulses of different widths to allow detection at short as well as long range. Thus the use of solid-state transmitters can have an effect on other parts of the radar system. At millimeter wavelengths very high power can be obtained with the gyrotron, either as an amplifier or as an oscillator. The grid-control vacuum tube was used to good advantage for a long time in UHF and lower frequency radars, but there has been less interest in the lower frequencies for radar.
Although not everyone might agree, some radar system engineers – if given a choice–would consider the klystron amplifier as the prime candidate for a high-power modern radar if the application were suitable for its use.
Answer the following questions
1.What is the aim of a radar transmitter?
2.What types of radar power sources are used in radar?
3.Describe a crossed-field tube as an example of the magnetron power oscillator?
4.In what cases a solid-state amplifier is used in radar?
5.What is a gyrotron?
2. a) Read the text. Make the glossary to it. Translate it from English into Russian. Make the outline of the text. Retell it to your group. Speak about radar antennae.
b)Write the summary of the text.
Radar Antennae
The antenna is what connects the radar to the outside world. It performs several purposes: concentrates the radiated energy on transmit; that is, it is directive and has a narrow beamwidth; collects the received echo energy from the target; provides a measurement of the angular direction to the target; provides spatial resolution to resolve (or separate) targets in angle; and allows the desired volume of space to be observed.
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