Petroleum Refining (Технологии и продукты переработки нефти). Учебное пособие

Since the end of World War II, petroleum refineries have made special efforts to minimize discharge of wastes into the surrounding environment. This voluntary control of emissions was done on the basis of safety, fuel economy, and the economic advantages of good maintenance. Government regulations now require refineries to add facilities for stringent control of emissions or losses of substances deemed to be undesirable or potentially hazardous.

The potentially harmful substances which must be carefully controlled include discharge of liquid hydrocarbons into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Waste water must be essentially free of toxic or carcinogenic chemicals. Benzene content of water must be reduced to less than 10 parts per million by weight. Stack gases from boilers, process furnaces, FCC regenerators, and internal combustion engines must meet strict limits relative to potentially harmful compounds and particulates. Hydrocarbons, oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen are examples of stack gas components which are limited at very low amounts.

The major sources of potential atmospheric pollution include combustion gases exhausted from boilers, process furnaces, the FCC regenerator, and hydrocarbon vapors vented from process equipment and storage tanks. The sulfur dioxide content of combustion gases is controlled to local regulations by limiting the sulfur content of the fuel. Tail-gases from Claus sulfur recovery units are further processed in a Tail-Gas Cleaning Unit (TGCU) convert low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide into elemental sulfur and thus achieve over 98% recovery of the inlet sulfur. The final tail gas is then incinerated and vented through tall stacks, often 200 feet or more in height, and at sufficient velocity so that resulting ground level sulfur dioxide

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concentrations are well within safe values. Noise levels must also be controlled.

5.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 4.

1.Government and local regulations have been developed for stringent control of emissions or losses of potentially hazardous substances for petroleum refineries.

2.There are different regulations for air pollution, water pollution and ground pollution.

3.The most harmful sources of water pollution are combustion gases and hydrocarbon vapors.

4.Tail-gases are not processed in cleaning units and exhaust from the refinery into atmosphere.

5.Noise levels are also controlled by local regulations.

6.Передайте на русском языке основное содержание текста упражнения 4.

7.Прочитайте текст про себя. Передайте устно на английском языке основное содержание текста.

Современная политика нефтеперерабатывающих заводов в области охраны окружающей среды – это комплексное решение природоохранных вопросов с учетом специфики применяемых технологий. Главным направлением работы НПЗ по улучшению экологии должно являться освоение экологически чистой продукции, отказ от использования тетраэтилсвинца как компонента высокооктановых бензинов.

Природоохранная деятельность предприятия должна быть направлена на уменьшение загрязнения атмосферы, поверхностных и подземных вод, земель, совершенствование системы управления экологической безопасностью. Необходимо реконструировать системы канализации и очистных сооружений, направлять промышленные стоки на

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станции озонирования, проводить замену старых резервуаров для нефтепродуктов на новые, осуществлять эколого- гидрогеологический мониторинг состояния территории предприятия и санацию почвогрунтов от нефтепродуктов. Рациональное природопользование предусматривает внедрение ресурсосберегающих, безотходных или малоотходных технологий.

8.Переведите с листа на русский язык следующий отрывок.

Hydrocarbon vapors from process equipment and storage tanks are collected in closed piping systems and used for refinery fuel or, in the event of high venting rates during a process upset, the vapors are burned in a flare or burn pit, with special provisions to prevent visible smoke and ensure complete combustion.

Fluid catalytic crackers are provided with two-to-three-stage cyclones to minimize loss of catalyst dust to the atmosphere. In some cases, electrostatic precipitators are employed along with waste heat boilers to eliminate essentially all visible dust from catalytic cracker regenerator flue gases.

Crushing and screening of coke from delayed coking units is generally done in the wet condition to prevent dust losses to the air. The final coke product is often stored in buildings to prevent wind from carrying fine particles into the atmosphere.

9.Переведите на слух по предложению следующий отрывок.

Oil refinery jobs are and have always been dangerous. Petroleum is highly flammable and can explode easily, causing damaging fires that may even claim lives. That is why, during the days before the asbestos warnings of the 1970s, the industry made wide use of asbestos as insulation at refineries.

For decades, any sort of vessel that held highly-flammable material was insulated with asbestos, so the dangerous material

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was once found in multiple locations throughout refineries, not just in the U.S. but in many countries around the world. Processes that required high temperature and high pressure, often performed at refineries, also involved asbestos-lined steam and process pipelines. Indeed, any number of items found at a refinery might have contained asbestos.

Workers who toiled amongst these machines or vessels were constantly exposed to their asbestos parts or insulation. Furthermore, refinery workers were usually responsible for the repair and upkeep of these items as well, so they often came in contact with damaged asbestos which, when handled, caused dangerous asbestos fibers to be released into the air which were then inhaled by those in the vicinity.

In addition, many refinery workers wore protective clothing that was made from asbestos-containing materials. This clothing included gloves, aprons, pants, shoe covers, and even face masks. Any damage to this protective gear could have resulted in the inhalation of fibers, especially among those wearing asbestos face masks while on-the-job.

The rate of asbestos cancer among refinery employees who worked in the profession prior to the asbestos warnings of the 1970s is considerable. Oil refinery workers have been diagnosed with such diseases as pleural plaques, asbestosis, and mesothelioma. Sadly, though many refinery managers knew about the dangers of asbestos, workers were often not warned and several decades later, many are paying the price with their lives.

10.Подберите английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям и выучите их наизусть.

нефтеперерабатывающий завод

охрана окружающей среды

экологически чистая продукция

загрязнение атмосферы

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экологическая безопасность

очистные сооружения

экологический мониторинг

рациональное природопользование

11.Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям и выучите их наизусть.

to prevent smoke

to ensure complete combustion

loss of catalyst dust to the atmosphere highly-flammable material

dangerous asbestos fibers to come in contact with protective clothing

face mask

dust losses to the air

to eliminate dust from flue gases

12.Переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения.

1.Environmental issues associated with petroleum refining include air emissions, wastewater, hazardous materials, wastes, and noise.

2.Exhaust gas and flue gas emissions in petroleum refining result from the combustion of gas and fuel oil or diesel in engines for power and heat generation.

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3.Venting and flaring are important operational and safety measures used in petroleum refining facilities.

4.Fugitive emissions depend on the refinery process scheme and may include hydrogen, methane, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and inorganic gases.

5.Sulfur oxides and hydrogen sulfide may be emitted from process equipment based on the sulfur content of the processed crude oil.

6.Particulate emissions from refinery units are associated with flue gas from furnaces, catalyst fines from catalyst-based processes, handling of coke, and fines and ash resulted from incineration of sludge.

7.Carbon dioxide may be produced in petroleum refining from combustion processes, flares, and hydrogen plants.

8.The largest volume effluents in petroleum refining include “sour” process water and non-oily/non-sour but high ly alkaline process water.

9.Petroleum refining facilities use and store significant amount of hazardous materials, including raw materials, intermediate/final products, and by-products.

10.Spent catalysts resulted from several process units in petroleum refining may contain molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, vanadium iron, copper and silica and/or alumina.

13.Переведите письменно на английский язык следующие предложения.

1.К опасным производственным факторам относятся технологическая опасность, дефицит кислорода, химическая опасность и пожаровзрывоопасность.

2.Технологическую опасность представляют сложные и многостадийные химические реакции, а также опасные материалы.

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3.Выделение и накопление газообразного азота в воздухе рабочей зоны может привести к образованию удушливой атмосферы вследствие вытеснения кислорода.

4.Выделения фтористоводородной кислоты, монооксида углерода, метанола и сульфида водорода могут представлять химическую опасность.

5.Рабочие могут подвергаться химической опасности в результате вдыхания вредных веществ в процессе работы.

6.Пожаровзрывоопасность может быть следствием случайного выброса синтез-газа, кислорода, метанола и газов нефтепереработки.

7.Метан, водород, монооксид углерода и сульфид водорода могут воспламеняться даже в отсутствии источника воспламенения, если их температура выше температуры самовоспламенения.

8.Опасность взрыва может быть связана с накоплением паров в резервуарах для хранения нефтепродуктов.

9.Обращение с жидкими и газообразными веществами и их хранение может представлять производственную опасность.

10.Меры по охране труда и технике безопасности на нефтеперерабатывающих и других промышленных объектах схожи.

14.Переведите на слух в быстром темпе следующие словосочетания.

Discharge of wastes – окружающая среда – harmful substances – государственное регулирование – waste water – дымовой газ – atmospheric pollution – выхлопные газы – environment – сточные воды – highly-flammable material –

охрана окружающей среды – protective clothing – экологически чистая продукция – dust losses to the air –

загрязнение атмосферы – ensure complete combustion –

экологическая безопасность – prevent smoke – очистные сооружения – face mask – экологический мониторинг – air

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emissions – рациональное природопользование – fugitive emissions – выделения микрочастиц – spent catalyst.

15.Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текстов данного урока.

1.Why are oil refining jobs dangerous?

2.What kinds of occupational hazards do you know?

3.What are the major sources of potential atmospheric pollution?

4.What do environmental issues associated with petroleum refining include?

5.What environmental activities should be adhered to at the petroleum refinery?

16.Передайте основное содержание текстов урока на русском и английском языках.

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Unit 13

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN TATARSTAN

1.Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов, определите их значение.

Economical, region, manufacturing, industry, machine, major, automobile, construction, production, central, million, ton, dynamic, complex, design, strategy, leader, qualification, personnel, potential, activity, priority, position, budget.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы.

To develop, to consist of, to dominate, to produce, to estimate, to constitute, to embody, to devise, to assure, to enable, to strengthen, to scale up, to result in.

3.Подберите эквивалентный перевод словосочетаний из колонки А в колонке В.

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