Materials Science in Light Industry Production (Материаловедение в производстве изделий легкой промышленности). Учебное пособие
.pdf3.Which fibres are applied in making paper?
4.What are the most widely used textiles in clothing?
5.What textile fibres are used to increase the luster of such fabrics as silk, velvet and taffeta?
6.How are seaweeds used in textile industry?
7.What is Tencel derived from?
8.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения
верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 6.
1.Straw and bamboo are both used to make doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles and sacking.
2.Pineapple fibres are used in clothes, generally with a blend of other fabrics, such as silk.
3.A water-soluble fibre known as ramie is produced and used as a holding fibre.
4.Acetate is often described as a man-made silk equivalent.
5.Tencel is a fine fabric which is often blended with other fabrics.
9.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 6.
Lesson 6. Synthetic Fibres
1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to blend, to allow, to wick away, to dry, to sell, to stretch, to impede, to imitate
2. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
satin, polyester, aramid, acrylic, nylon, spandex, lycra, polyurethane, olefin, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, synthetics
3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные: calico, felt, hessian, polycotton, cut-protection, armor, replacement, pantyhose, activewear, bra, swimsuit, lining, embellishment
21
4.Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: contemporary, evenweaved, printed, synthetic, flame retardant, tightfitting, sintered
5.Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Synthetic Fibres
All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing.
Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton.
Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection and armor.
Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and it is often used in the replacement of them.
Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing.
Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane fibre that stretches easily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits.
Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek.
Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than many other synthetics.
Lurex is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment.
6.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.Where are the synthetic textiles used?
2.What fibres are used in flame-retardant clothing, cutprotection, and armor?
3.Which fibres does acrylic often imitate?
4.Where is the nylon fibre used?
5.What does word lycra denote?
22
6.What are the characteristics of olefin fibres?
7.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения
верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 5.
1.All synthetic textiles have a variety of use, including the apparel production.
2.Polyester fibres are used blended with fibres such as cotton.
3.Acrylic is used in the production of pantyhose.
4.Spandex is used to make active wear, bras and swimsuits.
5.Olefin fibre is more hydrophilic than many other synthetics.
6.Lurex is a polyurethane fibre used in clothing embellishment.
8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 5.
Lesson 7. Mineral Fibres
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
asbestos, basalt, vinyl, transite, panel, acoustical, cable, composite materials, metal, construction
2.Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные: tile, sheeting, adhesive, siding, ceiling, spacesuit, rope, reinforcement, foil, wire, jewellery, hardware cloth
3.Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: coarse, flame-retardant, protective, soundproof, fireproof, insulating
4.Подберите эквивалентный перевод словосочетаний из колонки А в колонке В.
А |
|
|
В |
1) stage curtains |
a) сетка от насекомых |
||
2) fire blanket |
b) гладильная доска |
||
3) ironing board |
с) золотая парча |
||
4) insect netting |
d) ткань |
с |
металлическим |
|
плетением |
|
|
23
5) flame-retardant fabriс |
e) противопожарное одеяло |
6) metal wire |
f) стекловолокно |
7) cloth of gold |
g) огнестойкая ткань |
8) hardware cloth |
h) металлическая проволока |
9) glass fibre |
i) театральный занавес |
5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Mineral Fibres
Asbestos and basalt fibres are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, transite panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains and fire blankets.
Glass fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibres for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabrics, soundproof, fireproof and insulating fibres.
Metal fibre, metal foil and metal wire have a variety of use, including the production of cloth of gold and jewellery. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction.
24
6.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.Which mineral fibres are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, transite panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets?
2.What is the application of the glass fibre?
3.Where are metal fibres, metal foil, and metal wire used?
7.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения
верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 5.
1.Asbestos and basalt fibres are used in spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibres for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabrics, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres.
2.Glass fibre is used in the production of cloth of gold and jewellery.
3.Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of use, including the production of vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives.
4.Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in building industry.
8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 5.
Lesson 8. Cotton
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
capsule, cellulose, mass, state, disintegration, absorbent, pressing, normal, temperature, permanent, deformation region
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: versatile, raw, fluffy, ripe, creamy, off-white, tasteless, odourless, soft, non-irritant, cool, stable, lustrous, permanent, strong, flameresistant, pure, absorbent, smooth, non-irritant, abnormal
25
3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to produce, to grow, to reveal, to pick, to compose, to purify, to boil, to sterilize, to iron, to dry, to require, to conduct away, to allow, to reach, to nap, to resist, to tend, to crease, to burn, to apply
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Cotton
Natural vegetation fibres for the most part consist of cellulose. Cotton and linen are vegetative fibres commonly used in our country.
Cotton is the most versatile and the most widely used textile fibre. Cotton is produced on a bush, which is widely grown in subtropical regions throughout the world. The balls, which are the flower seed capsules, open revealing a fluffy mass of fibres and they are picked either by hand or by machine.
Cotton in its raw state is composed of 95 % cellulose and a small amount of wax; it is usually of a creamy off-white colour. When purified, the fibre is pure white, highly absorbent, tasteless and odourless, very smooth and soft, non-irritant and cool to the touch. Moreover, it is very chemically stable when purified. It can be boiled, or sterilized without disintegration. It has good resistance to heat so that abnormal care in ironing, pressing or drying is not necessary. The fibre in its normal state is not lustrous but the chemical treatment known as mercerization can produce a permanent luster on yarns or fabrics when required.
A fabric made from cotton conducts moisture away from the body and allows the cooler temperature outside to reach it. Therefore it is a cool material for summer or tropical wear. But, since short cotton fibres nap easily, cotton fabrics can also be made warm when necessary.
Cotton has some disadvantages:
1.Lack of resilience. Though cotton is strong, it has very little elasticity and fibres do not resist deformation so that cotton fabrics tend to crease easily.
2.Inflammability. Cotton burns very readily. Chemical
26
treatments, which will make cotton fabrics flame-resistant, can be applied.
5. Соотнесите |
понятие (колонка А) с его объяснением |
|
(колонка В). |
|
|
A |
|
B |
1) versatile |
|
a) a woody plant, smaller than a tree |
2) seed |
|
b) breaking or the process of being broken |
|
|
into fragments |
3) fluffy |
|
c) variable or changeable |
4) wax |
|
d) chemical treatment of a cotton yarn with an |
|
|
alkali to increase its strength and results in a |
|
|
lustrous silky appearance |
5) purify |
|
e) to make pure |
6) nap |
|
f) the short fine hairs or threads on the surface |
|
|
of certain fabrics |
7) inflammable |
|
g) any of various viscous or solid materials of |
|
|
natural origin |
8) ripe |
|
h) to make or become wrinkled |
9) cellulose |
|
i) an unfavourable condition or situation |
10) disintegration |
|
j) the part of a plant from which a new plant |
|
|
of the same kind can grow |
11) disadvantage |
|
k) the main constituent of plant cell walls used |
|
|
in making paper, rayon, and films |
12) crease |
|
l) balls |
13) mercerization |
|
m) that can very easily catch fire and burn |
14) bush |
|
n) soft and light |
15) seed capsules |
|
o) ready to be gathered and used |
6.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.Where is cotton produced?
2.What is cotton in its raw state composed of?
3.What does cotton fibre look like?
4.What are the main characteristics of the cotton fibre?
5.What are the disadvantages of the cotton?
27
7. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 4.
1.Cotton is among the most rarely used textile fibres.
2.The seed capsules are picked only by hands.
3.When purified the fibre is very chemically unsteady.
4.Chemical treatment known as disintegration can produce a permanent luster on yarns or fabrics when required.
5.Since short cotton fibres are resilient, cotton fabrics can also be made warm when necessary.
6.Cotton is flame-resistant.
8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 4.
Lesson 9. Flax
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских
слов, определите их значение:
climate, individual, canvas, absorbent, center, albumen, keratin, sericin
2.Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: slow-moving, woody, uneven, distinctive, attractive, suitable, heavy, absorbent, hollow
3.Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to obtain, to loosen, to ret, to scotch, to take place, to beat, to break, to dry, to consist of, to remove
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Flax
Linen is made from flax. Flax is the fibre, being obtained from the stalks of the linen plant, which can be grown in many parts of the world in almost any climate. The fibres are loosened from the stalk by a process known as retting, the immersion of bundles of stalks in
28
slow-moving water. After retting the bundles are dried and then scutching takes place. This is a mechanical beating or breaking process whereby the woody parts of the stalks are broken leaving the long bundles of fibres intact.
Flax fibres are very long, much longer and thicker than cotton fibres and their thickness is irregular. Preparation of the fibres consists of splitting the bundles of fibres, as obtained from the stalks, into individual long fibres and removing waste and broken fibres. Yarns spun from flax tend to be uneven because of the land thickness of the fibres.
Flax is a cellulose fibre, it has a high wax content which gives the fibre a distinctive lustre. The strength and durability of the fibre make the fabrics attractive. The high strength of flax made it suitable for industrial use in strong threads and heavy canvases and tarpaulins. Linen fabrics are absorbent because the flax fibre is hollow through the center, like a bamboo.
5. Соотнесите |
понятие (колонка А) с его объяснением |
(колонка В). |
|
A |
B |
1) flax |
a) able to absorb a liquid |
2) retting |
b) a fibrous protein in the outer layer of the skin, |
|
hair, nails, feathers etc. |
3) tarpaulins |
c) any tall treelike tropical or semitropical fast |
|
growing grass, having hollow-walled stems |
4) absorbent |
d) the plant or the shrub, which has blue flowers |
|
and is cultivated for its seeds and for the fibres of |
|
its stems |
5) hollow |
e) a gelatinous protein found on the fibres of raw |
|
silk |
6) bamboo |
f) a heavy hard wearing waterproof fabric made |
|
of canvas or similar material coated with tar, wax, |
|
or paint, for outdoor use as a protective covering |
|
against moisture |
7) keratin |
g) moisturizing or soaking |
8) fibroin |
h) not solid |
29
9) sericin |
i) a tough elastic protein that is the principal |
|
component of spiders’ webs and raw silk |
6.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What does the word “flax” mean?
2.What does the preparation of the flax consist of?
3.What component gives the fibre distinctive luster?
4.What characteristic makes it suitable for industrial use?
5.Why are the linen fabrics absorbent?
7.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения
верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 4.
1.Flax is the best fibre, being obtained from the seed capsules of the linen plant.
2.The fibres are loosened from the stalk by a process known as mercerization.
3.Scutching is a mechanical splitting process.
4.Flax fibres are rather short and have regular thickness.
5.Flax is a fibrous fibre.
6.The lustre and resilience of the fibre make the fabrics attractive.
7.Linen fabrics are hydrophobic.
8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 4.
Lesson 10. Wool
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских
слов, определите их значение:
chemical, uniform, original, stretching, parallel, compact, fibroin
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to ignite, to insulate, to retain, to wear well, to put through, to lay, to drape, to resist, to comb, to lie, to hold, to get shiny
30