Materials Science in Light Industry Production (Материаловедение в производстве изделий легкой промышленности). Учебное пособие

Industrial Planning and Organization

Thermodynamics

Materials Science

Industrial Management

Applied Mechanics

Engineering Drawing and Design

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Textile Engineering

Textile engineering (TE) or textile technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and

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control of all aspects of fibre, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, textile engineers are given training and experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products.

The courses taken in a typical TE degree program include Textile Engineering Systems, Textile Engineering Design, Mechanics of Fibrous Structures, Textile Engineering Quality Improvement, Textile Information Systems Design, Polymer Engineering, Polymeric Biomaterials Engineering, Mechanics of Tissues and Implants Requirements, Fabric Building Mechanisms, Special Topics in Textile Engineering, Dynamics of Fabric Production Systems, Textile Composites, Polymeric Biomaterials Engineering, Industrial Textiles, Textile Applications in Medicine, Engineering Economics, Basic Electronics of Textile Manufacturing and Quality Testing Machinery, Dyeing, Printing and other methods of textile colouration, and Industrial Planning and Organization.

Throughout the Textile Engineering curriculum, students take classes from other engineering and disciplines including: Mechanical, Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering Disciplines. The TE curriculum provides a broad base of fundamental engineering courses as a foundation for studies in textile engineering. Students also learn such fundamental courses as Thermodynamics, Materials Science, Industrial Management, Applied Mechanics, and Engineering Drawing and Design.

A textile engineer therefore works with textile materials: fibres, yarns, fabrics, and finishes. Most textile engineers, work on product research and development, either improving current textile based products or creating new products. They may also be involved with finding uses for new fibres, yarns, fabrics, or textile finishes.

6.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What does textile engineering deal with?

2.What training and experience are given to a textile engineer?

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3.What disciplines does textile engineering program include?

4.What fundamental engineering courses does TE curriculum provide?

5.What textile materials does a textile engineer work with?

6.What do textile engineers do to improve current textile based products?

7.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения

верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 5.

1.Textile engineering design includes natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control.

2.Textile engineers are given training and experience in Engineering Economics, Industrial Management, Applied Mechanics and Engineering Drawing and Design.

3.TE program includes a broad base of fundamental engineering disciplines.

4.Textile engineers make research to improve and create new materials.

8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 5.

Unit II

TEXTILE FIBRES

Lesson 3. Fibres Classification

1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:

filament, fabric, yarn, variety, directly, staple, sufficient, cocoon, silkworm, continuous, length, required, influence, texture, smooth, lustrous, fibrous, regenerated, synthetic, miscellaneous, vegetation, cotton, linen

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:

to possess, to represent, to use, to increase, can, to contain, to make, to

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give, to twist, to consist of, to group, to produce, to achieve, to exert, to compare, to divide, to include, to come from, to accept, to convert, to cohere

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Fibres Classification

Textile fibres and filaments are the main structure elements of all textile fabrics. It is now generally accepted that a textile is a fabric made from fibres but the fibres may either be converted into yarns first and then the yarns put together in one of a variety of ways to make fabrics, or the fibres can be converted directly into a fabric.

Not all fibres though are suitable for textile purposes because a textile fibre must possess sufficient length, fineness, strength and flexibility to be suitable for manufacture into fabrics.

Filament and staple are two terms which represent the two basic forms of textile fibres. Filament is the name given to a fibre of continuous length, that is to say it is long enough to be used in a fabric without increasing its length. An example of a natural filament is silk; the cocoon of a silkworm can contain about 3000 m of continuous twin filaments. Staple is the name given to fibres of limited length. To make a continuous length of yarn, staple fibres have to be twisted together. Yarn can consist of either staple fibres, or of filaments put together. Filaments merely need grouping in order to produce the thickness of yarn required; the length is already there in the individual filaments. Grouping of filaments is achieved by twisting them together. Staple fibres have to be twisted to make them cohere into a continuous length of yarn.

The type of yarn exerts a strong influence on the texture and appearance of the fabric. In general, filament yarns are thin, smooth and lustrous and staple fibre yarns are thicker, fibrous and nonlustrous. An example can be seen by comparing the fibrous nature of the outer wool fabric of a coat or a suit jacket with the smooth lustrous surface of the garment lining. The wool fabric is made from staple and the lining fabric is made from filament.

All fibres may be divided into two basic groups, namely, natural fibres and man-made fibres, including three main categories,

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such as regenerated fibres, synthetic fibres, and miscellaneous fibres. Natural fibres include two main categories, such as fibres which come from vegetation and fibres which come from animals. Natural fibres, may be divided into two categories: vegetative, namely: cotton, linen; and animal, namely: wool and silk.

5.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What are the main structure elements of all textile fabrics?

2.What is the textile made from?

3.Are all fibres suitable for textile purposes ? What characteristics must a textile fibre possess to be suitable for manufacture into fabrics?

4.What are the main two basic forms of textile fabrics?

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5.What is the difference between the yarn and the filament?

6.How many basic groups are there for the fibres?

7.What are the main categories of the man-made and natural fibres?

6.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения

верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 3.

1.Textile is the fabric made from yarns.

2.All fibres are suitable for textile purposes.

3.Filament is the name given to a fibre of limited length. And the staple is the name given to fibres of continuous length.

4.The cocoon of a silkworm contains about 300m of continuous twin filaments.

5.Filaments need twisting in order to produce the thickness of a yarn required.

6.The quality of a yarn exerts a strong influence on the texture and appearance of the fabric.

7.Filament yarns are thicker, fibrous and non lustrous than staple fibres.

7.Разделите текст упражнения на 3 логические части и найдите в каждой части ключевые слова.

8.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 3.

Lesson 4. Animal Fibres

1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:

to be made from, to come from, to be measured in, to refer to, to include, to be supplemented, to be distinguished, to be coated with, to crimp, to spin, to comb, to be prized

2. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,

определите их значение:

mineral, synthetic, canvas, microfibre, individual, lanolin, parallel,

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cashmere, mohair, angora, alpaca, llama, jacket, poncho

3.Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: artificial, various, fine, sturdy, relative, thin, domestic, waterproof, dirtproof, carded, bulky, thick, soft, coarse, smooth, shiny, sleek

4.Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные: source, petroleum, strength, degree, durability, gossamer, canvas, thickness, denier, strand, scales, oil, woolen, worsted, camel hair, blankets, wadmal, cocoon, silkworm

5.Подберите эквивалентный перевод словосочетаний из колонки А в колонке В.

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Animal Fibres

Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum.

Textiles are made in various strength and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is measured in deniers. Microfibre refers to fibres made from strands thinner than one denier.

Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur. Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished

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from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, nonparallel fibres, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian Cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African Angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness.

Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the Angora rabbit.

Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia.

Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture.

7.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What were artificial fibres in the 20th century made from?

2.What is the thickness of microfibre strands?

3.What are animal textiles commonly made from?

4.How is the goat wool distinguished from other types of animal hair?

5.What is the difference between woolen and worsted yarns?

6.What types of wool are known for their softness?

7.What animal textiles are used in the production of warm coverings?

8.Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения

верными в соответствии с текстом упражнения 6.

1.Textile materials come from four sources: protein based fibres, vegetable fibres, man-made fibres and man-made fibres, which are based on synthetic chemicals.

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2.Nowadays all textiles are made from natural sources.

3.In the 20th century, natural textiles were supplemented by man-made fibres.

4.The relative thickness of fibres in cloths is measured in ounces.

5.Mohair, the hair of the Indian Angora goat, and Cashmere, the hair of the North African Cashmere goat, are types of wool known for their finesse.

6.Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the Angora goat.

7.Wadmal is a smooth cloth made of wool, produced in the North America.

8.The fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm are spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture.

9.Дайте краткую аннотацию текста к упражнению 6.

Lesson 5. Plant Fibres

1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:

to utilize, to increase, to dissolve, to leave, to derive from, to describe, to blend

2. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,

определите их значение:

sisal, mattress, bamboo, rice, jute, acetate, alginate, velvet, equivalent

3.Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные: entire, dried, water-soluble, man-made, tough

4.Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные: rush, hemp, coir, twine, doormat, floormat, brush, sacking, straw, stuffing, kapok, nettle, flax, jute, modal, pina, ramie, blend, luster, taffeta, seaweed, Tencel

5.Подберите эквивалентный перевод словосочетаний из колонки А в колонке В.

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6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Plant Fibres

Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making ropes. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles and sacking.

Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok. Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper.

Cotton, flax, jute, hemp and modal are all used in clothing. Piña (pineapple fibre) and ramie are fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fabrics such as cotton.

Acetate is used to increase the luster of certain fabrics such as silk, velvet, and taffeta.

Seaweed is used in the production of textiles. Alginate is a water-soluble fibre, which is produced and used as a holding fibre. When the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area.

Tencel is a man-made fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a man-made silk equivalent and a tough fabric which is often blended with other fabrics - cotton for example.

7.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.Which plants are used in making ropes?

2.What is coir used for?

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