Management of industrial clusters. Tutorial

specified factors and statistical characteristics of the business activities on the basis of retrospective information from the database; display and visualization, i.e. the graphical and tabular representations are available and the resulting information; knowledge discovery (data mining), i.e. determine linkages and interdependencies of business processes based on existing information (this class may include the task of statistical hypothesis testing, clustering, finding associations and temporal patterns; the simulation, i.e., conducting computer experiments with models of trade flows, describing their behavior within a given or generated by the interval model of time (tasks of this type are used for the analysis of possible consequences of decisions, i.e. the analysis of "what if?..."); of control synthesis, i.e. identify the intervals of values of admissible control actions that achieve specified goals (tasks of this type are used to assess the attainability of the set objectives, determining the plurality of possible control actions and alternatives); optimizations that are based on the use of simulation, management, optimization and statistical methods of modeling and forecasting (the task of this type allow to choose the set of possible controls those that provide the most efficient from the point of view of a certain criterion of moving towards the goal). However, the performance of the search fruitful management decisions depends sometimes from the effects of a number of external factors, distortion and incompleteness of information management.

In addition, the success of effective control can sometimes be reduced due to incorrect initial assumptions about the regularities of functioning of objects. In this regard, a targeted search process management solution is always iterative in nature. As a rule, after the adoption of the interim solution and the application of control action, there is a need to re-evaluate the state in which the object of control is to decide on the correct choice of the way to the target. If the deviations do not satisfy us, then you must take action to override the whole control procedure.

For the analysis of management decisions and information about changes in economic efficiency of the cluster as a whole in systems DSS built a mathematical model that describes certain relationships between members of the set (in this case, the cluster) of the subjects, the parameters of these actors and the influence of certain configuration (management) factors. The most important feature of industrial cluster is the combination of competition and cooperation among the participating firms. Close cooperation between firms in a cluster lead to positive synergistic effects, so the success of one firm in the cluster is not separated from the overall success of the cluster.

81

There is no specific reference to the geographic size of the cluster. For the selection of the cluster it is important to be able to identify its geographical boundaries. Selecting the cluster size as a criterion, we can offer the following classification of industrial clusters:

-clusters within the city: these are located inside large cities, forming one of the branches of the city economy.

-clusters of the city: the industrial cluster is so large that can form around urban infrastructure. In Russia, the cluster of the first kind are quite common in the form of so-called city-forming enterprises.

-clusters-regions: the industrial cluster of firms located within a certain region (for example, a separate entity within the Federation).

-clusters of countries: industrial cluster consists of firms located in one country (assuming that the size of the country is not great).

The geographic location of the cluster tends to a certain geographical "anchor" They can be a major city, the infrastructure (seaport, airport, railway station, road), a large enterprise. While a number of authors have highlighted the significant role of the earlier specialization of particular territory on the subsequent development of this territory. Thus, the study of Holmes and Stevens, is devoted to the analysis of spatial development of economic activity in the United States and Canada, show that the main development of industrial production in the US occurs around the same areas, which were characterized by the greatest density of industrial enterprises per unit area at the beginning of the period under review. Moreover, this result holds not only for industry as a whole and for individual sectors and industries. This dependence is identified and the analysis conducted in 2009 Avdasheva S. B., Golovanova S. V., which describes the role of prior development of the specialization of territories in the modern processes of change of spatial production structure in Russia and it is shown that in some industries there has been a marked trend towards development of regional manufacturing centers, formed in the years of the planned economy.

Among the factors of successful development of industrial clusters can be identified also described by M. porter four basic prerequisites for successful cluster development in the region: 1) demand Conditions: the region has a developing demand for the products of industry. 2) Conditions of production factors: the region has the resources, heavily used in the industry. 3) Development of related and supporting industries: the region developed suppliers of raw materials, equipment producers, service sector and other infrastructure. 4) Strategy of firms: in the region there are producers that are able to form and implement competitive strategy.

82

In addition, porter points to yet two factors.

1.Case.

2.Government policy: the government can purposefully influence the formation of clusters.

And separately on the basis of the experience of Italy and Finland can be identified: international business activity: the relationship of firms in a cluster with foreign partners.

The effectiveness of industrial cluster can be described in several ways. It is possible to distinguish three types of efficiency of firms within the industrial cluster:

1) Cost – reduction of costs;

2) Growth – accelerating investment and growth;

3) Innovation – enhancing innovation activity.

Data three types of the effectiveness of the cluster are shown both inside firms, and their interaction (table. 9.1).

An interesting study was conducted in 2007 by professors Aya Okada and N. S. Siddharthan. The study used a sample of 500 – 1000 companies are members of the Indian cluster Pune-Mumbai, Chennai and NCR. Chain of the study was to identify the impact of clusters on economic performance by identifying fundamental differences in the economic performance of firms in the cluster and outside it. The main results of this study can be reduced to the fact that the cluster number of economic parameters is significantly better than firms outside the cluster. The amount of profit is higher in the cluster. This is achieved by reducing production costs within the cluster, and also due to the increase in sales.

Sales volume increased due to the fact that the products cluster in the market generally is more competitive.

Labour productivity is higher in the cluster. The increase in labor productivity is due to the fact that the cluster of more developed infrastructure and communication between suppliers and manufacturers that allows to reduce cycle time. Also in the cluster large companies pay attention to innovation, significant investment in technology and a greater than outside of the cluster, technology import lead to the fact that the production process becomes more perfect, more efficient.

Advertising – costs of advertising is higher outside the cluster. Firms within a cluster have closer and more long-term relationships with their partners than firms outside the cluster, this explains the lower costs of firms within the cluster, while other firms are forced to advertise their wares, to find a buyer and partners.

83

Table 9.1

Effects that increase the competitiveness of firmsin the cluster, and the levels at which these effects occur

Source: Center for regional economic studies of EF USU.

The amount of inventory above the outside of the cluster. Firms in the cluster have the debugged system of delivery and a more flexible sys-

84

tem of mutual settlements. Firms are well aware of each other's needs in goods and services, therefore, have the ability output in accordance with demand.

Technology imports (license fees, patents, programs) is higher in the cluster. In clusters dominated by transnational corporations with technology transfer in the cluster. TNCs create demand for high-tech products, which stimulates the other companies in the cluster to increase the import of technology.

Exports – higher outside the cluster. Firms inside the cluster have long-lasting relationships with local firms, so they are less interested in exporting than firms outside the cluster.

The merits of industrial clusters dedicated a number of works of domestic and foreign researchers (for example, capital research Golovanova S. V., Avdasheva S. B., Kadochnikov S. M. thus, the study of the su-HSE industrial clusters are considered as a special form of hybrid institutional agreements. While remaining a legally independent, the cluster companies are de facto interdependent, which gives them certain advantages in terms of adaptation to changing circumstances (especially the unexpected) and the ways of competing stakeholders in the process.

Note the following relationship:

1)pooling of resources. Mainly occurs in connection with the solution of three interrelated issues – the selection of contractors, planning and information disclosure;

2)Contracting;

3)competition. While companies may compete, for example, on the resource market, but adhere to certain agreements in other areas (e.g., transition personnel);

4)hybridization. Described such forms of interaction as franchise chains, strategic alliances, partnership.

G. Boush noted that the synergistic effect of clusters of firms is manifested in the following areas: increase the rate of productivity growth; increases the potential for the generation and use of innovation; growing competitiveness, including in the international economic environment.

The government of the Russian Federation announced a competition for the status of innovative industrial cluster, the applications for participation submitted of which 80 territorial entities, 25 of them received the status of innovative industrial cluster and financial support from the Federal budget. One of the winners became the Republic of Tatarstan, whose Zakamskiy cluster is one of the largest in the Russian economy. His indus-

85

try orientation is related to two sectors: petrochemicals and automotive industries.

The cluster brings together a number of the giants of the petrochemical industry, not only in Tatarstan, but also Russia – PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" PSC "TAIF NK", JSC "Nizhnekamskshina", a number of medium profile enterprises – JSC "Nizhnekamsktekhuglerod", JSC "Chemical plant im.L.I.Karpov", as well as small enterprises of Nizhnekamsk industrial district. Now these small enterprises producing chemical products of high stages of redistribution, innovation for the chemical industry of the Republic, created from scratch, producing products of low-tonnage chemistry 7 billion rubles a year. In their formation played a huge role PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", providing them with raw materials, electricity, heat, contributing area and formed the entire infrastructure of small enterprises, cluster. The structure of the TRANS-Kama cluster includes 26 sites, which also includes industry personnel and scientific support for production of competitive products. The cluster includes the two largest universities of the country: FGAOU VO "K(p)FU" and FSBEI HPE "KNRTU", the organization of vocational education.

Currently, the exports are about 40% of the production cluster, which is evidence of the high competitiveness of its objects. Cluster management is assigned to JSC "Tatneftekhiminvest – holding", to develop the structure of the cluster, the relationship of the involved enterprises, in charge of scientific management of innovative activity of the plants.

Tatarstan plans to actively use cluster mechanisms in a number of innovative industries – is the creation of nano -, Pharma -, biotech clusters, to achieve production of high-tech products on the territory of the Republic, competitive on the world market.

Practical tasks:

Assess the impact of applying the cluster approach to the practices of companies of Nizhnekamsk industrial district. What is government policy in respect of the companies-participants of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district? What is the potential change in the structure of the pressure of competitive forces on the international competitiveness of firms products firms included in the district?

86

Bibliography

Main literature

1.B. Avdasheva S., Golovanova S. V. tendencies of change of structure of Russian industry in the period of economic recovery. M.: ZAO "Legal "House of Justice" inform. – 2009.

2.Avilov Vladimir, Urazaev R. I., Shaikhutdinov, F. N. Industrial district as a model of state support of innovative and infrastructural development of region on an example of Nizhnekamsk industrial region//Vestnik Kazanskogo technological University, 2007. – No. 6. – S. 116–122.

3.The formation of regional innovation clusters. Report on research work on the theme "Innovative clusters and structural changes in the Russian economy"//State University Higher school of Economics, project No. 09-08-0006." (final). Moscow, 2010. – 147 C.

4.Potasheva O. M. innovational management. Peter South, 2007,, 384 p

5.Yarullin R. S. it All starts with refining //The Chemical Journal, 2006. – No. 11. – S. 24 – 28.

Further reading

1.Balabanov I. T. Bases of financial management. How to manage capital. 2-e Izd. M.: Finance and statistics. 2007. 384 p.

2.Belov A. V. Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Russian regions // Region: Economics and sociology. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 45 – 57.

3.Beregovoy V. A. Innovation: tax aspects (foreign experience) // Taxes 2007. – No. 5. – S. 10 – 18.

4.Boush G. Typology, identification and diagnostics of clusters of firms: a new methodological approach/ problems of Economics. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 121 – 131.

5.Golovanova S. V. the Changes in spatial structure of industrial production in Russia in the period of economic growth, 1997-2004 // Modern competition. – 2008.– No. 5. – P. 58 – 72.

6.Gonchar K. R., Kuznetsov B. V. Russian industry at the growth stage: factors of competitiveness of firms. – M.: Publishing house su-HSE, 2008.

7.Dolgopyatova T. G., Iwasaki I., Yakovlev A. A. the Russian Corporation: internal organization, external interaction, development prospects. – M.: Publishing house GU VSHE, 2007. – 542 p.

8.The study and analysis of the condition of Russian industry and development of recommendations and proposals on priority directions of state economic policy to ensure high and sustained growth rates of manufacturing industry in the Russian Federation / the report of the HSE on R & d (0402-19-08). – M.: higher school of Economics, 2009. – 24 p

9.Kondratieva E. V. the Asian vector of development of innovative sector // Orenburg state University the Institute for the Humanities, 2007.

10.Kuznetsov A.V. the Regional policy of the EU Center for European studies, IMEMO ran.. – M.:IMEMO ran, 2009 – 230 p.

87

11.Models of the organization of regional industrial clusters: review of international experience //the Center for regional economic research of economic faculty of the Ural state University, Series "Analytical reports". – Ekaterinburg. – 2008. – No. 2.

12.Elvira Nabiullina, the Concept of development of Russia up to 2020// Economics. – 2008. – No. 8.

13.Lavrov A. A. features of functioning of high-tech clusters in China and Japan // Bulletin of the Tomsk state University, 2009. – No. 329. – P. 182 – 185.

14.Pozdnyakov Yu. N. Innovative development of economy as the factor of increase of competitiveness of Russian industry: Avtoref. dis. kand. Ekon. Sciences. – Moscow. – 2009. – 24 p

15.Pozdnyakov Yu. N. Innovation as a factor of growth of competitiveness of industry //Economic science. – 2009. – No. 50. – P. 172 – 176.

16.The Oslo Manual. P.: OECD, 2005. Russian translation. – M.: CISN, 2006. –

192 p.

17.I. S. Chipovskaya, Bespalova N. In. Gopkalo, E. J. Statistics of the national economy: Textbook. allowance. – Vladivostok: publishing house of FESTU, 2008 – 219 S.

18.Urazaev R. I. the Use of economic models streaming distribution of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district to calculate its effectiveness // Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. – 2008. – No. 4. – S. 215-222.

20.Udalov F. E., Udalov O. F., Alekhina O. F., Voronov N..The elements of the innovation policy // EKO. – 2008. – No. 6. – P. 80 – 91.

MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS

МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ ПРОМЫШЛЕНЫХ КЛАСТЕРОВ

Responsible for the production J. Panteleyeva

Kazan National Research Technological University Press

Offset laboratory of Kazan National Research Technological University

420015, Kazan, Karl Marx street, 68

88