Management of industrial clusters. Tutorial

important difference: it contains elite enterprises of the country, which determine the international competitiveness of the nation.

Thus, as already mentioned, national competitiveness largely depends on the level of development of individual clusters due to the strong multiplier effect affecting many industries. This fact is of great importance for governmental policy and company strategy.

The occurrence of clusters is due to the transfer of technological chains of products with high consumer value, as well as other advantages of high the competitiveness of the company - the progenitor of the cluster enterprises subcontractors.

The cluster definition

Clusters — groups of related companies and organizations that use the benefits of its close proximity, demonstrating economic specialization. The cluster, effectively "strengthening strengths", the implementation of comparative advantage.

A cluster is a geographically neighboring group of companies and related organizations operating in a certain area and characterized by common activities and complementary to each other.

Cluster - industrial complex, formed on the basis of territorial concentration of networks of specialized suppliers, main producers and consumers

The cluster center is often a few powerful companies. Among the leading large firms remain competitive relations. Therefore, the cluster should not be confused with a cartel or a financial group.

The cluster provides exceptionally favorable conditions for the development of specialized industries, primarily serving and supporting nature. A leading big companies and firms need a lot of adapted to their technologies, equipment, materials, etc., which creates a large market for small firms with innovative orientation, which in the future and become a generator of competitive advantages.

The cluster provides employment and many small firms - suppliers of simple parts, i.e. the structure of the cluster, in principle, copies the structure of the national community firms, but with one important difference: it contains elite enterprises of the country, which determine the international competitiveness of the nation.

In General, there are three main definitions of a cluster:

- is limited forms of regional economic activity within related sectors, usually linked to the different scientific institutions (research institutes, universities, etc.).

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-is the vertical production chain; rather narrowly defined sectors in which adjacent stages of the production process form the core of the cluster (e.g., chain "supplier – producer - marketer - client"). This category is network formed around a parent firm.

-is industries defined at a high aggregation level (for example, "chemical cluster") or set of sectors at an even higher level of aggregation (for example, "agro-industrial cluster").

Classification of clusters and their strategies

Speaking of clusters, we can distinguish 2 strategies that complement each other: strategies to increase the use of knowledge in existing clusters; strategies to create new networks of cooperation within clusters.

Currently, experts described the 7 major characteristics of clusters, a combination which is based on a particular choice of cluster strategy:

1. geographical: the construction of spatial clusters of economic activity, ranging from purely local (for example, horticulture in the Netherlands) to a truly global (aerospace cluster); Industrial district "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", "Kamskie Polyany".

2. horizontal: some industries/sectors can enter into a larger cluster (e.g., the system of mega in the economy of the Netherlands);

3. vertical: in clusters may be present adjacent stages of the production process. It is important which of the network participants is the initiator and the final executor of innovation within the cluster; Customer catalyst — plant designer — small firm — supplier — NII —consumer — factory

4. lateral: to cluster together different sectors, which can provide savings due to economies of scale, leading to new combinations (for example, the multimedia cluster);

5. technology: all industries using the same technology (such as biotech cluster);

6. focus: cluster of companies, concentrated around a centre - enterprise, research Institute or educational institution;

7. quality: significant here is not only the question of whether firms collaborate, but how they do it. The network is not always automatically stimulate innovation. Sometimes, in networking, by contrast, suppressed innovation processes and promotes protective behaviours. Relationships with suppliers can stimulate innovation processes, but they also can be used for shifting costs for partners and infringement of their financially. In the latter case, networks are neither stable nor stimulating.

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When you build a cluster the "top" answer the following questions:

1.Is it possible to cluster? (The conditions of production factors, their quality and degree of specialization): — of Natural resources. — Human resources. — Financial resources. — Physical infrastructure. — Administrative infrastructure. — Information infrastructure. — Research potential.

2.How effective is the cluster? Competition and strategic development: Investment climate and policy of the regional authorities. — The presence of competitors and free competition.

3.Is there a need for each member of the cluster?: — The presence of demanding local consumers. — The presence of the unique needs of our clients. — Specialized demand for products or services to the regional enterprises which can be in demand in the global market.

4.Whether the interaction of firms to evolve in a cluster? — Availability of qualified suppliers. — Presence of competitive related industries.

However, no matter how important the motivation to clustering, for many small firms, the organization of such cooperation is not a simple matter. Small businesses usually thrive at the expense of individualism and entrepreneurship. So for them too closely with competitors, suppliers or customers can be a real threat.

That is why such enterprises cooperation requires a higher level of strategic thinking of managers of small enterprises. Small firms have to decide to what extent they are willing to take a long, close cooperation, what knowledge they have to contribute from their side, and what they would like to hold, - and all this requires a high level of internal organization.

The main theorist M. porter summed up the experience of those countries which in the 20th century managed to become the most prosperous. The main conclusions of M. porter:

1.National prosperity is not inherited, but created. 2.Macroeconomic stability is a necessary but not sufficient condi-

tion for national prosperity.

3.The basis of the competitiveness of the country lies at the regional

level.

4.Competitiveness of countries and regions is determined not so much by a set of factors, as the efficiency of their use.

5.The level of welfare and economic growth of certain areas, depend on the availability of territorial centres of economic development (clusters).

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The principle К2К - capital to Capital: the success of the give rise to the success of the encirclement, the successes of the environment have a positive impact on further growth of competitiveness of the company. In the end, a "cluster" - a community of firms, closely related branches, which are mutually promoting growth of competitiveness of each other.

For the whole of the state economy clusters carry out a role of points of growth of domestic market and base for international expansion

The presence of a cluster of branches speeds up the process of creating of favorable factors where there is a group of domestic rivals. All firms from a cluster of interrelated industries, make investments in specialized, but related, technologies, information, infrastructure, human resources, leading to a massive emergence of new firms. Clusters are the cause of major investments and attention of the government, i.e. the cluster becomes something greater than the sum of its individual parts. In the process of cluster development of economic resources begin to flow to it from isolated industries that are unable to use them productively.

Analysis of changes in international competition. M. Porter

The cluster approach involves the inclusion of country and regional characteristics of the economy in the analysis of competitiveness.

It is well known that in recent decades, developed countries are faced with increasing competition from developing countries. That, in turn, said the growth of competitiveness of the latter. This figure 3.1 shows the trend in the share of developing countries in the global economy.

Fig. 3.1. Shows the trend in the share of developing countries in the global economy

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One of the most important factors, influencing regional competitiveness is the quality of the workforce within the region. Analysis, done by the Harvard group, under the guidance of M. Porter, reveals the following trends (fig. 3.2).

Fig. 3.2. Data on labour force quality within the region

Note that a few years ago, leadership in the export of hightechnology products has moved to developing countries (fig. 3.3).

Fig. 3.3. Export data for developing countries

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However, a more detailed analysis shows that there is a internationalisation of clusters:

thus, the total exports of the US companies is less than one third of sales, taking into account sales through foreign subsidiaries.

Fig. 3.4. Total exports of US companies

Checklist:

1.Give the definition of the cluster.

2.Highlight key features of each of the 7 types of clusters. Is it possible the identity of the cluster to one strictly certain type?

3.Select principal components analysis of the viability of the clus-

ter.

4.As the changes in international competition affect the dynamics of the clusters.

5.As the change in the price of resources affect the location of the

clusters?

6.Whether inside the cluster, the pressure of competitive forces? How it affects the development of companies? The cluster as a whole?

7.Is the cluster integrated structure?

8.What kind of integration is observed in the cluster? Give exam-

ples.

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9. What is the concept of "points of growth" in the economy? It is associated with the concept of the multiplier?

Practical tasks:

The cluster concept of M. porter. The change in the structure of competitive forces in the global economy

On page 452 Global Competitiveness Index 2013-2014 presents an index of the intensity of competition at the local level. On page 453 index of market power, Page. 458 - the time required to open a business. Page 460

-the role of trade barriers, p. 462 - the share of foreign ownership in companies. Str. 466 - degree orientation of business to the end consumer, p. 467

-the index of consumer demand.

Based on these data, the tendency to perform any of the five countries included in the index, to the formation of clusters. At least one of the countries should show a tendency to form a local cluster and one for the tendency to the formation of a global cluster.

Sources:

1.Global Competitiveness Index 2013-2014, page 390-520.

2.Open sources in the media and the Internet.

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Chapter 4. Mapping the concepts of cluster science parks, technology parks and industrial district

Experience shows that the boundaries between different types of innovation integration structures are blurred, and mixed forms are in practice much more often than the net.

Including this may explain the fact that in the scientific literature and in policy documents of various kinds under the term "Technopolis", "industrial" often refers to quite different structures. In this regard, it is necessary to define more clearly the various forms of innovative integration structures.

Technopolis is the most widely Technopark education. Concepts technopolises, technology parks and corporate campuses are used for any territorial scientific and high-tech profile. The concept of "Technopolis" in its modern sense, usually refers to a whole region or urban settlement as a whole.

The main objective of development of science is creation of favorable life conditions in the peripheral areas and developed the infrastructure necessary to stimulate economic development and promoting economic restructuring based on economic efficiency, ecological security, social comfort and stimulation of the development of their own resources.

In Technopolis closely combined science, technology and entrepreneurship, is normally connected academic and University research and established collaboration with regional and Central authorities. The basic core of the Technopolis is the first and foremost scientific research facilities.

Logistics innovation aimed at the development of communication systems to create an innovative product (service) and bring it to the consumer.

Innovative communication and their characteristic relationships occur where participants of the innovation process enters into integration relations and exchange information on the subject of innovation, as well as share future results and bear the associated risks. Usually consider three main forms of organization of the innovation process: administrative; initiative; program budgeting.

Administrative form involve large corporations, combining, under the overall guidance of the R & d, manufacture and marketing of products. When using such forms of organization of the innovation process as a sci- entific-theoretical and practical, and market and Finance is the function of R & d and amalgamation of enterprises. Theoretical and research-to-

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practice, and market and Finance is the function of R & d and amalgamation of enterprises.

The initiative involves a form of financial and consulting support of small forms involved in the early stages of the innovation process. Many large firms with the objective of enhancing the innovation process to create organizational and economic conditions for the action teams from its own staff. Direct management of the innovation process is the innovation Manager activity is the organization of accounting and analysis of events and decisions in the process. It should be noted that it innovation Manager nominated representative of the owners of invested capital.

Program-targeted form of organization of the innovation process includes the participants work programs in their organizations and coordinate their activities from the control center program. To tackle major tasks, usually on a temporary basis, formed a new organization that represents exclusively targeted structure. In the framework of this University forms are built and applied innovation centres.

Industrial parks represent agglomerates of industrial companies with their technical and scientific units. Academic science lack. According to various reports formally registered in Russia about a hundred techopark, but based on real situations, this status may qualify as being substantially smaller number of them. In accordance with their tasks technoparks carry out examination and selection of innovative proposals, scientific and technical programs and projects aimed at the creation and implementation of new equipment and high technologies, risk assessment of these proposals, assist in conducting of scientific-research works (SRW) and the transfer of their results into production. They provide innovative enterprises production area, equipment to conduct research, offer legal, financial, marketing, commercial and other services, assistance in legal and commercial protection of intellectual property.

The creation of regional centres ("poles") of the growth centres structural dynamics should be one of the most effective ways of regional development of Russia. Technology parks and technopolises has already declared itself as about one of forms of such growth centres. They promote innovation and creation of venture companies involved in the development of new technologies. This is proved by international practice.

The creation of technoparks can be implemented both at the regional and at the interregional level the interregional economic associations. To solve this problem you need active work of the Executive and legislative

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structures of subjects of the Russian Federation, interregional economic associations.

The development of such forms of interaction of science and production allows us to provide a complete solution for a variety of problems in scientific-technical, innovative, economic and social spheres.

The creation and dissemination of scientific and technological parks must ensure that: the accelerated introduction of scientific and technological achievements in production, especially in the field of high technologies; commercialization of scientific and technical ideas, and therefore improving the efficiency of national spending on research and development; restructuring industry; decreasing regional disparities; a partial solution to employment problems.

There are several varieties of scientific-technological parks, different relationships between research and production functions, scale, and scope of cooperation, etc.

Research parks are agglomerations of the research departments of industrial companies, grouped around major research centers, mainly universities. The range of their activities, in most cases, is limited to the provision of scientific services, particularly the development of technical innovations. Subsequent phases of the innovation process are often beyond the research parks. Construction of production facilities in many parks is not provided, and some even banned.

Industrial parks are associations of firms based on the joint use of land, office space and the provision of certain types of services. Such as the execution of printing and copying works of some of the services on organizational issues, etc. the Main purpose of this form of cooperation is assistance to enterprises in solving the problem of placing production in restricted suitable for industrial development of the territory.

The intermediate position between these two types of parks is occupied by gründer centres, which are mostly a kind of industrial parks.

However, while the industrial parks open to firms from different production profile, grunderna centers are for starting only the manufacturing sector.

Science and technology innovation and technology centers (parks), in turn, are a kind of Grunder centers, but differ from them in the concentration of firms specializing in innovation activities in the field of high technology. In addition to the services for collective use of force in grunderna centers, there are venture capital funds and specialist venture capital firms.

Here, Russian universities and other higher education institutions have considerable potential to ensure the economic development of Russian

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