Management of industrial clusters. Tutorial

allows you to redirect the flow of raw materials for consumption in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Russian Federation, for export, and according to the priorities and the ratio of the data streams that were installed in the model.

Table 7.2

The results of the analysis of scenarios "presence or absence" of Nizhnekamsk industrial region (NGO)

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However, since in the processing in the Republic get the maximum added value, to get the most "hard" conditions is considered it is the redirection of raw materials.

By comparing scenarios "presence or absence" of industrial districts economic characteristics of the cluster as a whole changed as shown in table 7.2.

Clearly the change in value added in the case of "off" Nizhnekamsk industrial region are presented in figure 7.4.

Fig. 7.4. Diagram of value added in the scenario "the presence - asence of Nizhnekamsk industrial region"

From the analysis of the behavior of economic-mathematical model of Nizhnekamsk industrial region in the scenario of "presence or absence" of the industrial district empirically confirmed the conclusion that the implementation of organizational innovations - the establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial region, is not accompanied by financial investment or tax or other incentives, have led to significant economic effect, substantial increase in added value in the cluster, OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" economically related enterprises.

Below substantiates the presence of a dual innovation development in Nizhnekamsk industrial district as an organizational innovation in the methods of the state support and create new and innovative you to read the rental goods.

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The analysis procedures for the establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial district was considered the measures taken by the main participants in its creation - the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan and the state bodies of Executive power, directly coordinating the process of creating a County - ministries of trade and foreign economic cooperation of economy and industry, OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", Association of plastics processors and of Nizhnekamsk. In the process of establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial district implemented a new, original scheme of state support that do not involve direct financial effects and benefits, but provides nevertheless a preferential mode of operating a small business involved in the creation of industrial districts, through other mechanisms (acceleration and facilitation soglasovatelnye - licensing procedures, the removal of barriers within the network of interaction, information exchange, creation of informal channels of communication, the establishment of equal conditions for small businesses).

The analysis shows empirical works of foreign, primarily Italian authors, these factors cause almost measurable economic effect of the creation of an industrial district. With the establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial district was implemented organizational scheme that allows, in the absence of bailouts, tax or other benefits, without the contributions of the state to provide however, a more favorable economic mode of functioning of small businesses in the County to provide expedited organizational and licensing procedures, facilitate the solution of urgent issues of functioning of the district in regional and Russian state authorities. The basic principles of the scheme of creation of the district the following:

-the principle of continuous operational monitoring of the progress of the project through the institution of the authorized agencies, regular meetings of heads of ministries and departments, allowing no possibility, under the conditions in force at the time the regulatory field, you can make contributions on behalf of the state, coordinate and control the creation of the district. To this end, even the procedure of the district offices took the form of a visiting session of the Cabinet of Ministers under Prime Minister and was decorated by the government of the Republic.

-the principle of openness and wide publicity of the whole process of industrial districts, involving, as the media and representatives of foreign, primarily Italian business sector and the public (e.g., the Russian-Italian chamber of Commerce), which allowed to observe the necessary balance of commercial interests of participants and General industrial needs of the County and region.

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- the principle of public policy and the interests of the region through the institution of the representatives of the Russian and Republican ministries in the Supervisory Board of the industrial district, which was an innovation in the practice of creating industrial districts.

The set of features of the scheme of establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial region classify it as business innovation.

Practical tasks:

To analyse the effectiveness of one of the clusters RT (other than petrochemical), using the methods and materials that are in the public domain.

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Chapter 8. Characteristics of industry clusters RT

What regional model for the strategic risk management and its structural-functional elements?

Dynamics of socio-economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan depends on how effective will be the assessment and prediction of risks in the management of the regional economy. In General, the results 2010. testify to the General positive macroeconomic dynamics of the economy. The GRP of the Republic takes the sixth position in Russia. The largest contribution to the GRP growth was made by manufacturing is 34.9%, construction - 21,5%, processing production - 17,5%, transportation and communication 5.2 percent. The growth rate of industrial production RT was faster than the dynamics of growth of Russian industry. By 2011, the current structure of the Republican industry took a big long fuel and petrochemical clusters (more than 55 %}. For the region remain relevant risks inherent to the Russian economy and restraining the development of other sectors of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan (table 8.1).

In these circumstances, it is necessary to form the specific institutional structure of the regional economy, the main elements which provide an acceptable level of risk through the optimal allocation between market participants.

The experience of building risk management system in developed countries has shown that a cluster model of development of economic complex of the region can significantly reduce risks by:

-the quality of linkages - market linkages increase instability and uncertainty, so the contract system of interaction of cluster members reduces the risks. Contractual organizational-economic form is beneficial in that it provides stability, legal protection of various forms of interaction of economic entities.

-organizational and economic forms of interaction between cluster members, which are fixed long-term contracts (3-5 years) made on a systematic basis. The latter means, in particular, that related, associated production the level of development of pull each other, for example, has simultaneous technical and technological re-equipment, as the guaranteed market for manufactured products, and in General it is cheaper than finding new reliable business partners;

-intensive development of small and medium business in the framework of the network structure of the cluster. Thus, small and medium

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businesses is provided by the security, the stability of raw materials supplies and sales of finished products.

Table 8.1

Structure risk for the development of industrial clusters in Russian regions"

The regional model of risk management includes structural and functional elements shown in table 8.2.

Feature of the proposed regional model of risk management is the presence of external and internal organizational forms. Under external organizational forms are understood as independent specialized organizations carrying out work on risk assessment in the regional economy and the development of measures for protection against them. Under the internal organizational forms are understood as internal units of the enterprises of the regional industry clusters, involved in assessing and forecasting risks.

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Table 8.2

The basic structural and functional elements of a regional model of risk management

DIAGNOSIS RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTERS IN THE REGION BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

MANAGING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTERS AND PREDICTION OF THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE RISKS

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Practical tasks:

To analyze how the construction of clusters in Tatarstan impact on the international competitiveness of products.

How has the welfare of the members of the cluster since the establishment of cooperative ties? What are the dynamics of joining of new firms to the cluster?

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Chapter 9. Use of cluster technology in the establishment of Nizhnekamsk industrial district and the TRANS-Kama innovative cluster

In recent years, successfully developed a cluster form of development of the economy, and, therefore, modified methods of economic analysis of the effectiveness of economic development in General and innovation in particular.

Analysis of the latest research of domestic and foreign experts allowed to identify the following approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of clusters:

1)assessment of the international competitiveness of the final products of the sectors are grouped into clusters, according to some indicators, [49], such as: the excess of the share of products of this industry on the world market over the total share of country in total world trade; sectoral excess of exports over imports; the excess of growth in sales, profits and investment, as well as the level of labour productivity in this sector is above average in the world, etc.;

2)evaluation of the effectiveness of cluster development based on the balanced scorecard BSC: financial and non-financial indicators shall contain indicators of connectivity companies in the region, for example, to take into account the volume of orders from research institutions of the cluster enterprises, targeted training in universities etc[105].

Interesting and important, the testing of approaches and logistics areas of economic science. The main areas in which it is possible to evaluate the basic performance indicators are: planning material requirements (Material Requirement Planning, MRP), manufacturing resource planning (Manufacturing Resources Planning, MRP II), enterprise resources planning (Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP), demand planning of the distribution (Distribution Requirement Planning DRP), logistics planning requirements (Requiremen Logistic Planning, LRP), also called the system management supply chain (Supply Chain Management, SCM) (or logistic chain), enterprise and consumer are synchronized with the resource planning (Customer Synchronized Resources Planning, CSRP).

Used in logistics indicators of success of functioning of logistic systems are based mainly on the calculation of absolute indicators – defining logistics effect. In the domestic theory and practice of the known approaches, for example, C. Karnaukhov proposes to calculate local effects of logis-

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tical system and the synergistic effect of the whole logistics system, by mapping these categories of costs, as the costs associated with the production or organization of execution of a given size and quality (product, service) in the object of logisticaly for a certain period and the costs associated with the production or organization of service performance after logisticaly. The most important component of these effects is the amount of savings from reduced costs.

Other researchers are calling the most important indicator for assessing the "effectiveness" of functioning of logistic systems profit, which reflects the results of all logistic activities, - the volume of logistics services, the performance of the logistics system, costs, the presence of unproductive costs and losses, etc., in fact also talking about the economic impact. In the logistics area interesting for us is the method of calculating the index of efficiency of logistics flows (which can be used in cluster formations), the ratio of growth of value added to the increase in logistics costs. The choice of value added as an effect is because it is more universal than profit, as, for example, the introduction of innovations in production (innovation processes) a large part of the profits could go to funding them, and thus also have a lower efficiency. In addition, the use of profit as an indicator of the economic effect of the cluster is not always correct, since it is often difficult to assess the trajectory of the profits of enterprises within the cluster. In this case, justified would be to form a measure of effect based on the analysis of added value chains, which allows to use the methodology of logistics.

From the point of view of methodology of analysis of efficiency of innovative activity of cluster is most appropriate, in our view, the use of mathematical modeling. Mathematical modeling has been used by several authors for the study of innovative processes in the Republic of Tatarstan, and Sinkevichi A. I. describes a set of models of institutions that stimulate (discourage) innovation process.

The solution of problems related to the organization of effective regulation of commodity flows in the cluster of enterprises is also possible when using the range of informational, analytical and methodological tools and approaches, which are called Systems of Decision Support (DSS, Decision Support Systems). These tools are designed to integrate hardware and software collection tools, analytical processing and visualization of information as well as operational support activities of the group of experts.

DSS are designed to provide instrumental assistance in solving the following types of tasks: analytical, i.e. the calculation of values of the

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