Management of industrial clusters. Tutorial

It is expedient according to the above 6 criteria (presence of the company-leader in the share of foreign direct investment, degree of competition, innovation, internationalisation, engagement, small business) to clarify the specifics of the modern Russian industrial districts including those created for the Italian model (the most typical example is the Nizhnekamsk industrial district). From the analysis of policy documents in support of innovation processes concluded that in the conditions of Russian economy the predominant mechanism for the establishment and resource infrastructure of parks and science parks is to support the state, while industrial clusters and industrial districts, not having such resources internally tend to anchor a large enterprise.

This is caused by the peculiarity of the industrial districts created in Russia, in comparison with known models districts. If the original Italian model of industrial districts the existence of anchor enterprises do not necessarily and often not observed, then in the Russian industrial districts created by using Italian model, large anchor company must be present and carries a substantial load. Because of this, it is concluded that a necessary element, the center of gravity in the industrial district must be a large enterprise Corporation. Thus, unlike other foreign models, where the high rank of major enterprises usually combined with low or average rank of small business in modern Russian reality, the existence of anchor businesses are not hampered by a high rank of presence your small business. It should be noted that the modern industrial district are substantially different from those described in the literature of the Russian model, described as the territorial production complex (TPK) is a relatively large territorial cluster (examples: – the Kursk magnetic anomaly – KMA, the Timan-Pechora TPC, North Tyumen TPK, TPK, Norilsk etc.). For greater clarity, it is possible to rank the severity of the above-described 6 symptoms in points from 1 (very little) to 5 (very much). The signs have the following degrees of severity: in the original Italian model: the presence of the company-leader – 1, the share of direct foreign investment – 2, the degree of competition – 3, innovation – 3, internationalization is 5, the involvement of small business – 5; in the described in the literature of the Russian model (TPK): the presence of firm-the leader – 4, the share of foreign direct investment is 0, the degree of competition – 1, innovation 1, internationalization – 1, the involvement of small business, 0; a model of industrial districts (example of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district): the presence of firm-the leader – 4, the share of direct foreign investment – 1, the degree of competition – 3, innovation – 3, internationalization – 3, the involvement of small business – 4.

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Checklist:

1.What are the main criteria that vary cluster model.

2.What are the characteristics of Italian, Japanese, North – American, Indian, Soviet, and Finnish models of clusters?

3.Describe the extent of public influence on the members of the cluster in the framework of these models.

4.In a cluster model of the competitive forces pressure the greatest? The smallest?

5.Describe changes in the structure of competitive forces within each of the models.

Practical tasks:

Based on the Global Competitiveness Index 2011-2012 to analyze the performance of the protection of investors (p. 410), the intensity of local competition (p. 452), "stickiness" of employment (page 472), the intensity of state purchases (p. 518), the availability of venture capital (p. 484) and other important, in your opinion, the factors to compare and illustrate the impact of these factors on the formation of Italian, Japanese, North American, Indian and Finnish model.

Sources:

1.Global Competitiveness Index 2011-2012, p. 390-520

2.Open sources in the media and the Internet

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Chapter 6. Features the Italian model and their application in the economy of the Russian Federation

Italian model: industrial cluster consists of a large number of small firms, which are United in various associations to improve their competitiveness.

In Italy, the cluster is called "industrial district". After the Second world war the industrial district has experienced significant growth in the North of Italy. The result is a new economic region, which is called "Third Italy".

In 1996, the country was officially allocated 199 industrial districts, spontaneously developed over the previous decade. More than 50% located in the regions Lombardy, Veneto and Marche. In the North-East accounts for 32.7% of the total number of districts 37.6% of the total number of their working population; in the North-West, respectively, of 29.6% and 41.5%. In the South there are only 7.5% of the total number.

Italian legislation (Law No. 317/91) defines the industrial district as a homogeneous local productive system, characterized by a high concentration of industrial enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized (measured by the ratio of the number of enterprises and population) and a high degree of industrial specialization (measured by the ratio of employed in the sectors of specialization and total employment in the manufacturing industry of the district).

The main features in order to distinguish the industrial district as a special concern, are limited in scope: clearly defined production specialization: the sustainability of the production chain, all the links in which complement each other as elements of a process improvement: agile response through production to market demand; a dense network of relationships, mostly informal, between consumers and subcontractors, providing technical cooperation and promoting a continuous improvement of products and production processes; availability of local institutions (administration, banks, professional associations, schools, service centers, industrial museums, etc.) that facilitate the development of the district economy; high degree of propensity to export.

Industrial district, generally located in small towns. A significant role in the development of the cluster is played by the local municipalities.

Industrial districts typically consist of large number of small artisan firms employing a few workers. Despite his small size the Italian craft firms

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are highly competitive in the global market. High competitiveness is achieved through three factors: the active cooperation of small producers. The creation of collective institutions that support firms in the County, maximizing the potential of product differentiation; high innovative activity of firms, flexibility and fast reaction to new consumer demands.

As noted by researcher of regional issues F. Sforzi the concept of industrial districts and constructed in accordance with this statistics, creates a special mesh territorial classification, largely changed the approach to the problem of regional development in Italy. The key term socio-economic analysis in many cases has become the territory, and the unit of analysis is the local system. In the same conceptual framework began to take shape and be regional policy aimed at creating the institutional conditions for enhancing competitiveness in each particular area. For a country relatively poor in natural resources, this view of management provides additional opportunities that becoming more and more important in the "knowledge economy". According to modern researchers. "industrial district can be considered as a "cognitive laboratory" where knowledge and information is processed in complex ways to the culture and social values."

Perhaps this is the main resource of competitiveness of the Italian industrial districts, which are facing increasing competition from developing countries specializing in the production of similar goods of consumer demand and producing these products with much lower labor costs (the Value of labour costs in Italy is 17.8 USD. per hour per employee in Slovenia – 6,7 dollars, Romania – $ 4.3., China-less than $ 1 a day. per hour.

Territory, capable to integrate social and production factors and because of the social context to organize the process of preparation and accumulation of knowledge, is transformed into an independent resource, give rise to competitive advantage.

The main collective institutions for the development of the Italian industrial districts are the following: national conference of craftsmen (NKR); industrial parks; financial consortia; marketing consortia; technological institutes.

National conference of craftsmen combine small businesses and have a wide network of offices to provide administrative services. The main services of the NKR missions include: accounting; financial services (all collectively guaranteed loans); assisting in the development of property; information services (including marketing and technological information); organization of cooperatives for solving problems common to specific groups (quality control, purchase large quantities of raw materials, export

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marketing)Financial consortium is an Association of manufacturers make easier for small firms obtaining a business loan from a Bank. A financial consortium provides an objective internal assessment of the business idea. Due to good knowledge of the industry, this assessment is not expensive.The consortium also monitors the implementation of obligations under the loan, with leverage for recovery of funds in case of refusal of credit obligations. Borrowers who received a loan through a financial consortium, are responsible to him and seek to exert maximum effort to repay the loan.

Marketing consortium – Association of companies in the field of marketing, which helps to increase international marketing opportunities.We provide services: export promotion; organization of trade fairs and exhibitions, preparation of national and export directories; business trips of trade delegations to foreign markets; communications with governmental authorities; market research, business services; translation services; filing financial strength of existing and potential clients; the purchase of raw materials in large quantities and warehousing, and training.

Thus, the "Italian model" to a high degree are applicable for the production of relatively low technical level, but with a high degree of differentiation. The demand for products subject to frequent changes, which allows small firms to take advantage of their flexibility.

Checklist:

1.What are the main features of the Italian model of clustering?

2.What competitive forces act on the cluster members?

3.Describe the pressure changes, the competitive forces in the cluster of the Italian model compared to the forces of the market economy.

4.What factors determine the applicability of the Italian model of clustering in Russia?

5.Describe the characteristics of the state policy in respect of members of the cluster, characteristic of the Italian model of clustering.

Practical tasks:

Choose a sector of the economy of the Russian Federation, the most suitable for transplant of the Italian cluster model and make a list of measures (with justification) needed to create such a cluster.

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Chapter 7. Methods of evaluating the effectiveness of clusters

One of the main tasks of building a cluster is to achieve efficiency of operation. Methods of assessing the effectiveness of individual for each cluster and should be explored with specific examples. This Chapter provides an example of methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the cluster. As the base cluster of Nizhnekamsk industrial district.

By means of simulation modeling of business processes and financial projects based on simulation model describing the flow of goods between the Enterprises of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district. The model allows to calculate the economic characteristics implemented under different scenarios of behavior of the enterprises of the industrial district and the whole cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim". To build the model made an assumption about the basic commodity streams of the cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" (fig. 7.1).

Fig. 7.1. Scheme of commodity streams in the cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim"

By means of simulation modeling of business processes and financial projects based on simulation model describing the flow of goods between the Enterprises of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district. The model allows to calculate the economic characteristics implemented under different scenarios of behavior of the enterprises of the industrial district and the whole cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim". To build the model made an assumption about the basic commodity streams of the cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim".

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Under the companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", refers to enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation, foreign enterprises and enterprises of Nizhnekamsk industrial district-consuming products of JSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim". The block diagram of the flow of goods and consumers of products of JSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim"

The flow of goods going to the Nizhnekamsk industrial district, and the structure of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district is detailed, as it is shown in fig. 7.2, in accordance with table 2.

To calculate economic parameters of the model elements used dynamic simulation modeling based on the concept of "interactive stock flows". The simplest structural elements that build a model of the cluster enterprises, are items such as thread (the value of which can be adjusted in the range from zero to specified), storage tanks production (with the initial capacity to host several streams (e.g., raw materials) and issuing multiple threads (e.g., finished products). The magnitude of the input flow into the tank can be changed to an arbitrary ratio (e.g., ratio of output of finished products from raw materials, the rate of increase in the cost of raw materials, etc.). When the reservoir And receiving an input stream of raw materials and outstanding output product flow comply with the equation:

where A(t) - value of tank A at time I, and p - values of the input and output streams at time 1. Changing the values of commodity flows among industrial districts (including the magnitude of flows coming from the anchor businesses in industrial district), it is possible to calculate the main economic characteristics of the County industrial enterprise (profit, input-output, value added) and get them to be analysed in the form of tables

Ехсе1, and in the form of graphs and charts.

Thus in the used methodology of calculation of economic efficiency achieved the following advantages over conventional methods based on standard solvers in spreadsheet (e.g., Ехсеl):

-as the main semantic value is a stream, not the number in the model is taken into account distributed in time the nature of changes in quantities (e.g. the volume of production in reservoir);

-in models, it is possible to consider the continuity of flow and limb tanks tanks, more close to reality;

-if there are multiple input streams, a commonly used method PRO (first entered first out);

-have the ability to set the priority of threads.

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So, the figures below show the magnitude of flows of polypropylene, linear polyethylene, polyethylene, polystyrene and alpha-olefins in two situations - when the total flow of raw materials for the industrial district 170 million rubles (situation 2) and a reduced flow of raw materials - 150 million RUB (situation 1) (fig. 7.3).

Fig. 7.3. Value of raw material flows in an industrial district with a total flow of raw materials 150 million rubles/month

These pictures showed one of the differences between models based on the concept of "interactive stock flows", from the models that use in the calculation of generally accepted calculation tools, for example, Ехсеl. In this model manifests itself such quality as priority flows. In the model the minimum priority (fifth) is selected, the flow on alpha-olefins, therefore, reduction of input flow model seeks to maintain at the same level higherpriority flows, reducing first the least priority.

These and other advantages of the technique of efficiency analysis, based on the concept of interactive stock flow, provide a basis to consider the proposed method of analysis of the effectiveness of cluster of enterprises improved in comparison with existing analogues, as stock flow (the flow

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of raw materials or finished products) more adequately reflects the essence of these economic variables. In the work used specially designed algorithm analysis of economic parameters of industrial district and in the whole cluster of enterprises, including the following:

-using the flow controllers in the interconnected model of production of the enterprises of the industrial cluster model is set up on the link flows and their magnitude, reflecting the true original picture;

-output economic parameters of the enterprises (volumes of production, profit, PAYROLL, tax deductions, value added is recorded;

-sets the changed economic situation (by changing the value streams, the value of the product, capacity of production and other parameters), and it also fixed weekend economic parameters;

-initial and final sets of economic characteristics of enterprises cluster is compared and analyzed by standard methods.

Further, the methods of economic-mathematical modeling comparative evaluation of economic development scenarios cluster of companies related to OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim".

The comparative assessment concluded that the implementation of organizational innovations in the creation of Nizhnekamsk industrial region is not accompanied by financial investment, tax or other incentives that led to the economic effect, expressed in increasing the value added in the cluster, OAO "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" economically related enterprises.

The model used allows to simulate various economic situations for analysis. As output parameters you can set generalized economic characteristics of the cluster (in this case, the Nizhnekamsk industrial district) such as the volume of production, profit, added value. You can, for example, consider the impact of the production of a product on the overall performance of the cluster or to analyze the economic efficiency of the entire district as a whole.

It addressed the problem of analysis of economic efficiency of the Nizhnekamsk industrial district within the country as a whole, namely the consideration of the effectiveness of the use of products of JSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" as a raw material for the production of final products in the Nizhnekamsk industrial district compared with its sales in the Republic of Tatarstan in the Russian Federation and abroad. For this considered the economic situation (scenario) & two sections - with the presence of Nizhnekamsk industrial district without him. The model has the "key" overlapping the flows of raw materials in Nizhnekamsk industrial district and redirect their consumption in the Republic of Tatarstan. This

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