Management of industrial clusters. Tutorial

regions on the basis of new technologies. The main problem lies in the absence or insufficient development of mechanisms for commercialization of new scientific and technical developments. The practical output can be connected with the use of approaches tested abroad to the formation of scientific, technical and innovation and technological centers (parks).

The global trend of formation of scientific parks and incubators of small innovative business is traced in Russia in several forms, reflecting the characteristic specifics and some distinctive features of the national innovation system. Thus, the concept of clusters is widely used in modern literature. In a number of works, the term "cluster" is used to describe the agglomeration of firms specializing in the introduction of new, innovative products and their service. To this close and definition of M. Porter, according to which the industrial cluster is a geographically separate group of interacting (most often small and medium-sized) enterprises and related organizations (educational institutions, government bodies) operating in a certain field and characterized by a common activity and mutually reinforcing.

The term "industrial district" used for the purposes of this monograph also falls within the class of industrial clusters. In this regard, it seems necessary to consider the varieties of industrial clusters and industrial districts described in the literature.

Industrial cluster is a group of enterprises, organizations and departments, mostly geographically grouped, operating in a certain field and connected by a network of two - and multilateral economic, information, industrial and technological ties. Enterprises that are part of an industrial cluster are part of it under the influence of market forces, operate not only in accordance with their private interests, which are usually in the sphere of production of final products, but also jointly solve common tasks for them, which does not exclude competition between them.

The industrial district is a narrower concept. Primarily an industrial district means a group of small businesses, aimed at creating a final product, often (especially in Russia) grouped around the anchor of a large enterprise and related either commodity flows or technology and production relationships, and between economic and information network interactions that facilitate innovation. The industrial district is created on the initiative of the enterprises themselves, the support of state bodies is due to the presence of regional problems that can solve the industrial district. Comparing industrial clusters and industrial districts with technopolises and

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technoparks, it is possible to distinguish some of their differences, given in the table below (table 4.1).

Table 4.1

Comparative analysis and boundaries of technopolises and technoparks, industrial clusters and districts.

Source: compiled by the authors.

Industrial districts in the Russian Federation, although there are areas with other than normal economic conditions, however, differ from known zones with special economic conditions for a number of essential features: you do not have clearly defined geographic boundaries; have no tax or other subsidies; do not use special customs regimes or specific trade regimes; as a rule, do not use budgetary resources to build infrastructure; in contrast to the industrial clusters in the broad sense of territorial and production complexes are a collection of small businesses grouped around a large anchor company.

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Checklist:

1.What are the main features of Technopolis, a technology Park, industrial district and cluster?

2.What are the integration processes typical for each of them?

3.What competitive forces are amplified (attenuated) by the action of mechanisms of Technopolis, a technology Park, industrial district and cluster?

4.Give examples of Technopolis, a technology Park, industrial district and cluster. Analyze how using each of these mechanisms affects the international competitiveness of products? How the competitiveness in the domestic market?

5.Describe the main features of government policy in relation to the Technopolis, technology Park, industrial district and cluster.

6.How does the distribution of risks in the application of the mechanisms of Technopolis, a technology Park, industrial district and cluster?

Practical tasks:

To create a simplified diagram of the chain of value creation for the cluster, Technopolis, technology and industrial district.

To illustrate examples.

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Chapter 5. Cluster model and their key features (Italian, Japanese, North American, Indian, Soviet, and Finnish models)

Based on the analysis of the institutional characteristics of industrial clusters in different countries of the world can distinguish 6 different models. Each model represents a certain combination of 6 key characteristics of a cluster: the degree of market relations and competition,

the presence of the leading firms, small business development, innovation, internationalization, the presence of foreign direct investments (FDIS). Schematic image of the models of industrial clusters shown in the figures.

Fig. 5.1. Italian model: industrial cluster consists of a large number of small firms, which are United in various associations to improve their competitiveness.

In Italy, the cluster is called "industrial district". After the Second world war the industrial district has experienced significant growth in the North of Italy. The result is a new economic region, which is called "Third Italy".

In 1996, the country was officially allocated 199 industrial districts, spontaneously developed over the previous decade. More than 50% located in the regions Lombardy, Veneto and Marche. In the North-East accounts for 32.7% of the total number of districts 37.6% of the total number of their working population; in the North-West, respectively, of 29.6% and 41.5%. In the South there are only 7.5% of the total number.

Italian legislation (Law No. 317/91) defines the industrial district as a homogeneous local productive system, characterized by a high concentration of industrial enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized (measured by

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the ratio of the number of enterprises and population) and a high degree of industrial specialization (measured by the ratio of employed in the sectors of specialization and total employment in the manufacturing industry of the district).

The main features in order to distinguish the industrial district as a special concern, are limited in scope: clearly defined production specialization: the sustainability of the production chain, all the links in which complement each other as elements of a process improvement: agile response through production to market demand; a dense network of relationships, mostly informal, between consumers and subcontractors, providing technical cooperation and promoting a continuous improvement of products and production processes; availability of local institutions (administration, banks, professional associations, schools, service centers, industrial museums, etc.) that facilitate the development of the district economy; high degree of propensity to export.

Industrial district, generally located in small towns. A significant role in the development of the cluster is played by the local municipalities.

Industrial districts typically consist of large number of small artisan firms employing a few workers. Despite his small size the Italian craft firms are highly competitive in the global market. High competitiveness is achieved through three factors: the active cooperation of small producers. The creation of collective institutions that support firms in the County, maximizing the potential of product differentiation; high innovative activity of firms, flexibility and fast reaction to new consumer demands.

As noted by researcher of regional issues F. Sforzi [166] the concept of industrial districts and constructed in accordance with this statistics, creates a special mesh territorial classification, largely changed the approach to the problem of regional development in Italy. The key term socioeconomic analysis in many cases has become the territory, and the unit of analysis is the local system. In the same conceptual framework began to take shape and be a regional policy aimed at creating the institutional conditions for enhancing competitiveness in each particular area. For a country relatively poor in natural resources, this view of management provides additional opportunities that becoming more and more important in the "knowledge economy". According to modern researchers. "industrial district can be considered as a "cognitive laboratory" where knowledge and information is processed in complex ways to the culture and social values."

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Perhaps this is the main resource of competitiveness of the Italian industrial districts, which are facing increasing competition from developing countries specializing in the production of similar goods of consumer demand and producing these products with much lower labor costs (the Value of labour costs in Italy is 17.8 USD. per hour per employee in Slovenia – 6,7 dollars, Romania – $ 4.3., China-less than $ 1 a day. per hour.

Territory, capable to integrate social and production factors and because of the social context to organize the process of preparation and accumulation of knowledge, is transformed into an independent resource, give rise to competitive advantage.

The main collective institutions for the development of the Italian industrial districts are the following: national conference of craftsmen (NKR); industrial parks; financial consortia; marketing consortia; technological institutes.

National conference of craftsmen combine small businesses and have a wide network of offices to provide administrative services. The main services of the NKR missions include: accounting; financial services (all collectively guaranteed loans); assisting in the development of property; information services (including marketing and technological information); organization of cooperatives for solving problems common to specific groups (quality control, purchase large quantities of raw materials, export marketing)

A financial consortium - is an Association of producers , to make easier for small firms obtaining a business loan from a Bank. A financial consortium provides an objective internal assessment of the business idea. Due to good knowledge of the industry, this assessment is not expensive.

The consortium also monitors the implementation of obligations under the loan, with leverage for recovery of funds in case of refusal of credit obligations. Borrowers who received a loan through a financial consortium, are responsible to him and seek to exert maximum effort to repay the loan.

Marketing consortium – Association of companies in the field of marketing, which helps to increase international marketing opportunities.

We provide services: export promotion; organization of trade fairs and exhibitions, preparation of national and export directories; business trips of trade delegations to foreign markets; communications with governmental authorities; market research, business services; translation services; filing financial strength of existing and potential clients; the purchase of raw materials in large quantities and warehousing, and training.

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time in Japan, there were no own automotive business); availability of technology in the textile industry, the funds from the sale of which formed the initial capital; the mand for cheaper products from the US (AmericanKorean war, the 50s), as a consequence, the flow of investments; active state support.

The history of TMS is replete with innovative ideas not only in direct engineering (such as creating fuel-efficient cars), but in all elements of production activities. Principles of business organization characterized by the technique of "Kaizen" which means constant transformation and improvement of all areas of the company.

A special feature of Finland is that it is a small economy that is not self-stable demand on the domestic market. Therefore, the clusters in Finland initially focused on exports. The basic premise to create clusters in Finland were the conditions for the factors of production, mainly highly skilled workforce.

Due to the fact that the overall economy is export-oriented (hence the firms inside the cluster have to compete with other large firms on the world market), clusters in the economy are not exclusively national. Within clusters, or present relations with the neighbouring countries (e.g., Sweden and other Baltic sea countries) or measures for the search and implementation of data links. The Finnish economy has significant reserves of natural resources.

Therefore, the main engine of economic growth of the Finnish economy and clustering is the high level of innovation. Innovations occur thanks to the well developed education sector (which is also a result of effective state policy).

Fig. 5.4. North American model: the most pronounced competition between firms, most of the relationships are mediated by the market.

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Feature of the North American model is the presence of high competition between companies of the same level, which is the main factor in the development of the cluster. Competition between companies in the cluster stimulates innovation aimed at improving the efficiency of production processes, management systems, marketing, etc. Also there is competition in the labor market for more highly skilled and educated labour force. Labor is mobile, and companies are undertaking poaching staff from each other.

In addition, the high level of entrepreneurial activity (employees leave the company and create their own firms operating in the same industry). The result is copying the technology of its competitors, which it has for the development of the cluster value is not less than the innovation. This is due to the fact that the circulation of experiences and ideas between companies leads to further innovation.

For clusters consisting of small and medium-size companies typical of vertical integration. This is due to increased competitiveness due to the concentration of all stages of the production process in the hands of one company, economies of scale.The American model is not applicable if the production process does not involve building closer links between companies. The main product is its low cost. It is achieved through competition between suppliers in the cluster, and also due to the mass production of the parent company.

The Indian model has a lot in common with the Japanese: the cluster has a pyramid shape. The top of the pyramid may be one (automotive cluster in NCR), or multiple (pharmaceutical cluster in Indore) companies.

The Indian model is applicable to the economy initially has neither technology nor experience of doing activities on the world market, no capital for initial investment, however, with substantial supply of cheap and easily available resources (relatively cheap labor, manufacturing and natural resources).

In the Indian model the initial development of clusters occurred exclusively at the expense of direct foreign investment, and active government support.

In India lacked private capital for the creation and development of powerful companies – leaders in the production chain, however, India had a reasonably high investment attractiveness due to cheap production resources (labor, land). One of the features was the presence of high or low skilled labor.

Thus, in India, the clusters initially began to develop on the basis of foreign companies which, with the active support of the state, became the

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main link in the production chain, engaging in the most high-tech manufacturing, while the small Indian companies were suppliers of raw materials (intermediate product) for them. One of the factors attracting FDIS, was a good knowledge of the indigenous population of the English language.

Left over from the planned economy system of distribution of production capacity has led to the fact that the Soviet model can be described as TPK – territorial production complex. The main signs TPK: TPK – planning generated a set of steadily interconnected and interdependent in proportion to developing various sectors of the economy that are created to jointly address one or more of a certain rank economic problems; TPK allocated size of production and clear specialization in the country and its economic region; concentrated on a limited TPK necessarily compact territory, with the appropriate range and size of resources; efficiently use local TPK and obtained from outside resources, and ensure environmental protection; TPK have a single production and social infrastructure.

Clusters in the form of OPC exist in Russia and currently is a modern project of the Lower Angara cluster, in fact, is a TPK. A large number of resource based enterprises built within the TBM approach in Western and Eastern Siberia and the far East, are now the basis for the competitiveness and export potential of Russia. In 2002, 12 of the most developed WPK gave 34.4% of industrial production and provided 62.6 per cent of Russia's exports. TPK main of Russia: Kursk magnetic anomaly – KMA, the Timan-Pechora TPC, North Tyumen TPK, TPK Norilsk, middle Ob TPK, TPK Kuzbass, Sayan TPK, TPK Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo TPK, Bratsk-Ust-Ilimsk TPC, South Yakutia TPK, West-Yakut TPK.

Fig. 5.5. The Soviet model of market relations and competition are minimized, production is concentrated on large firms.

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