Innovation management. Учебное пособие
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7. Expertise of innovative projects
product or a method for a specific purpose." An invention shall be granted legal protection if it is new, has an inventive step and is industrially applicable. However, the presence of these features, by themselves, is not enough: for the recognition and protection of rights to the invention requires a patent.
To get a patent, you need to make an application and submit it to the Federal service for intellectual property – Rospatent. Further on the application examination is carried out, and already on its results the decision on issue (or non-issue) of the patent is made.
The General order of application (and, in General, obtaining the patent) for the invention is established in the Civil code, and specific requirements to the application, to the enclosed documents, to application are established by special Administrative regulations [the Order of the Ministry of education and science of 29.10.2008 N 327 " about the approval of Administrative regulations of execution by Federal service for intellectual property, patents and trademarks of the state function on the organization, examination and granting in accordance with established procedure patents of the Russian Federation for invention" (Registered in the Ministry of justice 20.02.2009 No. 13413)]
So, the application is submitted to Rospatent by the person having the right to receive the patent – "applicant", and confirmation of such right by any document is not required. The right to obtain a patent for the invention initially belongs to the author of the invention but can be transferred (or transferred) to the successor – by law or contract. In addition, an application may be submitted by representatives with a power of attorney, among which it is particularly necessary to mention patent attorneys: thus, citizens permanently residing outside the territory of the Russian Federation and foreign legal entities conduct business with Rospatent only through patent attorneys registered in Rospatent.
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In the application for the invention, the applicant has the right to make additions, clarifications and corrections before making a decision on the application, if these changes do not change the application on the merits. Also, the applicant has the right to withdraw the application for the invention submitted by him before the state registration of such invention in the state register.
As for the patent application itself, the application must relate to one invention or to a group of inventions so linked as to form a single inventive concept ("requirement of unity of invention").
The application for the invention must necessarily contain:
an application for a patent indicating the author of the invention and the applicant, as well as the place of residence or location of each of them;
description of the invention, revealing its essence with completeness sufficient for the implementation of the invention by a specialist in this field of technology;
the formula of the invention, clearly expressing its essence and fully based on its description;
drawings and other materials, if they are necessary for understanding the essence of the invention;
abstract.
In accordance with the Rules of procedure, the application is submitted on a printed form or in the form of a computer printout in accordance with the established model, which has a clear structure. Moreover, if any information cannot be placed completely in the appropriate boxes, they are given in the same form on an additional sheet with an indication in the relevant column of the application: "see. Continuation on an additional sheet."
Regulations contain detailed requirements to filling of each columns of the statement: so, it is specified that the columns of the statement located in its top part are intended for entering of details after
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receipt in Rospatent, and the applicant are not filled in; it is specified how to fill in columns "the address for correspondence" how to specify the name of the claimed invention, data on the applicant, the representative, on the author of the invention, on the request for establishment of priority and so on.
The Regulations also set out how the description of the invention should look: so, in accordance with paragraph 10.7.1. Of the rules, the description shall disclose the invention in sufficient detail for its implementation.
The description of the invention begins with the name of the invention (which should be "brief and accurate" and, as a rule, characterizes its purpose and is stated in singular). The regulations contain special requirements for the names of chemical compounds, cell lines of plants and animals, genetic structures and so on.
The application must contain the following sections:
the field of technology to which the invention relates;
prior art;
disclosure of invention;
brief description of drawings (if they are contained in the application);
implementation of the invention;
a list of sequences (if nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences are used to characterize the invention).
Among the General requirements to the content of the sections of the description it is especially necessary to note the following points:
1. In the section of the description" field of technology to which the invention relates" indicates the scope of the invention. If there are several such areas, priority shall be given.
2. In the section "state of art" provides information about known to the applicant analogues of the invention with the selection of an analogue of them, the closest to the invention (prototype).
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3.The Section "disclosure of the invention" specifies the information that reveals the essence of the invention, and the essence of the invention is expressed in the totality of essential features sufficient to achieve the technical result provided by the invention. Essential characteristics are those that affect the possibility of obtaining technical result, i.e. are in a causal relationship with this result. The Regulation lists the features used to characterize devices, chemical compounds, to characterize compositions, substances obtained by nuclear termination, strains of microorganisms, cell lines of plants or animals, signs used to characterize the methods.
4.The technical result is a "description of the technical effect, phenomenon, property and so on, objectively manifested in the implementation of the method or in the manufacture or use of the product, including the use of the product obtained directly by the method embodying the invention. »
5.The Section "implementation of the invention" shows how the invention can be carried out with the implementation of the purpose specified by the applicant, preferably by providing examples, and with references to drawings or other graphic materials, if any.
The formula of the invention is intended to determine the scope of legal protection provided by the patent, and must be fully based on the description, Express the essence of the invention, be clear. The formula itself may be single-link (for the characteristics of one invention "...a set of features that do not have development or refinement in relation to particular cases of its implementation or use") and multi-link ("...for the characteristics of one invention with the development and/or refinement of the totality of its features in relation to particular cases of implementation or use of the invention or for the characteristics of a group of inventions...") and include one or more items.
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The materials explaining the essence of the invention can be arranged in the form of graphic images (drawings, drawings and so on.), photographs, tables – they are presented on separate sheets.
Summary - is "... an abbreviated presentation of the content of the description of the invention, including the name of the invention, the characteristic of the field of technology to which the invention relates, and/or the field of application, if not clear from the name, the characteristic of the essence of the invention with an indication of the achieved technical result", and may also contain additional information. The recommended volume is up to 1000 printed characters.
As for the General requirements for the application, it is submitted in Russian, the documents attached to the application can be submitted in a foreign language, but in this case, you must attach their translation into Russian. The application must be signed by the applicant or his representative. The application must not contain expressions, drawings, drawings, photographs and other materials that are contrary to morality and public order, disparaging statements in relation to products or technological processes, as well as applications or security documents of other persons, statements or information clearly not related to the invention, or are not necessary for the recognition of the application documents in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations. All documents must be printed on durable, white, smooth, non-shiny paper and so that readable copies can be obtained. The regulations contain quite strict requirements for numbering, fonts, writing formulas in the application and so on.
Issued applications for the invention are submitted to to Rospatent directly, by Fax (followed by the submission of their original), in electronic form on a machine-readable medium (with simultaneous submission on paper) or using an electronic digital signature or sent by mail.
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In General, it should be noted that despite the fact that the procedure for filing an application for an invention is described in detail in the legislation, it will be difficult for the author, if he does not have a legal education or significant experience, to navigate the provisions of the Civil code and Administrative regulations. To avoid unnecessary time-consuming, numerous problems and significantly reduce the chances of failure in the registration of the invention, it is recommended to contact the specialists in this field who know all the details of registration of applications for inventions.
Discussion questions:
1.Why should innovative projects that are proposed for implementation meet selected requirements?
2.Why it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the project on the basis of a certain system of criteria?
3.What are the main criteria for the evaluation of innovative projects? Discuss them.
Research topic:
Do you think Russian Federation legal protection of the main scientific and technical results is differing from the rest of the world? In what way? Conduct research.
Practical exercise:
Choose one method from the table (Table 7.2) and do research. Provide examples of the selected method application.
The selection of the appropriate method is very important stage of the process of analysis of innovative capacity of the project. Miscalculations at this stage of the assessment may further affect further the course of the work, or, even worse, lead to a dead end, and then no management decision will be received at all.
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The most common and yet accurate methods for innovation project evaluation are the economic mathematical methods. These methods suggest accurate formalization of economic phenomena and processes and are the main tool for analyzing economic systems, building theoretical models of economic processes, forecast behavior of economic entities.
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Table 7.2 |
Evaluation methods of innovation projects |
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Quantitative |
Combinatory |
Qualitative |
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Analytical method |
Simulation and |
Brainstorming |
Statistical method |
dynamic modeling |
Scenario method |
Discrete method |
Situational modeling |
Expert evaluation |
Set-theoretic-method |
Structural linguistic |
method |
Logistic method |
modeling |
Delphi method |
Semiotic method |
Informational method |
“Tree of goals” method |
Graph method |
Cognitive mapping |
Morphological method |
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Decision matrix |
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method |
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Analytical methods are methods applied then when properties of an economic system are expressed by certain quantities and dependencies. In this group of methods includes methods of game theory, mathematical programming, differential and integral calculus, search methods extremum functions, etc. So these are such methods when some definite knowledge of events and processes in selected interval time interval is given the opportunity fully predict the behavior of economic entities outside of this interval.
Statistical methods make it possible to identify statistics the static laws of the subjects of the economic system and they explain the behavior of part of the system or the system as a whole; determine the
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strength and nature of the interaction of elements within systems, as well as environmental elements.
Basic concepts of set-theoretic representations are: set, elements of the set and the relations on the set properties. One of the important in this group of methods is analysis based on the theory of fuzzy sets.
Logical methods are used in the analysis of new designs different economic nature, the nature of the links between elements of which are not clearly defined, but statistical studies did not reveal any specific patterns, or not at all possible.
Linguistic, semiotic, structural linguistic methods have emerged and continue to evolve due to the fact that there are needs for analyzing various languages and texts. Data methods, especially in conjunction with graphics, are used for the first stage of gradual formalization of decision-making tasks in poorly formalized situations.
Graphic methods are applied in the field of design, information systems of planning and management systems, in solving various types of organizational and economic tasks management of economic systems. To the data group of methods includes graph theory and various kinds of graphical interpretations information in the form of graphs, charts, histograms, etc. Data graphically depict the results of various analytic calculations and statistical laws.
Consider the basic methods related to quality group of innovation projects evaluation.
Brainstorming is a method of collective search for new ideas and solutions by stimulating creative activity. Brainstorming goal is the generation of a large number various creative solutions in the allotted limited time and getting from the most suitable.
Scenario method involves the modeling of possible future system states for each of the considered solutions, as well as the calculation of the characteristic properties of models and forecasting the
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likely positive and negative results of each model. To make adequate decisions on the evaluation of innovative capacity needs to involve the experience of experts - specialists, able to carry out the assessment of the studied objects not only on parameters that imply a quantitative assessment, but also on quality parameters, the estimates for which are linguistic character.
Methods of expert evaluation contain methods of forming interactions with expert experts, processing methods expert information, methods for processing expert opinions in quantitative or verbal form. Information, resulting in this, is used for analysis and decision making by finding the values of the estimates for each of the individual indicators and therefore the entire innovation potential as a whole. The disadvantage of expert evaluation methods is quite high because of great risk of expert error due to the subjectivity of the assessment. But these methods also have considerable advantage - it is that expert methods allow us to estimate not quantitative, and qualitative aspects of the object of evaluation.
Delphi method is a kind of expert ratings, which includes tools to enhance the objective expert surveys. Its main difference is the use of feedback: results are presented to experts previous round of the survey, as well as accounting data results in the process of assessing the value of expert opinions. Disadvantage method "Delphi" are the complexity of processing the opinions of expert and significant time costs.
“Tree of goals” method is intended to apply hierarchical structure obtained by splitting one common goal into several sub-goals, and these sub-goals into smaller ones put. These components are called sub-goals of lower levels, starting from the lowest level - functions.
Morphological method involves the construction of twodimensional Noah matrix. Two main characteristics are selected for this economic system, then for each of them create a list of alternative options. Next, build a table: lists of alter native solutions are the axes of
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these tables, and each cell of such a table is a possible variant solving the problem. The overall solution, therefore, is one of possible solutions for each part. The number of alternatives solutions of the analyzed problem is equal to the number of possible combinations in the table. At the next stage, it is revealed which of these decisions can be implemented in practice. So Thus, a systematic study of all sorts of alternative combinations of solutions of each of the parts of the problem leads to the solution the whole problem in general.
Decision matrix method is a method to increase expert evaluation confidence by dividing the task with great uncertainty laziness on separate subtasks and step by step getting estimates for each subtask.
Summarizing the above, regarding quantitative and qualitative assessment methods, it should be noted that in practical terms activities are the most common methods statistical methods and expert methods, which are connected in the majority cases with small amounts of preparatory and auxiliary actions and sufficient ease of execution potential.
Combinatory methods of innovation project evaluation include imitative dynamic methods - this methods based on the creation of simulation models that most consistent with reality. These methods applied specific tools reflecting causation investigative links between the various elements of the system and the dynamics of change of each of the elements. Obviously, in this modern computer technologies are used, because models of real systems contain, as a rule, considerable number of variables.
The most commonly used combined assessment method is the method of pattern analysis. This method is analogous to method "tree of goals", but in it to refine the model using characteristics of a probabilistic property that determine the significance of one branch of the tree of goals relative to another.
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