Foundations of Economics. Учебное пособие

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FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMICS

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Foundations of Economics : / #.$. %;

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: !- '!(&, 2013. – 132 . ISBN 978-5-7882-1481-8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT ……………………………………………………………….3

##0)0'!0 ……………………………………………..........................5

PART ONE. GRAMMAR THEORY…………………………………….6

PART TWO. TEXTS AND EXERCISES……………………………….52

UNIT 1

ECONOMICS AS A SOCIAL SCIENCE…………………………………………………………….… 52

UNIT 2 MICROECONOMICS.

MARKETS………………………………............................................. 57

UNIT 3

THE ROLE OF THE MARKET……………………………………………………………… 61

UNIT 4

PRODUCTION, COST AND EFFICIENCY…………………………………………………………. 66

UNIT 5

SUPPLY AND DEMAND……………………………………..................71

UNIT 6 FIRMS…………………………………………………………………….77

UNIT 7

MARKET FAILURE………………………………………………..……81

UNIT 8 MACROECONOMICS………………………………………………......87

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PART ONE. GRAMMAR

The Verb ( , )

, to be -" " ":

$ to do "

-" " . $ to do " : "

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" " ": I shall do it tomorrow. - 2 . .

#" :

- ": Do you speak English? - # - ?

' didn't work here yesterday. - # .

•) " : Do not (don't) open the window. - He .

•) : But I do know him. - ' ( ) .

I did do it. - 2 ( ) . .

$ shall will " ". 1

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•- ": We shall finish our work tomorrow. -

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' will have finished his work by 10 o'clock. - 1

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•: Shall I read? - ?

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PRESENT TENSES

Present Simple

•'- " (the Present Simple) "-

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" to. $ "

" — s/ -es.

We walk. - ' (she) walks. They start. - It starts.

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"- " do, does (don't, doesn't)

-" " " to,

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Do you like sweets? - I don't like them.

Does she play the piano? - She doesn't play the piano.

/ ", , -"

": always, ever, as a rule, never, every day (week, etc.), now and then, from time to time, generally, seldom, usually, regularly, rarely.

•The Present Simple :

1.1 , , -

-" ". My friends like to travel.

He visits his grandparents every Sunday. We have English grammar twice a week.

2.1- . / "

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". The Universe is endless.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Still waters run deep.

Old love doesn't rust.

3.% , - " " .

She enters the room, sees a fax on the table, reads it, and calls the secretary.

4.), - " " ",

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: see, hear, sound, believe, belong, understand, need, realize, remember, prefer, sound, possess, own.

I believe you understand me. It really sounds great.

This house belongs to my parents. Don't worry, I remember your address. Now I realize that you believe me.

- Who owns this car? - I do.

5.# ", ,

when, till, until, as soon as, before, after, if, unless, in case, on condition that, even if.

If Ted gets this job, he'll be happy. Shall I see you before you leave?

Decide this question as soon as the boss comes.

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Even if he learns the truth, he will not be cross with me.

6. % " to forget, to hear, to be told.

I forget your telephone number, (« »)

We are told she is leaving soon, («" ») I hear you are doing well, (« »).

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Present Progressive

'- " (the Present Progressive)

"- " to be the Present Simple (am, are, is) I " (

" " —ing).

I am doing it well.

We are thinking about it.

She is walking in the park at the moment.

# ":

"- to b ".

Am I doing it well?

We are not thinking about it.

Is she walking in the park?

/ " -" ": always, now, at the moment, constantly, right now.

•The Present Progressive " :

1.), - " " . The kids are watching the new cartoons now. The team is playing very well today.

I can't understand what you are doing.

2.), - "

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She is working too hard this term. No ice-cream for me. I am slimming. Nelly is studying at the University. She is writing her diploma now.

3./" .

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' is constantly talking about hockey. Why are y u always losing your things?

% " 1. $ be, look, feel "

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" ". I am feeling better today.

Little Nick is being difficult this week.

You're looking rather strange. Are you feeling all right?

4.5 ,

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move, come, go, leave, return, start.

We are leaving tomorrow. They are returning next month. Are you moving to the new flat?

5.) , "

" " ( the Present Simple). / "

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when, while, as long as, if, in case, unless.

David always talks when he is eating.

Watch traffic lights when you are crossing the road. Try not to make noise when you are drinking your tea.

% " 2. $ see, hear, understand "

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.". I can't believe what I'm hearing and seeing. Am I understanding you correctly, my dear? And I knew it was my mother's face I was seeing in my mind.

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Present Perfect

•'- " (the Present Perfect)

"- "

to have the Present Simple (have, has) "

" II ( " ).

I have done it. ' has come.

# "

-" ":

Have you done it? - I haven't done it. Has he worked? - He hasn't worked.

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