Foundations of Economics. Учебное пособие

/ " " by that time, by then, by Sunday, by now, by the end of the year, by summer.

•The Future Perfect ,

" " -".

/ - " " "

" - ", "

" ".

They will have got my telegram by morning.

She will have learned the news before this letter reaches her.

$% % # "

Future Perfect Progressive

•*- " (the Future Perfect Progressive) to be the Future Perfect (shall have been, will have b ) I

.

I shall have been speaking. He will have been running.

#

" ".

•The Future Perfect Progressive ,

" " -"

. " ", .

/ " " ,

, - the Future Perfect Progressive Tense.

I shall have been staying at this hotel for a week next Sunday.

They will have been working for this firm for twenty years next May.

% ' ' " % % (

)' Other Means of Expressing Future Actions in English

•The Present Progressive ,

"

-" ( , " ). I am leaving tonight.

' is coming to dinner on Thursday.

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"Please, cross the road here," the policeman says. - The policeman asks to cross the street there.

The teacher says to his students, "Don't forget to sign your papers." - The teacher asks his students not to forget to sign their papers.

The instructor says, "Don't wash your jeans in hot water." - The instructor warns not to wash my jeans in hot water.

3.1- " "

, " " if whether, " " "

. ' "-

.

"Is it raining now?" he asks. - He asks if it is raining now.

"Do you understand me?" she asks. - She asks if I understand her.

"Are there any people there?" the manager asks. - The manager asks if there are some people there.

4.% ,

" ", "

", -" " . %

".

They ask, "What is the time?" - They ask what time it is.

He asks, "When will it happen?" - He asks when it will happen. She asks us, "Who has come?" - She asks us who has come.

We ask them, "How often do you meet?" - We ask them how often they meet.

% " "

-" ": add, advise, allow, describe, explain, complain, continue, inform, insist, note, observe, order, offer, promise, protest, remark, reply, remind, recommend, refuse, suggest, think, warn, wonder.

I ask, "Who reads all these books?" - I wonder who reads all these books. "You can stay here till morning," she says. - She allows me to stay here till morning.

"Remember to phone your Granny," he says to me. - He reminds me to phone my Granny.

"Don't take sharp knives," Dad says to the children. - Dad warns the children not to take sharp knives.

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, Sequence of Tenses

•, " (the Sequence of Tenses) "

( "

).

' ", ", " " "

-" ":

yesterday – the day before, the previous day today – that day, the same day

tomorrow – the day after, the following day the day before yesterday – two days before the day after tomorrow – in two days time last week – the week before the previous week now – then, immediately

next week – the week after, the following week ago – before

this – that these – those here – there

•% "

:

1.0 " "

- - ", "

" " ", " " ". They wonder where I am (was, will be, have been). We don't know what she thinks (thought, will think) about it.

2. 0 " "

", "

". # "

" " ".

• % " ,

"

".

1.0

" " , "

the Past Simple the Past Progressive,

" , " "

.

' didn't know where she was.

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They noticed that he was sleeping.

2.0

, "

the Past Perfect the Past Perfect Progressive.

She had a feeling that she had been deceived. I knew you had left Moscow.

They understood what she had been doing.

3. 0

-", " the Future-in-the-Past ( )

- ".

We hoped she would be back soon. Nobody told me what would happen next. He said she was going to have a snack.

They told him he was to do the work.

• % " -

:

1.0 "

- , -

- " " " . My father said that the Earth moves and that it is round. The child was told that the sun rises in the East.

Our geography teacher told us at the lesson that there aren't any unknown islands left on the Earth.

2., " " " must, should, ought to

" . I wrote that I must see him.

He said he should be more careful.

These people advised me that I ought to see a doctor.

2.0 - ,

.

Mary: Don't leave, Bess. I'll make a cup of coffee for you. Bess to Tina: Mary said she will make a cup of coffee for me.

Surah: What's the weather like in Moscow? Ann: Oh, it's snowing heavily. Sarah to Bell: Ann said that it is snowing heavily in Moscow.

4.% " (the Past Simple)

", " " when since,

".

Michail said, "I haven't met Susan since we parted" - Michael said that he hadn't met Susan since they parted.

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5.% " (the Past Progressive)

".

' remarked: "When I came in, she was crying". He remarked that when he came in, she was crying.

Monica said, "When I came to the party, everybody was dancing." - Monica said that when she came to the party, everybody was dancing.

6.% ,

, "

". ' said that he was born in Kiev in 1970 and soon the family moved to Moscow.

She said she graduated from University in 1995.

- Voice

• 5 (the Voice) - . " , ,

" "

, ". # "

- - .

• 3 ( ) (the Active Voice)

, ", -"

, " ,

" ".

She is listening to her favourite song.

My parents travel a lot. We didn't catch any fish yesterday.

•% (the Passive Voice)

" " " . ,

, "

, "

.

Her two brothers were killed in the war. The letter has been sent this morning. " "-

" to be " II " :

the Present Simple – is (am, are) done the Past Simple – was (were) done

the Future Simple – will (shall) be done the Present Perfect – has (have) been done the Past Perfect – had been done

the Future Perfect – will (shall) have been done

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the Future in the Past – would be done

the Present Progressive – is (am, are) being done the Past Progressive – was (were) being done

#" ",

the Future Progressive, the Future Progressive in the Past

" the Perfect Progressive.

#"

-". Was it done? When was it done?

How has the work been done? Who will the work be done by?

#not

" . The work was not done yesterday.

The lax has not been sent. The fax won't be sent today.

The question is not being discussed now.

• % " ,

, " ", ",

" :

1." " -

" . ' " : to tell, to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ask, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise. (

" . A very good job was offered to me.

I was offered a very good job.

He was promised a raise in the salary.

A raise in the salary was promised to him.

2. * "

", "-" . # "

" " .

The doctor was sent for. This film is much spoken about. The books were looked for everywhere, but weren't found. You are being made fun of. Why is he always laughed at? This dictionary is often referred to.

3. $ to explain (something to somebody), to point out, to announce, to dictate, to describe, to mention, to repeat, to suggest, to propose " .

The difficulty was explained to her. A new plan was suggested to us.

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• $ to sell, to wash, to peel, to crease, to wear, to burn

" , "

.

This dress washes and wears well and doesn't crease. Love stories sell well.

Dry leaves burn well.

( , to have, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble " ,

( ),

".

This house lacks a big kitchen. John resembles his father.

He has become a real professional.

, " "

of, from, with, by.

I was interrupted by a loud knock on the door. He was shot with a gun.

This pie is made from eggs, milk and flour.

. + ' ' The Modal Verbs

• - . , - "

, " - .

I must come and see my parents next Sunday.

2 - . He can speak three languages.

1 " .

• " " "

, " -ed, -ing, " -s, - es 3-" Present Indefinite, . . . 1 "

" . % "

to (

ought to).

CAN

/ " " ":

•can - - ",

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