Foundations of Economics. Учебное пособие

The Present Perfect " " ".

• - (the Present Perfect Resultative) , -" " " " . . ' . "

" " "

(« », « », « »).

I’ve bought a new disc today. Let's listen to it.

You can't see her. She has gone home.

The Present Perfect, ,

-" ": ever, just, already, before, never, not... yet, lately, of late, so far, recently.

Recently "not long ago" (« »)

" " " (the Past Simple).

I started painting only recently. We met quite recently.

Recently "for a short period of time before the present"

(« "») " the Present Perfect. I haven't heard from her recently.

He has made good progress recently. Have you bought anything new lately? I haven't had lunch yet.

She hasn't written to me so far.

Just, , " Present Perfect. Just now " the Past Simple. ,:

I have just heard this news. She was here just now.

% " 1 . The Present Perfect "

" ",

" (today, this morning, this week, this month, this year

. .). 0 " , -

" (the Past Simple).

Did you read the article in "The Times" this morning? ( ) I haven't had time to look at the paper today, ( -

)

% " 2 . The Present Perfect

, when how. .

" (the Past Simple).

When did you meet?

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How did it happen?

# , - who, why, where, what, what

... for, " the Present Perfect, the Past Simple. Who has done it? - Who did it?

What has happened? - What happened?

What have they come for? - What did they come for? Where have you been all this time? - Where were you?

% " 3. The Present Perfect

", " " when, before, as soon as, till, until, after ,

.

I shall believe you only after you have told me the truth. We shall talk about it after we have had supper.

You'll go for a walk as soon as you have done the work.

Charlie, you won't go for a walk until you have eaten up your porridge.

• ) - (the Present Perfect Durative)

, ", -

" - . / "

", "-" " "

(Progressive). " : be, have, see, hear, know, understand, like, love, hate, want, believe, remember, own, possess.

% ",

, " for. ' " ",

, , since. '

. " " -" ".

We have known each other for ten years. ( "

.)

They have been partners since 1993. (1 1993 .)

' has had this car for five years already. (1 " . "

.)

I have owned this flat since my parents bought for me. (& " .

, " ".)

/ " "

-" " (« », «"», « »). % ". # for-

-" ", " the Present Perfect, the Past Simple. 0 .

" -", the Past Simple.

I studied music for five years when I was a child.

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We stayed in Riga for two months last year.

0 , ,

-" " " " (

), the Present Perfect.

I have been here for an hour and I am going to leave.

We have known him for seven years and we like him very much.

# "

Present Perfect Progressive

•'- " (the Present Perfect Progressive) "- " to be the Present Perfect (have been, has been) I (

") " .

I have been living in St. Petersburg all my life. She has been reading since morning.

#"

(have\ has) -".

Have you been living in St. Petersburg all your life? Has she been reading since morning?

#not

" . I have not been living in St. Petersburg all my life. She has not been reading since morning.

The Present Perfect Progressive " : "

(Durative) " (Resultative).

•The Present Perfect Progressive Durative ,

", - " - . , since for " ",

, ", .

: since 5 o'clock, since yesterday, for an hour, for a long time, for ages, for a month.

It has been raining since morning. ( ) - .)

They have been waiting for the train for half an hour. ( 1 -

.)

I have been thinking of you since I first saw you. (2 "

, ).

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/ " "

-" " (« », « » . .). , : How long?

Since when...?

How long have you been waiting for us? Since when have you been learning English?

• The Present Perfect Progressive Resultative

, ", -

" , .

.

Come in! I've been looking for you.

Why are you silent? Have you been talking about me again? Don't tell your father what we have been doing.

/ " "

" " (« », « », « » . .).

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PAST TENSES

# #

Past Simple

•% " (the Past Simple) "

" " .

He came. ' saw. ' won. ' lost the game.

# "

"- " do " " (did/did not) ! " to.

Did he come. - He did not come. Did he see? - He did not see. Did he win? - He did not win.

Did he lose the game? - He did not lose the game.

•The Past Simple :

1.), " " "

-" " " "; " "

: yesterday, ago, last week, the other day . .

He left yesterday.

I read the book long ago. We met last week.

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2. %

.

I got up at nine o'clock yesterday, had a cold shower, dressed and made a cup of tea and some sandwiches.

I had breakfast, read a paper and at about ten o'clock went to the office.

3.), " "

. ) "

" for during.

Yesterday I walked in the park for two hours. He studied hard for six years to become a doctor.

We met a lot of interesting people during the voyage. Something unusual happened during the performance.

4.1 , - ,

every (day, week, etc) usually, regularly, often, always, as a rule . .

Every Sunday she visited her relatives and helped them about the house. He attended all the lectures regularly last year.

% ". ) - "

used to+ («"

- »). My mother and I used to discuss all our problems. Last year I used to walk out my dog every morning.

•# "

"- " did, didn't.

' used to smoke when he was young. Did he use to smoke when he was young?

He didn't use to smoke when he was young. He never smoked when he was young.

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# # "

Past Progressive

•% " (the Past Progressive)

"- " to be the Past Simple (was/were)

I " . I was reading. She was writing.

# " "

-". Were you reading? Was she writing?

•The Past Progressive :

1.), " " ". / " " " "-

" the Past Simple " ". You were sleeping when I left.

She was having tea at five o'clock yesterday.

2.), "- " ". When I met Helen in the street she told me that she was studying at the University.

I knew that she was writing a new novel.

3.6 ." . This dealer was always talking about money!

Whenever I met Peter he was constantly talking about his car.

When I was a kid my mother was hiding sweets from me all the time! 4.', ,

" " ". # . " , ,

, "- " "

(Progressive).

' was happy as his wife was feeling better now.

She couldn't believe what she was seeing and hearing. We couldn't understand why he was being so rude to us.

5.) " while. #

" , , the Past Simple.

She watched TY while the children were playing in the garden. While Nancy was cooking dinner, her husband read the letter.

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# # #

Past Perfect

•% " (the Past Perfect)

"- " to have the Past Simple (had)

II " .

I had seen it. She had done it. They had arrived.

# " had

". Had you seen it? She hadn't done it.

•The Past Perfect :

1. ) ,

" " ". / " " " -

" " " " ". Matilda had finished reading the book by 9 o'clock (by that time, by Saturday).

Yuri had done the work by the time his parents returned. They had finished the project by the end of the year.

2., ", "-" " ",

, " "

" - . " ".

' told me he had been badly ill since he returned from the South. I knew that they hadn't seen each other for many years.

He realized he had been in love with her for a long time.

They had owned the house for twenty years when they decided to sell it. 3. ) ,

,

.

The sky had cleared and the moon was shining on the snow. Rita had done the work and was speaking on the telephone.

4. # "

", " " " scarcely ... when, hardly ... when, no sooner ... than (« ... »; « ... »).

Hardly had the children got out of the house, when they saw a stranger in the yard.

No sooner had Mary entered the garden, than she saw a beautiful bird. Scarcely had the spy left the pub, when the policemen caught him.

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# # # "

Past Perfect Progressive

• The Past Perfect Progressive "-

" to be the Past Perfect (had been)

I " .

We had been walking. She had been walking.

#"

-".

Had you been walking? Had she been walking?

#not

" . We had not been walking.

She had not been walking.

The Past Perfect Progressive ,

" " "

. " " ( ). They were tired as they had been walking for a long time already.

She put aside the book which she had been rending. Sarah was the girl he had been looking for all his life.

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FUTURE TENSES. OTHER MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE

ACTIONS

$% %

Future Simple

•*- " (the Future Simple) "-

" shall will "

to.

I shall call you tomorrow. He will soon come back.

#" " "

" will .

shall will " "

" - " I'll, you'll, we'll . .

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# " shall will

. )

shall.

Shall I help you? Shall we see you again? Will they join us? What will you do next?

# not

" " " ". We shall not meet soon. They will not join us.

•, the Future Simple, , -

: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, one of these days («

&»), next week... , in the near future, soon, some day, in, two days, in a year, in a month.

•The Future Simple :

1. ), -". We shall meet and have a chat one of these days.

It will be cold tomorrow.

They will discuss it as soon as possible.

2. ), -

" -".

We hope that they will live happily for many years. I think I shall be in love with you all my life.

3.%- -".

We shall meet and talk and make plans from time to time. Will you phone me every week?

$% % "

Future Progressive

•*- " (the Future Progressive)

"- " to be the Future Simple (shall be, will be) I " .

I shall be worrying about you.

Don't leave, we shall be having tea soon.

#"

-".

Will you be worrying about him? Shall we be having dinner soon?

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# not

" " " ". I shall not be worrying about you.

They will not be talking about it when you come.

" -" "

" the whole day, at that time, all day long, at the time, at the moment.

•The Future Progressive :

1.) " " -". /

- " " " " -

" ( " -" ")

".

It will be late. I am afraid he will be sleeping.

In an hour we shall be flying over the ocean.

2.), - -". I must go now or my mother will be worrying about me. Stephanie is sure Ben will be telling her about his life again.

$% % #

Future Perfect

•*- " (the Future Perfect)

"- " have the Future Simple (shall have, will have) II " .

' will have signed the contract by two o'clock. I shall have read the magazine by that time.

The secretary will have typed the letter by the time the meeting begins.

#"

-".

Will he have signed the contract by two o'clock? Shall we have read the magazine by that time?

Will the secretary have typed the letter by the time the meeting begins.

#not

" " " ".

' will not have signed the contract by two o'clock. I shall not have read the magazine by that time. The secretary won't have typed the letter.

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