Foundations of Economics. Учебное пособие
.pdf-" -". I must go.
" # .
2.) - " . You mustn't do it.
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3.) - ,
.
He must have read this book.
1, ", . .
4., ".
You must come and see my new flat.
( # " " .
TO HAVE (TO)
$ to have (to) "
:to "
. , " " ,
".
It was very dark and we had to stay at home.
* ", " ". I don't have to stay here.
" " " .
TO BE + INFINITIVE
, to be "
"
-: " " ". % " , " . .
I was to meet her at 3 o'clock.
2 # " 9 3 . They are to begin this work at once.
1 # " ".
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SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO
$ shall - , ", ,
.
He shall get his money.
1 .
The child shall be punished for it.
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$ shall
.
Shall we begin?
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$ should " ,
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You should see a doctor.
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, " " The Compound Sentence
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The signal was given, and the ship moved slowly from the dock.
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I cam home early, but he remained to the end of the concert. 2
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) , "
, "
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and , .
", -"
, :
The signal was given; the steamer moved slowly from the dock.
, ; " .
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He will return from St. Petersburg in June; his sister will stay there another month. 1 % ;
" - ".
, " " The Complex Sentence
,
, . . " "
.
%, ,
" (the Subordinate Clause).
%, " ",
" (the Principal Clause).
% " "-
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that the train arrived at 6.15. |
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6.15. |
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' said he would come in the |
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evening. |
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Had I been there, I should |
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have helped him. |
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that |
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I know (that) he has returned. |
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$/) ' 0 ' " The conditional sentences
, if " -
.
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1. # if "
- , "
" should ". # . " should
-":
Should he come, ask him to wait. = If |
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he should come, ask him to wait. |
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Should need arise, we shall come to |
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you again. = If need should arise, we |
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shall come to you again. |
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2. # |
if " |
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- , " " had, were, should. # . -":
Should I see him tomorrow, I should |
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ask him about it. = If I should see him |
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tomorrow, I should ask him about it. |
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Were I to meet him tomorrow, I |
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should ask him about it. = If I were to |
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meet him tomorrow, I should ask him |
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about it. |
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3. # |
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if had -": |
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Had I seen him yesterday, I should |
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have asked him about it. = If I had |
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seen him yesterday, I should have |
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asked him about it. |
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Had he known it, he would not have |
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gone there. = If he had known it, he |
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would not have gone there. |
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'0;!<'70 1 7 $;3$1;3
THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
$ " " ":
(the infinitive), (the gerund) (the participle). 1 " ", :
1) " , , ", ;
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2)"
".
The Participle
•* - " ,
" .
#" : I (participle
I)II (participle II). % I " ":
1. % I (indefinite participle I).
The street was full of people, laughing and going home. &
, " ".
2. % I (perfect participle I).
Abraham was back at the end of three weeks, having ridden an extra eighty miles.
3 " ,
" ".
3. % I (passive participle I).
Cecilia had heard very little being absorbed in her own reflections
, ", -
" " ".
2. % I (perfect passive participle
I).
I am going the same day myself having been detained here two
days.
2 " , .
! " I "
I, - I. %
- I .
" I , "
(". ).
I (indefinite participle I)
, " " " ,
" "-" " . While reading a book she laughed a lot.
< , " ". (1 ",
.)
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Manuel went in, carrying his suitcase, . ,
".
% ": % I to see ( ), to hear ( ), to come
( ), to enter ( ), to arrive ( )
" , -
-".
Frank, hearing the steps on the gravel, turned sharply round.
& , . .
! I (perfect participle I) ,
, , -
" "-" " .
Having read the book I gave it to Peter.
% , %.
They reached London, having been away six weeks and two days.
1 ; ,
.
% I "
". % I "
", "; I -
".
+ 1
&%1( 0*;0'!0 % !<3,(!2 I
1 |
The boy reading a book is a friend of mine. |
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While reading a book she laughed a lot. < |
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, " ". Having read the |
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book, she gave it to Peter. % |
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%. |
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There were four girls, sitting on the wooden benches. '
" . ( 'Sitting' - .)
She went out, shutting the door behind her. 1 ,
. ('Shutting' - .)
And having said all this... my father sank down to his chair. !
., " . ('Having said' - .)
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II (participle II) " " " ". 1 II "-
-ed/-d. % II
" .
% II ,
".
The boy invited by Peter is a friend of mine. ,
%, - " . ( 'Invited' - II - ,
- ".)
' observed a folded copy of the 'Times'. 1 "
. " «( "». % II
" ".
+ 2
&%1( 0*;0'!0 % !<3,(!2 II
1
The boy invited by Peter is a friend of mine.
, %, - " .
1 |
If invited, he will come. |
0 , . |
They walked in silence between the tables, now loaded with books.
1 " " ",
". ('Loaded' - .) When questioned what he believed in, he answered that he believed in the republic.
, , ,
. ('Questioned' - .)
% I II "
" , " " ",
": (complex object)
. , .
It's hard to get them thinking about you, because they're too busy thinking about themselves.
1 " , "
" " " .
3 . She looked at me, her mouth working.
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1 " ", .
% ( The Gerund
•$ – . " ( . . ", "
" "), - -
" , - .
•$ " ":
1.% (indefinite gerund).
Stark sat without speaking. , ". 2.% (perfect gerund).
' felt better for having written the letter.
% . ",
.
3.% (passive gerund).
Unfortunately this silence was ruined by the sound of a door being banged.
, . " -
.
4.%- (perfect passive gerund).
In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for having been elated the night before.
& "
".
! " "
, — . %-
.
•( % ( (indefinite gerund) "-
-ing, " : to speak - speaking; to ask - asking.
% " , :
) , " - ing
: to invite - inviting; to write - writing;
) "
" , . –ing : to run - running; to forget - forgetting;
) to lie ( ; ), to tie ( ) to die (") " ": lying, tying, dying.
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•% - ,
- - . Indefinite gerund
, " " " ,
" "-" ", ". I like reading.
2 .
I don't like postponing it till tomorrow.
. . There was no way of avoiding it.
/ .
! indefinite gerund " -
:
) to remember ("), to thank ( ), to excuse ( , ), to forget ( ):
I can still remember running down the sandhills in the morning.
2 - ", " ".
) : after, on, before, without, since: After leaving her umbrella in the hall she entered the room.
1 , ". % ": ":
After having shaken hands neither he nor I had apparently more to say.
% , " , , "
" .
•! '( % ( (perfect gerund) "-
to have " having
" " : having invited; having asked.
•% , ,
, " "-" ",
" . I'm sure of having read it once.
2 ( ), . ( ). I'm tired of having talked to you.
2 .
' felt better for having written the letter
' . ", .
•'( % ( (passive gerund) "-
" to be " being
" " : being invited, being asked.
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% ,
", -" . I like being invited to their house.
, " " ". I insist on being treated with a certain consideration.
2 , " " ".
•% to need, to want, to require ( , ), worth ( ) , " -", "
".
Your tie needs straightening.
# .
I know everyone who is worth knowing.
2 , . The house wanted painting.
) " .
•$ " -",
", ",
", ".
+ 3
&%1( 0*;0'!0 $0 &')!2
%- |
Reading a good book is a pleasure. < |
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< - |
I began reading this book yesterday. 2 |
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My task is reading this book. - |
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. . |
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) |
I like reading good books. 2 |
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We like his suggestion of reading this book together. |
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' " . |
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". |
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1 |
On reading the book I gave it to Peter. % |
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, %. |
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