Food processing equipment. Оборудование для пищевой промышленности. Учебное пособие
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Size Reduction and Size Enlargement
Size reduction of bulk solids is a very common and important unit operation found across the process industries. It is necessary for processing products, enhancing and improving the material’s performance properties, or meeting particular processing requirements.
Size enlargement is a process in which small particles are combined into larger masses but the individual particles can still be distinguished.
Depending on the material that needs processing, particle size reduction equipment varies. In large part, a material’s properties will determine which particle size reduction equipment to use. The key reasons for using size reduction technology are as follows:
Separation of a key species
Improved chemical activity or bioavailability
Better product handling characteristics
Size reduction is also known as comminution or pulverization. Generally, this process is done by two methods, the precipitation, and the mechanical method.
The precipitation method is where the substance dissolves in an appropriate solvent and then is finely precipitated by the addition of another solvent. On the other hand, the mechanical method applies the substance with a mechanical force using grinding equipment like a ball, hammer, or a cutter mill, etc. Normally, milling or dry grinding is done for the production of tablets and capsules.
Speaking
Speak about mechanical food processing equipment. Enumerate unit operations, describe their functions and equipment employed. Tell about:
1.size reduction;
2.size enlargement;
3.homogenization;
4.mixing.
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L e s s o n 5. Heat Processing Equipment (Preservation by the Application of Heat)
Before you read
1.Can you explain how heat processing equipment works?
2.What unit operations are employed during the heat processing stage?
Vocabulary
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word |
translation |
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1 |
to be aimed towards |
быть направленным на что-либо |
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2 |
heat transfer equipment |
теплообменное /теплопередающее обо- |
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рудование |
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3 |
to direct heat towards or away |
направлять тепло к чему-либо |
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from |
или от чего-то |
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4 |
primarily |
в основном |
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5 |
intended to |
предназначенный для |
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6 |
extend the shelf life |
продлить срок годности |
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7 |
cause physical changes |
вызвать физические изменения |
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8 |
to affect the overall quality |
повлиять на качество |
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9 |
to alter the chemical structure |
изменить химическую структуру |
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10 |
to inhibit or destroy microor- |
подавлять рост или уничтожать микро- |
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ganisms |
организмы |
Read the text
Heat Processing Equipment
Depending on whether the application (and the specific unit operation) is aimed towards heating or cooling the food material, heat transfer equipment can be used to direct heat towards or away from the material, respectively.
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This section of the text will focus primarily on the applications and equipment aimed towards heating food products, while the following section – Preservation Equipment – will touch on the applications and equipment aimed towards cooling food products, as well as those intended to preserve and extend
the shelf life of food products.
Heat processing equipment – i.e., equipment which heats food – can cause not only physical changes in the food material, but chemical, biochemical, and biological changes as well. These changes can transform and affect the overall quality of the resulting food products – such as by altering the chemical structure or enhancing the flavor – and serve as a preservation method by inhibiting or destroying the microorganisms or enzymes which cause spoilage.
There are many unit operations employed during the heat processing stage, including blanching, baking, roasting, and frying, and Table 3 below describes some of them and outlines the equipment used to execute them.
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T a b l e 3 |
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Heat Processing Equipment by Unit Operation |
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Unit |
Description |
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Equipment Employed |
Operation |
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Baking |
Similar to, and often referred inter- |
Baking ovens |
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changeably with, roasting |
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Direct heating ovens |
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Employs heated air (heated by con- |
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Indirect heating |
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vection, conduction, and radiation) – |
ovens |
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and, in some cases, water vapor – |
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Batch ovens |
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to heat and produce physical and chemi- |
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Continuous and |
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cal changes in food material, such as tex- |
semi-continuous ovens |
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ture or flavor |
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Assists in the preservation of food |
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matter by destroying microorganisms |
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and reducing the amount of moisture at |
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the food surface |
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Suitable for producing bread, crack- |
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ers, biscuits, and other flourbased or |
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dough-based products |
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Blanching |
Employs heated water or steam to re- |
Blanchers |
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duce the number of microorganisms and |
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Steam blanchers |
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inactivate undesirable enzymes which |
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Hot water blanchers |
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can cause spoilage |
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Also cleans, removes excess air from, |
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softens, and improves the overall quality |
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Typically follows preparation opera- |
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tions and precedes preservation opera- |
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tions, such as packaging, dehydrating, or |
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freezing |
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Suitable for fruits and vegetables |
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Dehydration |
Employs heat to remove (i.e., evapo- |
Dryers |
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rate) water from solid, semi-solid, or liq- |
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Convective dryers |
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uid food material with the intention of |
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Contact (conductive) |
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producing a solid food product with suf- |
dryers |
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ficiently low water content |
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Vacuum dryers |
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Increases the shelf life of food prod- |
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Freeze dryers |
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ucts due to the reduced water content |
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which inhibits microbial growth and en- |
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zyme activity |
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Reduces weight and volume and/or |
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transforms the form of the final food |
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product |
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Evaporation |
Removes volatile solvents (typically |
Heat exchangers |
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water) from food material by boiling to |
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Evaporators |
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increase the concentration of solid con- |
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Condensers |
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tents |
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Increases the shelf life of food prod- |
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ucts due to the reduced water content, |
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but also increases the rate of chemical |
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deterioration |
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Reduces the weight and volume of |
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the final food product |
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Typically precedes operations, such |
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as crystallization, precipitation, and co- |
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agulation |
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Suitable for liquid-based food prod- |
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ucts |
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Frying |
Employs heated (~160–180 °C) fat or |
Fryers |
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oil to transfer heat directly to food mate- |
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Batch fryers |
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rial |
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Continuous fryers |
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Reduces moisture content, forms a |
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surface crust (changes texture and struc- |
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ture), and inactivates microorganisms |
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which improves shelf life and overall |
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quality |
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Pasteurization |
Processes food material under me- |
Pasteurizers |
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dium temperatures (70–100 °C) to inacti- |
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In-container |
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vate most enzymes and microorganisms |
pasteurizers |
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(but not spores) which cause spoilage |
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Continuous flow |
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Produces food products with limited |
pasteurizers |
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shelf lives (short-term preservation |
Heat exchangers |
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method) |
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Plate heat |
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Little to no impact to quality and |
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exchangers |
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characteristics beyond the shelf life |
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Concentric tube heat |
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Suitable for dairy, fruit/vegetable- |
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exchangers |
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based, wine, beer, and egg products |
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Roasting |
Similar to, and often referred inter- |
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Roasting machinery |
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changeably with, baking |
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Roasting ovens |
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Employs heated air (heated by con- |
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vection, conduction, and radiation) –and, |
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in some cases, water vapor – |
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to heat and produce physical and chemi- |
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cal changes in food material, such as tex- |
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ture or flavor |
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Assists in the preservation of food |
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matter by destroying microorganisms |
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and reducing the amount of water at the |
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food surface |
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Suitable for meats, nuts, vegetables, |
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etc. |
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Sterilization |
Processes food material under high |
Sterilizers/sterilizing |
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temperatures (100+ °C) to inactivate all |
retorts |
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microorganisms and enzymes (including |
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In-container |
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microbial spores) |
sterilizers |
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Can be heated by steam, hot water, or |
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Continuous flow |
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direct flames |
sterilizers |
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Produces food products with long |
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shelf lives (long-term preservation |
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method) |
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May result in a significant impact on |
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quality and characteristics |
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After-reading tasks
Answer the questions
1.What can heat transfer equipment be used for?
2.What can heat processing equipment cause?
3.What can transform and affect the overall quality of the resulting food products?
4.Which unit operation employs heated air to heat and produce physical and chemical changes in food material?
5.Which unit operation can produce food products with limited shelf
lives?
6.Which unit operation may result in a significant impact on quality and characteristics?
Study the key professional terminology. Make the glossary
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word |
translation |
1 |
indirect heating ovens |
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2 |
batch ovens |
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3 |
continuous and semi-continuous ovens |
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4 |
steam blanchers |
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5 |
hot water blanchers |
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6 |
convective dryers |
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7 |
contact (conductive) dryers |
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8 |
vacuum dryers |
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9 |
freeze dryers |
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10 |
evaporators |
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11 |
condensers |
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12 |
batch fryers |
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13 |
continuous fryers |
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14 |
in-container pasteurizers |
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15 |
continuous flow pasteurizers |
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16 |
plate heat exchangers |
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17 |
concentric tube heat exchangers |
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18 |
roasting ovens |
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19 |
in-container sterilizers |
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20 |
continuous flow sterilizers |
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Fill in the gaps to continue the sentences
1.Baking assists in the … of food matter by destroying … and reducing the amount of …at the food surface.
2.Dehydration increases the … of food products due to the reduced …
…which inhibits microbial growth and enzyme activity.
3.Sterilization may result in a … … on quality and characteristics.
4.Pasteurization processes food material under …temperatures.
5.Frying employs heated fat or oil to … … directly to food material.
Translate the sentences from English into Russian
1.Heat processing equipment can cause not only physical changes in the food material, but chemical, biochemical, and biological changes as well.
2.Direct and indirect heating ovens as well as batch, continuous and semi-continuous ovens assist in the preservation of food matter by destroying microorganisms and reducing the amount of moisture at the food surface.
3.Blanching typically follows preparation operations and precedes preservation operations, such as packaging, dehydrating, or freezing.
4.Dehydration reduces weight and volume and transforms the form of the final food product.
5.Heat exchangers can remove volatile solvents (typically water) from food material by boiling to increase the concentration of solid contents.
6.Fryers reduce moisture content, forms a surface crust (change texture and structure), and inactivate microorganisms which improves shelf life and overall quality.
7.In-container and continuous flow pasteurizers process food material under medium temperatures (70–100 °C) to inactivate most enzymes and microorganisms (but not spores) which cause spoilage.
8.Roasting machinery employs heated air (heated by convection, conduction, and radiation) – and, in some cases, water vapor – to heat and produce physical and chemical changes in food material, such as texture or flavor.
9.Roasting ovens are suitable for meat, nuts, vegetables.
10.Sterilization may result in a significant impact on quality and characteristics.
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Translate from Russian into English using the dictionary
Обезвоживание продукции высокой влажности
К пищевым продуктам, имеющим большую влажность, которую нужно удалить можно отнести различные виды соков, пюре, полученных из плодоовощной продукции.
Пищевые продукты, подвергающиеся обезвоживанию, представляют собой сложную полидисперсную систему, в которой наряду с водой (75—90%) содержатся сахар, органические кислоты, их соли, пектиновые вещества, клетчатка, витамины, красящие вещества, эфирные масла, крахмал, белки и ряд других веществ.
Компоненты, входящие в состав продукта, в зависимости от режима и условий процесса вступают во взаимодействие и оказывают влияние на скорость и степень физико-химических изменений.
Вследствие удаления части влаги во время обезвоживания увеличиваются концентрация продукта, его плотность и вязкость, уменьшаются теплоемкость, теплопроводность и повышается температура кипения при том же давлении.
При низких температурах кипения и кратковременном воздействии теплотыболееполносохраняютсяценныекомпонентыпродуктаисвойственныеему цвет, вкусизапах, что благоприятнодлякачестваготовой продукции.
Продолжительность пребывания продукта в аппарате для обезвоживания зависит от метода и интенсивности удаления влаги. Интенсивностьудаления влаги зависитоткоэффициента теплопередачи: чем он выше, тем меньше время, необходимое для концентрирования продукта.
Современное оборудование и режимы обезвоживания позволяют осуществлять концентрирование пищевых продуктов с сохранением их высокогокачестваприэкономномрасходепара, водыиэлектроэнергии.
В зависимости от вида материала, его физико-химических и струк- турно-механических свойств приходится пользоваться разными способами подвода к нему тепла и уноса влаги. Это осуществляется в установках разного типа и разной конструкции. Наиболее часто встречающимися являются выпарные аппараты, но в настоящее время тенденция направлена в сторону аппаратов для обезвоживания в тонком слое продукта. Выбор наиболее рационального вида оборудования, отработка оптимальных режимов подготовки сырья к обезвоживанию и подбор
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наиболее благоприятных режимов проведения самого процесса обезвоживания с учетом свойств конкретного вида сырья, а также природных и экономических условий определенного предприятия являются основными задачами. Существенное влияние на процесс обезвоживания оказывают два фактора: первый – параметры используемого в данном процессе воздуха; второй - параметры влияющие на процесс образования аэрозольного соединения.
Дегидратация аэрозоля (удаление из жидких пищевых продуктов влаги) происходит путем распыления жидкой рабочей фазы в горячую среду, где происходит ее обезвоживание.
Существует множество установок для удаления влаги из аэрозоля. Наиболее простая установка работает по принципу открытого цикла. При ее работе происходит непрерывное потребление атмосферного воздуха и удаление отработанного воздуха .
Нагретый воздух используется в качестве обезвоживающей среды, после этого отработанный воздух направляют в циклон, где происходит отделение из него взвешенных частиц продукта.
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Так же существуют обезвоживающие установки, которые работают по замкнутому циклу, в которых греющая среда (воздух, СО2, и т. д.) используются многократно. В этом типе обезвоживающих установок более экономично используется энергия, и что не маловажно в настоящее время, они являются боле экологически чистые, так как установки, работающие по открытому типу, иногда при выходе отработанного воздуха выносят и высушенный продукт.
Главным фактором, который влияет на процесс обезвоживания при аэрозольном способе – является формирование капель или брызг.
Распыление является следствием разбиения рабочей жидкости на маленькие капельки.
Speaking
Speak about heat processing equipment. Enumerate unit operations, describe their functions and equipment employed. Tell about:
1.blanching;
2.baking;
3.roasting;
4.frying;
5.dehydration;
6.sterilization;
7.evaporation.
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