Exclavity under globalization. Selected works
.pdfAndrey P. Klemeshev
EXCLAVITY UNDER GLOBALIZATION
Selected works
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UKD 327 BBK 66.4 К48
Klemeshev Andrey P.
К48 Exclavity under globalization: Selected works. Kaliningrad:
I.Kant State University Press, 2007. — 211 с. ISBN 978-5-88874-788-9
The book “Exclavity under globalization” comprises selected works by Dr. prof. Andrey P. Klemeshev. The research works are devoted to methodological, theoretical as well as applied aspects of the development of exclave territories, given globalization and regionalization. The author analyses problems and contradictions of exclaves. Considerable emphasis is laid to their potential proneness to conflicts and ways of eliminating it. Special attention is given to the elaboration of a strategy for the development of the Kaliningrad region, the Russian exclave, as a region of the EU-Russia cooperation. The Kaliningrad socuim and its formation in the Russian exclave are the topics of several articles included in the book.
The book will arouse intense interest of social and political scientists as well as experts on regional policy.
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UKD 327 |
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BBK 66.4 |
ISBN 978-5-88874-788-9 |
© Klemeshev Andrey P., 2007 |
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© I. Kant State University Press, 2007 |
CONTENTS |
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About the book ..................................................................................... |
4 |
The problem of exclaves under globalization. The case |
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of the Kaliningrad region ...................................................................... |
7 |
Kaliningrad region of Russia and the EU enlargement. |
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Issues of the PAN European integration ............................................... |
47 |
Population and social groups in the transition economy |
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of Kaliningrad ....................................................................................... |
56 |
Cultural policy ...................................................................................... |
72 |
Rossiiskiy eksklav:preodolenie konfliktogennosty. .............................. |
78 |
A Regional Strategy for Kaliningrad. ................................................... |
92 |
Kaliningrad oblast as a region of co-operation...................................... |
102 |
Special region of Russia........................................................................ |
105 |
From an isolated exclave - to a "development corridor". |
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Alternative development strategies of the Russian exclave |
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on the Baltic Sea. .................................................................................. |
129 |
The role of the Kaliningrad region in Russian - European economic |
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cooperation in the Baltic Sea region ..................................................... |
144 |
The analysis of the approaches to the elaboration |
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of the development strategy of the Kaliningrad region ........................ |
160 |
ABOUT THE BOOK
The book is a collection of articles written by Dr. prof. Andrey P. Klemeshev. The book is devoted to an important topic, which is often considered in Political science — the impact of globalization and regionalization on the development of exclave territories, e.g. the Kaliningrad region.
The book presents a balanced combination of theory and practice. Globalization, regionalization and their impact on enclave territories are a theoretical axis of the book, while the chapters devoted to Russia, the European Union and the Kaliningrad region, serving as a bridge between them, have an applied character.
The first chapter of the book presents a comprehensive analysis of the development of exclave territories under globalization. The exclave is a territory separated from the country it belongs to — its mother country — by foreign states. Exclaves are foreign territories in the political space of the countries they are surrounded by. The governance of exclaves is difficult because of their geographical remoteness from the mother country. That is why managerial decisions, efficient in the so-called inner regions of the mother country, are not as effective in exclaves.
Exclaves are a very interesting object for a theoretical analysis as they reflect numerous contradictions of modern world. On the one hand, these are contradictions between the centre and periphery. These contradictions are particularly acute in exclaves as they may result in separatist movements. On the other hand, conflict situations may arise in international relations, particularly when a restricted access to an exclave region results in an armed conflict. At the same time, specific geographical location of exclaves creates favourable conditions for the development of cross-border cooperation and international relations in general.
The author of the book describes the most important contradictions in the development of exclaves — their proneness to conflict
About the book
resulting from a clash of interests shown by different actors, the “exclave syndrome”, typical of all exclaves as well as the threat of autarchy and separatism.
In the second chapter the author focuses on the elaboration principles and specific features of a development strategy for the Russian exclave in the Baltic Sea region, the Kaliningrad region. Andrey P. Klemeshev proves that the development strategy for the exclave region cannot but differ from typical development strategies, elaborated for other Russian regions, located in the inner parts of the mother country. The development strategy for the exclave region should take into account the current international situation, opportunities for cross-border cooperation as well as the necessity to provide the viability of the exclave.
The law on “The Special Economic Zone in the Kaliningrad region” is an economic mechanism of compensating for the exclavity of the region. But this zonal mechanism itself does not guarantee all economic and social problems of the Kaliningrad region will be solved. Sustainable and dynamic development of the region is only possible on condition that it meets all-Russia interests and does not have a negative impact on the development of other Russian regions. The interests of foreign countries, the Baltic Sea region states and, especially the neighbouring countriesLithuania and Poland — should be taken into account.
The third chapter includes articles on the formation of the population of the Kaliningrad region, the regional socium, given exclavity. One of the threats to the stability of the socium is the location of the region on the border of Western and Russian civilizations.
The results of sociological polls concerning self-identification of the Kaliningrad socium as well as the assessment of prerequisites for regional separatism are of great interest. Describing a hypothetical threat of emerging separatism given the assumed worsening of the social situation in the region, the author states the absence of any plausible reasons for separatism.
Chapter four describes the place and role of the Kaliningrad region in the EU-Russia relations with particular emphasis on providing the viability of the region, surrounded by the EU and NATO
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Globalization and regionalism
member-states. Special attention is paid to the development of the region as a region of cooperation between the EU and Russia.
Andrey P. Klemeshev proves the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the Kaliningrad region, taking into account all the interests that are interwoven in the region. An efficient model of sustainable development of the Kaliningrad region in all-Russia political, economic and cultural space should be elaborated, taking into consideration the specific geographical location of the region. Such an approach presupposes preparing special documents, thus laying an institutional foundation for eliminating any possibility of conflicts in the Russian exclave and providing for its sustainable development.
I am sure the book will attract intense interest of social and political scientists as well as experts on regional policy.
A. Melville,
Doctor of Philosophy, professor, distinguished scientist of the Russian Federation, Vice-rector for research of the Moscow University of International Relations
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THE PROBLEM OF EXCLAVES UNDER GLOBALIZATION. THE CASE OF THE KALININGRAD REGION*
Introduction
The importance of the theme is predetermined by the fact that regions are becoming a key element of politics. They tend to play a more active role in international and national political processes. Exclave regions take a special position in a general typology of regions. The problem of exclavity shows in a very concentrate form all the contradictions of modern political, economic and social development of regions, typical of the present day stage of globalisation. An exclave is a region separated from the main land of the country it belongs to by the territory of other states. Such exclave position, and complete or partial geographical isolation from the main land, leads to a conflict of interests of different actors belonging to different levels – national and international ones. This, in its turn, renders exclave regions prone to conflict. A conflict of interests may appear as a result of the exclave’s geographical separation as exclave regions are difficult to reach, or as a result of national belongingness of the exclave, and for many other reasons.
On the one hand, exclavity of a region, as it was stated above, makes the region prone to conflict. On the other hand, it may strengthen the role of the region in globalisation processes. It may facilitate the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the exclave’s “mother country” and the countries bordering on the exclave. Thus, the problem of exclavity is a problem for research both in the framework of globalisation studies as well as conflict studies.
* Klemeshev A. The problem of exclaves under globalization. The case of the kaliningrad region. Kaliningrad, 2006.
Exclavity under globalization
The problem of exclavity is of much practical interest for the Russian Federation, since one of its regions, the Kaliningrad region, is an exclave, the only Russian exclave which became an EU and NATO enclave in 2004. The Kaliningrad region is in the focus of attention of both Russian and foreign politicians and experts, who offer various strategies aimed at sustainable development of Kaliningrad. So far, all the proposed strategies have only tackled separate aspects of the problem of exclavity without considering it as a complex political and socio-economic phenomenon, influencing the viability and development of the Kaliningrad region and the ways the exclavity problem can be solved.
In fact, a rapid change of geopolitical and economic position of the Kaliningrad region following the demise of the Soviet Union, as well as its rapidly growing dependence on the foreign policy of the Russian Federation brought a new task for the Government of the Russian Federation – that of assessment and evaluation of real challenges and threats faced by the exclave region. The is a need for the development of an optimal strategy for the development of the region while considering other tasks set by the state – the ensuring of national security, the introduction of scientifically grounded methods of management and governance of this special subject of the Russian Federation.
Given the on-going political and socio-economic reforms in Russia, the Kaliningrad exclave still faces the task of creating new regional institutions and structural reforming the economy of the region. The economy of the Kaliningrad region began forming in the 1950s. Since the moment of the formation of the region its economy was strongly influence by the economies of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia which then were republics of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union gave priority to the development of its Baltic republics. Though the Kaliningrad region played an important role in the military and political confrontation between the two blocks (the Warsaw Pact and NATO), it received approximately 10-12 times as little finance compared to the finance allocated to the development of the Soviet Baltic republics. Economically, the Kaliningrad region lagged behind and in the middle of the 1990s, the gap in the level of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad
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The problem of exclaves under globalization
region and the neighbouring countries – the Baltic State and Poland
– reached its maximum. The consequences of such lagging behind are still felt and are being overcome very slowly. Inconsistent and, at times, hostile policy of the Baltic States and Poland towards Russia caused, on the one hand, by the willingness of these countries to join the EU and NATO, and on the other hand, by certain psychological and political prejudices of the past worsened the negative effects of exclavity in the Kaliningrad region and negatively affected the region’s development prospects.
The consistency of the Russian foreign policy and domestic economic policy towards the Kaliningrad region is a decisive factor for sustainable development of the region and for stabilising the situation around it. But at the same time there is a counter impact of the exclavity of the region (both positive and negative) on the Russian Federation and the neighbouring countries. Thus, the problem of exclavity of the region is an important factor which has an impact on the Russian foreign and domestic policy. It also affects the interests of the neighbouring states.
Kaliningrad State University (Immanuel Kant State University of Russia after its renaming in 2005) is one of research centres studying the phenomenon of exclavity of the Kaliningrad region and other problems related to it. The research is being done in collaboration with BALTMION, the Centre for Advanced Studies and Education. Having been established by the University, the Centre cooperates with renowned Russian and foreign scholars and specialists in political sciences and economics. The umbrella topic for research is “Russian and Europe: past, present and future”. A number of international conferences and seminars on the above mentioned topics are held annually. The research results have been published in numerous monographs, proceedings of conferences and seminars, articles in foreign and Russian journals and collections of articles, in more than 40 issues of the series “Region sotrudnichestva” (the Region of Cooperation).
The research conducted recently allowed to devise a theory of exclavity. The article shows methodological and theoretical results of the study of exclavity with a special focus on the development of exclave regions under globalisation and regionalisation, their
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Exclavity under globalization
potential proneness to conflict and ways of overcoming it. The research is still being done. But already the first results of it are widely used in the elaboration of the Russian federal policy towards the Kaliningrad region and for the substantiation of the general strategy of the development of the Kaliningrad region as an exclave region of Russia.
Exclaves as a special type of regions
The necessity to elaborate a system of terms used in the research work is determined by the fact that there are serious terminological problems related to region studies. Scientists do not speak a “common language”. This can be explained by a wide range of reasons: the use of different paradigms and methodology approaches in region studies or even by an interdisciplinary character of region research. The system of terms is formed around the key term – i.e. “a region”. The proposed system of terms also includes related concepts such as “regionalism”, “regionalization”. The author briefly examines the main approaches to defining these terms, which are used in modern social studies.
The author shows that exclaves, separated from the “mother” country by the territories of other states, are subjects of intergovernmental relations. And it is vital for exclaves to ensure a stable communication and sustainable links with the mother country. Consequently, home and international policies are interwoven in these regions, and it makes exclave governance more challenging.
Exclave regions are qualitatively different not only from inland parts of the country but also from border regions, because exclave governance becomes more difficult as a result of the separation from the “mother country”. Governance and managerial measures, applied to inland territories, may be inapplicable to an enclave. Thus, it is impossible to transport any cargoes by land without previous agreements with the countries through territories of which this transit will take place (especially, many difficulties emerge in case of transit of arms and military personnel). So, with reference to exclaves, we are not speaking about the quantitative notion of
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