English grammar for university students. Part 1. Учебное пособие

words to …? 5. He has injured … 6. During the breaks they amused … in the bar. 7. Their relationship with Rachel has renewed ... suddenly. 8. She settled … in the armchair as comfortably as she could. 9. You can trust him. He is honesty … 10. He cut … shaving this morning. 11. He is very selfish. He thinks only of … 12. Don’t worry about us. We can take care of …. 13. She looked at … in the mirror and was satisfied. 14. Aren’t you hungry? Help … to the meat! 15. Did you enjoy … at the party? 16. We must discuss everything to find the way out. Pull … together! 17. When she came to … she saw that she was on hospital bed. 18. At dawn I was cooling ... diving in the lake. 19. They had to excuse … for their strange behaviour. 20. I want to insure … against any losses. 21. The ship was expected at 10 o’clock so I allowed ... to sit gazing out to sea. 22. Take care of …. Don’t work too hard! 23. You can make a cup of coffee for ….

Ex. 24. Point out reflexive and emphatic pronouns. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Kate set herself 5 drawings per week. 2. Voronov himself is a nice person – so modest and unassuming. 3. She had taught Polly to speak English like herself. 4. They themselves were longing to ask Tim how she would take the result. 5. Her eyes reconcentrated themselves quickly on the painting. 6. I’ll see him myself tomorrow. 7. If you don’t like this, you can live by yourself. 8. She cited the poem to them herself. 9. I thought to myself that it was always the same way. 10. I thought what a pretty girl she was herself. 11. Look at yourself. Who do you think you are? 12. Did you cook it yourself? 13. All my guests and I myself were intrigued. 14. You have only yourself to blame for that. 15. Mrs. Longmore was kindness itself.

Ex. 25. Put in an emphatic pronoun, e.g. myself, yourself.

1. I don't take the car to the garage. I service it ……... 2. Sally didn't purchase that picture. She painted it ….. 3. Of course I know about Karl and Suzie. You told me ……... 4. The song ……. wasn't very good, but the title of the song became a popular phrase. 5. You all know that no one can take your decisions for you. You …….. will have to decide. 6. The princess …….. visited the children in hospital. 7. The pilots ........ are nervous of flying because of terrorist threats. 8. The visitors were welcomed to the school by the headmaster ....... . 9. We finished the living-room last Sunday. We decorated it …… .

10.Our boss doesn't dictate his letters to a secretary – he types them …… .

11.He … can’t believe that he took the first place. 12. My friends grow vegetables ……… . 13. Did you cut your hair … or did you go to the hairdresser’s?

14.Who made such a beautiful dress? – I’ve made it … . 15. The porter ...

opened the door. 16. Who told you they got engaged? – Helen …. . 17. The play …. was interesting but the acting was poor. 18. The taxi didn’t come and

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we had to carry our luggage …. . 19. It is easy to translate this text. I can do it …. .

Ex. 26. Translate into English. Mind reflexive pronouns.

1. Мы сами увидим его завтра. 2. Чай готов. Наливай себе чашку и садись за стол. 3. Я могу дать вам свой собственный паспорт. 4. Она часто разговаривала сама с собой. 5. Затем нам самим захотелось перевести книгу. 6. В день годовщины свадьбы они должны были обедать одни. 7. «Вероятно, будет ссора», – сказал сам себе Джон. 8. Они не могли отказать себе в удовольствии послушать ещё раз песню «Лунная река». 9. Она страшно упрекала себя за свое поведение. 10. Ее муж был занят, и она не могла пойти на концерт одна. 11. Они предпочитали пить кофе одни, а после кофе играли в шахматы. 12. Когда она была готова, она посмотрела в зеркало. 13. Мы постоянно стараемся оправдать себя. 14. Ты сама себя понимаешь? 15. Вернись и закрой дверь! Двери сами не закрываются. 16. В тот вечер она была сама доброта. 17. Я сам навещу его в больнице, он уже лучше себя чувствует. 18. Учительница по литературе была приятно удивлена, что ученик сам написал рассказ так хорошо. 19. На выходных мы ездили в парк развлечений и получили большое удовольствие, катаясь на колесе обозрения. 20. Возьмите же себя в руки! Посмотрите на себя со стороны. 21. По утрам полезно принимать прохладный душ и растираться полотенцем. 22. Вскоре мы оказались вдали от городской суеты и могли немного расслабиться. 23. Хозяйка сама приготовила столько всего вкусного! Угощайтесь! 24. Она все расскажет сама, если захочет. 25. От кого ты прячешься? 26. Ведите себя как следует, и не отвлекайтесь на занятиях! 27. Я видел это своими собственными глазами, а я не сумасшедший! 28. Устраивайтесь поудобней, и я расскажу вам самую замечательную историю, которую вы когда-либо слышали. 29. Ты вечно думаешь только о себе! Когда ты перестанешь быть таким эгоистичным? 30. Он построил этот большой дом самостоятельно, без чьей-либо помощи!

Demonstrative pronouns

Ex. 27. Find out the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentenc-

es.

1. Those evening bells! Those evening bells! How many tales their music tells. 2. Those were the days, my friend; I thought they’d never end ... 3. If she didn’t have that stuff on her face she would be prettier. 4. Such were his thoughts before that exciting moment. 5. What about this devaluation of ruble? Will it ruin the country as the papers say? 6. This is the place I had my coffee that day. 7. Yesterday love was such an easy game to play ... 8. This is welcome news!

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Ex. 28. Insert this, that, these, or those.

1. All ... is very important. 2. ... will do. 3. Try one of ... 4. There are no richer art museums in Russia than ... of Saint-Petersburg. 5. ... is the computer of the latest generation. 6. ... is right. 7. The electric power output nowadays can’t compare to ... of pre-revolutionary Russia. 8. There is no greater collection of paintings than ... of the Hermitage.

Ex. 29. Substitute that or those for the repeated noun.

1. The pictures painted by Rembrandt and the pictures painted by Rubens have very little in common. 2. The language in plays is usually easier and simpler than the language in novels. 3. The music of Bach is more impressive than the music of Handel. 4. The stories written by O’Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain. 5. Cream made of natural substance is better than cream made artificially. 6. Scarlet’s eyes met the eyes of Grandma. 7. The trees in our garden are taller than the trees in the park. 8. His eyes were melancholy as the eyes of a monkey. 9. The disappointment in her voice was the disappointment of a child. 10. The climate of Rostov-on-Don is better than the climate of Saratov.

Ex. 30. Use one of the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences.

1. She gave me the ... answer as before. 2. What do you want me to do with

...? 3. The patient’s mental level at the time of his death was ... of a four-year- old child. 4. Do you see ... trees on the other side of the river? 5. Well, ...’s exactly what I was about to do. 6. Don’t be in ... a hurry. 7. He used to go to the

... cafe to have a snack. 8. ... is what I told you yesterday. 9. ... is life. 10. I have divided the books into two piles ... to be kept and ... to be sold. 11. I have had ... a busy day! 12. My services, ... as they are, are at your disposal.

Ex. 31. Translate using such, same, this, these, that, those or it.

1. По-моему, это не такой фильм, который полезен для детей. – Вот именно! 2. Я туда не поеду, и все тут! 3. Мне нужно немного сахара. Можно мне взять вот столько? 4. Что это? – Это твои рождественские подарки. 5. Вы уже все сделали? Это прекрасно! 6. Такие люди, каких он описывает, бывают только в примитивной литературе – в мыльных операх и прочем. 7. Теперь возьмем такое предложение: «Зима». Как можно описать такое предложение? 8. Это ты сказал ему? – Нет, я ничего такого не говорил. 9. Сейчас ситуация совсем не такая, чтобы об этом волноваться. 10. На его лице было такое выражение, что я испугался. 11. На его лице было такое злое выражение, какого я раньше никогда не видел. 12. Какой уж ни есть, а это наш ребенок, вот и все! Такова уж наша судь-

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ба. 13. Это те же люди, что приходили вчера. 14. У меня сегодня те же проблемы, что и вчера. 15. Ваш ответ сегодня не такой, как я ожидал. 16. Солгать или просто молчать – такой у меня выбор. 17. В те первые весенние дни погода стояла великолепная. 18. Это очень толстая книга. Боюсь, за неделю я ее не осилю. 19. Она говорила о своих делах, а он рассказал ей, что он делал в тот день на работе. 20. Этот дом действительно в ужасном состоянии.

Ex. 32. Translate using demonstrative or personal pronouns, or just an

article.

1. Ты читал Бекона? – А это кто такой? – Это такой английский философ. 2. Послышался шорох, мы обернулись, но это был только ветер. 3. Я был в Одессе этим летом. Мне очень понравился этот город, это город старых традиций. 4. Дай мне это! – Это невежливо. – Ну, дай мне, пожалуйста. – Вот это уже другое дело! 5. Алло, кто это? – Это Петр говорит. 6. Слышишь, стучат. Кто это может быть? 7. Я снял трубку, это опять был Петр. 8. Это случилось давным-давно. Жила-была маленькая девочка. Однажды эта девочка пошла в лес. 9. Где же справедливость? – Да, это интересный вопрос. 10. Вот что я вам скажу: не лезьте в мои дела. 11. Неужели он так сказал? – Да, именно так и сказал. 12. Представь себе, Джон женился! Как тебе это нравится? 13. Ты хочешь сказать, что я не прав? – Нет, я совсем не это имею в виду. 14. Это не я сказал, это он.

15.Тебя кто-то спрашивал по телефону. – Это, наверное, был Петр.

16.Я посмотрел на незнакомца. Это был высокий молодой человек с приятными манерами. 17. Все желающие могут принять участие в конкурсе на самый короткий рассказ.

Ex.33. Which of these replies is/are possible? Write “P” for possible and “–” for impossible ones.

a)Who’s that over there? A. It’s John Cook. ______

B. He’s John Cook. _____

C. It’s my mother. ______

D. She’s my mother. _____

b)Did you get the oil?

A.– No, there wasn’t any left. ______

B.– No, there wasn’t some left. ______

С. – No, there was none left. ______

D.– No, there wasn’t none left. _____

c) Which of these shirts will you take, sir?

A.I’ll take all two shirts, please. ______

B.I’ll take all three shirts, please. ______

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C.I’ll take all the three shirts, please. ______

d) Who said that?

A.It was her. ____________

B.Her. _________________

С. She did. ______________

D.She. ________________

e) Which of these are your suitcases?

A.They’re the blue suitcases with the red straps. ______

B.They’re the blue ones with the red straps. _______

C.They’re the blue with the red straps. _______

Ex. 34. Choose the correct form of pronouns in brackets.

1)What number is the bus? It’s so far that I can’t see (it’s/its/it) sign.

2)They don’t need to drive to (their/them/theirs) office. They live near (it/it’s/its).

3)Look at (me/my/mine) new watch. Do you like (it/its/it’s)?

4)These files are (hers/her). Give (them/their/theirs) to (hers/her).

5)Do you like (you/your/yours) new car? – Oh, (its/it/it’s) has never let me down yet.

6)(Theirs/their/them) work is much more difficult than (you/your/yours) or (me/my/mine).

7)Why are (your/yours/you) sitting here? It’s not (your/you/yours) desk, it’s (me/my/mine).

8)This tape recorder of (her/hers/she) is always out of order. – But so is (you/your/yours).

9)She has not read a line of (you/your/yours), how can she criticize (you/your/yours) book?

10)The clock has stopped. Something may be wrong with (its/it/it’s)

spring.

11)Do you know (something/anything/any) about this country?

12)We couldn’t find our dog (anywhere/somewhere/nowhere).

13)I looked through (some/any/no) magazines, but couldn’t find this arti-

cle.

14)I can find (everybody/nobody/somebody) to help me.

15)(Nobody/everybody/somebody) can answer your question. (Its/It/It’s) very difficult.

Ex. 35. Translate into English.

1) Почему некоторые студенты делают намного больше ошибок, чем другие? 2) Заходите как-нибудь на следующей неделе, и мы обсудим еще несколько таких вопросов. 3) Методы обучения родному языку несколько отличаются от методов обучения другим языкам. 4) Кто-нибудь из

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ваших студентов уже сдал все экзамены? – Только некоторые студенты. 5) Если хочешь застать кого-нибудь дома, приходи в любой день после 5. В это время всегда кто-нибудь дома, если только не случится что-нибудь непредвиденное. 6) Каждый участник конференции получил отдельное приглашение. 7) Это были самые счастливые мои годы. Я хорошо помню каждый свой день. 8) У меня, к сожалению, нет такой книги, но есть много других. 9) Не могли бы вы мне дать какие-нибудь книги на эту тему? – К сожалению, у нас нет никаких книг на эту тему. 10) в комнате пахнет дымом. Здесь кто-то курил? 11) После меня пришло еще несколько гостей, каждый из них принес цветы. 12) На пляже было много народу: одни купались, другие загорали. 13) Несколько человек ушли, остальные решили остаться на ночь. 14) Он был слишком осторожен, чтобы с кемлибо об этом говорить. 15) Какой из этих двух словарей лучше? – Каждый хорош по-своему, один не хуже другого.

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST

1. Are the replies right – R or wrong – W?

1) My sister’s nearly as tall as me. ____ 2) My sister’s nearly as tall as myself. ____ 3) He hated ties because reminded him of his school uniform. ____

4) I picked up the coins and put it in my pocket. ____ 5) Have some olives. – No, thanks. I don’t like them. ____ 6) I burnt me on the hot pan. ____ 7) I burnt myself on the hot pan. ____ 8) Here’s ten dollars. Get me something to eat. ____ 9) He gave me money for lunch. ____ 10) He gave myself money for lunch. ____ 11) If you haven’t got a fresh chicken, I’ll take a frozen. ____

12) If you haven’t got a fresh chicken, I’ll take a frozen one. ____ 13) Which would you like? ____ 14) Which one would you like? ____ 15) This one looks the best. ____ 16) Either one will suit me. ____ 17) This small one looks the nicest. ____ 18) Are you going to stay here all the night? ____ 19) Are you going to stay here all the time? ____ 20) Everyone stood up. ____ 21) All stood up. ____ 22) All people stood up. ____ 23) I like all music. ____ 24) I like every music. ____ 25) She’s drunk every orange juice. ____ 26) She’s eaten all a loaf of bread. ____ 27) She’s eaten a whole loaf of bread. ____ 28) She’s eaten both the chops. ____ 29) Both children have gone to bed. ____ 30) Every children like ice-cream. ____

2. Which option(s) can complete these sentences correctly?

1)I like to spend time myself/by myself.

2)I can do it myself/by myself; I don’t need any help.

3)Peter has a room and Julia has a room. The children both have their own/themselves’ rooms.

4)I hope my new boss is a nice somebody/somebody nice.

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5)Would you like else something/something else to eat?

6)Yes, I fancy something sweet/anything sweet.

7)All/All of my friends like riding.

8)All/All of children can be difficult.

9)All us/of us can come tomorrow.

10)Mary sent her love to all them/them all.

11)There’s a meeting all/each/every six weeks.

12)He’s so selfish: he never thinks of others/another/others people.

13)She works here all the days/every day except Sundays.

14)Eating too much sugar is bad for you. Ask all/any/every dentist.

15)They/everybody/all say the police arrested my friends.

Литература

1.Грамматика английского языка: пособие для студ. пед. институтов и ун-

тов / В.Л.Каушанская, Р.Л. Ковнер и др.. - 5-е изд., испр. и доп.- Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2009.

2. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. A reference and practice book for

intermediate students of English. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

3. Кобрина Н.А., Корнеева Е.А. и др. Грамматика английского языка. Морфология Синтаксис. СПб.: СОЮЗ, 1999.

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MODULE 5.

THE VERB. THE TENSES.

Morphological and Syntactical Characteristics of the Verb

The Verb is a part of speech which denotes an action. It has following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood.

Verbs may be transitive and intransitive.

Verbs have finite forms (which can be used as the predicate of a sentence) and non-finite forms (which cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence).

According to their morphological structure verbs can be divided into:

a)simple (read, live); b) derived (undo, rewrite); c) compound (daydream);

d)composite (sit down, go away).

The basic forms of the verb in modem English are: the Infinitive, the Past Simple/Indefinite and Participle II: to speak - spoke – spoken.

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, all verbs are divided into 2 groups:

1)regular (by adding -ed - want - wanted);

2)irregular (sing - sang - sung, send - sent - sent);

3)mixed (show - showed - shown; sow - sowed - sown).

According to the syntactic function of verbs they are divided into notional verbs, auxiliary verbs and link verbs.

a)Notional verbs are those which have a full meaning of their own and can be used as a simple predicate (to read, to write, to speak);

b)Auxiliary verbs are those which have lost their meaning and are used as form words (shall, will, to do, to be, to have);

c)Link verbs are verbs which have lost their meaning to a smaller or greater extent and are used in compound nominal predicates (to be, to get, to become, to turn): The house was too big. It is getting dark.

Verbs can be transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs can take a direct object (to take, to give, to send). Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object (to laugh, to stand, to think, to

go).

Verbs can be terminative and non-terminative.

Terminative verbs denote an action implying a certain limit beyond which

it cannot go (to bring, to build, to take).

Non-terminative verbs denote a certain action which doesn't imply any limit (to sleep, to love, to be, to have, to work, to speak) (Каушанская, 2009, 75-

77).

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

The verb ‘to be’ in the Present Simple tense has the category of number and the category of person in the singular.

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The form of the Present Simple of other verbs coincides with the form of the infinitive without the particle to. In the third person singular the ending -s is added.

Spelling rules

After -s, -ss, -sh, -tch, -x, -z and after –o - es is added (he watches, he pushes, he does). Final -y is changed into -i if it is preceded by a consonant (study - studies).

The interrogative and negative forms are formed by means of the Present Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.

The use of the Present Simple.

We use the Present Simple to talk about things in general. It is used to denote:

1. customary, repeated actions: I usually go away at weekends.

The repeated character of the action is often shown by adverbials such as every day, always, often, usually, rarely, never, seldom, once a month, twice a week, three times a day.

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2. actions and states characterizing a given person: She sings well.

3. something that is true in general or universal truths:

The earth goes round the sun. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

4. actions going on at the present moment (with verbs not used in the continuous form: to be, to know. to like, to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, to belong, to consist, etc.): I (can) see a man in the street. This room smells.

5. a future action in adverbial clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as, if, unless, I’ll talk to him as soon as he comes.

But in object clauses the Future Simple is used: I don't know when he will come.

6. a future fixed and arranged action with verbs of motion such as to go, to come, to leave, to arrive (time-tables): The train leaves at 10 p m.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE. EXERCISES.

The use of the verb “to be” in the Present Simple

Ex. 1. Express surprise using the model: She is thirty. — Is she?

1. She is in her last year at the University. 2. Bill is the best football player in our school. 3. Tom has a new bicycle. 4. I have a new hat. 5. Jane isn't at school today. 6. It's ten o'clock. 7. They are my good friends. 8. I haven't got any camera. 9. I am absent-minded. 10. She has a good job. 11. We are married. 12. Maria is never late.

Ex. 2. Change the sentences according to the model:

A. Model: She is from Canada. — Tell (him, her) she is from Canada.

1. Jim is ill. 2. Her name is Mary. 3. Their baby is nice. 4. It is a fine plan. 5. Jack is late again. 6. It is his book. 7. Her son is twelve. 8. She has English books. 9. They have a nice flat. 10. It is a fine day. 11. She is not happy. 12. They are not at home. 13. She has no children. 14. We have no cat. 15. It is a good idea. 16. It is not warm today.

B. Model: Why is he sad? — Ask him why he is sad.

1. Why is Kate late? 2. Why is he pale? 3. Why is the day so long? 4. Why is his idea bad? 5. Why is their child ill? 6. Why is her dress dirty? 7. Why aren't they at school? 8. Why am I so angry? 9. Why aren't we happy?

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