English grammar for university students. Part 1. Учебное пособие

Ex. 10. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences with modals expressing obligation, necessity, and duty.

1. A man was slightly injured in the accident, so he didn’t have to/wasn’t to go to hospital. 2. We’ve got plenty of time. We mustn’t/don’t have to hurry. 3. Whatever you do, you don’t have to/are not to touch that switch. It’s very dangerous. 4. I don’t have to/mustn’t eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet. 5. Jack has got a beard, so he mustn’t/doesn’t have to shave. 6. The car park is free – you are not to/don’t have to pay to park your car there. 7. Caroline may have to/be to go away next week. 8. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We were to/had to take it to a garage. 9. Julia wears glasses. She has had to/has to wear glasses since she was very young. 10. When you come to London again, you have to/must come and see us. 11. Last night Don became ill suddenly. He was to/had to call a doctor. 12. You really are to/must work harder if you want to pass the examination. 13. I didn’t have to/wasn’t to buy butter; we still had about a kilo in the fridge. 14. You have to/must say “goodbye” when you leave the room. 15. Do we have to/ must walk faster? – Yes, we have to/must or we will be late.

Ex. 11. Complete the following situations.

A.An old woman is talking to a reporter from her local newspaper. She is comparing life today with the life in the past. Complete her sentences using don’t have to, doesn’t have to or didn’t have to.

1. We had to make our own fun in the old days. There wasn’t any television then. These days people …. 2. There’s so much traffic now. You have to wait ages to cross the road. In those days you …. 3. I had to work long hours when I was young. But children today have it easy. They …. 4. My father had to work in a factory when he was twelve. Just imagine! Today a twelve-year-old child .... 5. There’s so much crime today, isn’t there? People have to lock their doors now. It was better in the old days when people .... 6. We had to wash our clothes by hand. There weren’t any washing-machines, you know. Nowadays people .... 7. We had to walk long distances to school or work as there wasn’t public transport in our town and people didn’t have cars of their own. Nowadays people ….

B.You are going to travel by plane for the first time. You asked your friend who had travelled a lot about rules on the plane. He explained to you what you must or mustn’t do in the airport and during the flight.

1. When you arrive at the airport, first thing you … do is to check in. 2. Before getting on a plane you … show your boarding pass. 3. You … fasten your seat-belt during take-off and landing. 4. You … use the toilet during takeoff and landing. 5. You … block the aisle during the flight. 6. After landing

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you … stay in your seats until the plane has come to a standstill. 7. You … follow the signs during the flight.

Ex. 12. Complete the following sentences with modal verbs Must, Have to, Be to in the correct form to express obligation, necessity and duty.

1.I … see a doctor, I have fallen seriously ill. 2. I … break the window! I lost my key! 3. My eyesight isn’t very good. I … wear glasses for reading. 4. You ... lock the door when you go out. There’ve been a lot of break-ins recently. 5. Daniel … go to the bank. He hasn’t got any money. 6. I ... work late tomorrow. We’re very busy at the office. 7. You really ... hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late. 8. I ... put the heating on. I feel really cold. 9. She … move as soon as possible because she can’t stand the noise. 10. This coat is rather shabby. You … (not) wear it. I … buy a new one. 11. It is raining hard, the children … come indoors. 12. George can’t come out with us this evening. He … work. 13. I … get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7:30. 14. I made an appointment with the dentist and … come to his office at 2 o’clock sharp. 15. The agreement was that we … decorate the house and they were responsible for music. 16. They … meet me at the railway station, but they didn’t come and I … take a taxi. 17. It was later than I thought. So I … go immediately. 18. There was a lift in the building, so we … not climb the stairs. 19. I went to the bank this morning. There was no queue, so I

…not wait. 20. Sally is extremely rich. She … not work.

Ex. 13. Reword sentences using the modal verb Must or its equivalents.

1.My cough is getting terrible. It’s important to give up smoking. 2. We are obliged to learn the poem. It’s the task. 3. She doesn’t do the washing up. There is a dishwasher in the house. 4. There is no obligation to carry a driving license with you in England. 5. I needed money and sold my car. 6. She must be missing us, that’s why it will be good if we write to her more frequently. 7. It is obligatory for you to attend the meeting on Tuesday. 8. It was decided that we would meet at 5 p.m. at his house. 9. My mum has fallen ill, so I’ll take my younger brother to the kindergarten tomorrow. 10. The teacher ordered the pupils to learn the rule by heart. 11. One of the shop assistants has been fired, so under the circumstances Jane will work on Sunday. 12. Nick didn’t accompany Mr. Brown to the office as the latter knew the way. 13. I’m sorry, but in an hour I will be obliged to leave you. 14. As it was almost midnight, it was high time for me to go home. 15. The doctor has ordered to take mixture three times a day for a week.

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Ex. 14. Insert May or Must to complete the sentences expressing supposition bordering on assurance or uncertainty. Pay attention to the forms of the infinitives.

1.What are those people doing by the side of the road? – I don’t know, the

…be waiting for the bus. 2. Why didn’t Dave answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was at home. – He … have gone to bed or … have been taking the shower. 3. I can’t find my umbrella. – It … be in the car or you … have left it in the restaurant last night. 4. I can’t find Jeff anywhere. I wonder where he is. – He

…be playing tennis. He said something about it at breakfast. 5. They … have moved the statues on wooden rollers. The scientists are almost sure about it. 6. Do you know why Simon didn’t come to my party? – He … have fallen seriously ill; he complained of a sore throat yesterday. 7. I don’t know exactly, but he … have left school early because he didn’t like his teachers. 8. Diana … have forgotten to set her alarm clock last night, that’s why she overslept and was late for school. 9. Nowadays since there are a lot of tourists in this area, big hotels … be doing a tremendous business. 10. He had always admired French philosophers and it … have influenced his decision to get his PhD. 11. Her eyes are swollen. She … have been crying. 12. I’ve got all the right answers; I … be one of the winners! 13. Where is Sam? – I’m not sure. He … be having lunch. 14. She … have been proud of her victories, but I have never seen her boasting about it to her classmates. 15. They … have done nothing to improve the device. I can’t see any changes. 16. He … be reading a morning newspaper now; he always does it first thing in the morning. 17. The room is so clean. She … have cleaned it. 18. There is no doubt! The yacht … have cost her a fortune. 19. I haven’t seen her for ages. She … have changed since then. 20. Where is Valery? – I’m not certain. I think she … be playing squash. Let’s go and see if I am right.

Ex. 15. Reword the following sentences to speculate about the events using May or Must. Mind the forms of the infinitives.

1. Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure he is. 2. It is possible that we studied at the same school, but I don’t remember her. 3. Perhaps there was а chance for him to win the match. 4. I am perfectly certain he didn’t recognize you. 5. Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready. 6. I’m sure the question was too difficult for her. 7. Try this delicious drink: perhaps you will like it. 8. Why didn’t Nick ring us up? – It is possible that he forgot about it. 9. Perhaps she tried to enter the university, but failed. 10. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 11. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 12. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 13. Possibly Marry misunderstood you. 14. Possibly Ann returned very late last night. 15. Perhaps Nick has left his exercise book at home.

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Ex. 16. Choose the right option.

1. You don’t have to/mustn’t come to the meeting but it would help us all if you’re there. 2. I can’t get a connection on my phone. Can I/Am I allowed to borrow yours? 3. The rules say that you can/may only invite one guest to the club. 4. I must/have to stay on for a few hours because I’d rather work late today than over the weekend. 5. There’s a lot of noise coming from outside. Might/can I close the window? 6. In Britain many children have to/are to wear uniform when they go to school. 7. I’m afraid I can’t/mustn’t come tomorrow. I have to work late. 8. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he has to/is to work at weekends. 9. You can/must start saving money if you want to retire early. 10. Did they tell you that you may not /cannot come into this area? It’s restricted to staff only. 11. We arranged to meet at the theater. We had to/were to be there fifteen minutes before the concert starts. 12. I don’t want anyone to know. You cannot/mustn’t tell anyone. 13. He doesn’t have to/hasn’t to wear a suit to work but he usually does. 14. I can/am able to stay in bed longer tomorrow morning because I don’t work on Sundays. 15. Don’t make so much noise. We mustn’t/are not to wake the baby. 16. I can/could remember every teacher that has taught me since I was in nursery school. 17. If my friends want to know who won any race at any time, all they can/are to do is to ask me. 18. A teacher’s primary goal is to teach students the best they can/may about the things that are in textbooks and how to show respect to one another. 19. That can’t/mustn’t be he! The witness said the suspect was average size and he is really overweight. 20. It may/must have been him, but he seems to like cookies.

Ex. 17. Correct the mistakes.

1. I’d like to can talk Spanish more fluently. 2. In two months’ time you can drive really well. 3. I cannot get any more information about the case, but I kept trying. 4. She was a very strong swimmer and could save the drowning man. 5. I wasn’t able to swim when I was a child. 6. You may have told tell me you were sick. 7. Why were you playing so roughly with the little boy? You might hurt him. 8. We might not wear any accessories to school. It was prohibited by the school rules. 9. You can’t interrupt me every five minutes. 10. I don’t believe you! She couldn’t get a part in that film! She is not able to act at all! 11. I have won the competition. I can’t be happier! 12. May you give this package to Jane? – Yes. I’ll see her tomorrow and give it to her. 13. In the end, the policeman could catch the thief; he gave the bag back to the woman. 14. We hadn’t to rush. We had plenty of time. 15. You may have sent me at least a postcard. 16. The old lady must be a beauty once. Susy wished to see Mrs. Durley’s picture to find out if she was right. 17. Fetch me that cigarettecase, will you? It must lie on the salver in the hall. 18. Has he to measure temperature every hour to avoid complications? 19. She hadn’t to go shopping.

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Her husband wished to buy everything himself. 20. I don’t know what to do in such situations. I am to ask my mother for advice.

Ex. 18. Translate into English using the modal verb Can or its equiva-

lent Be able to.

1. Я не могу закончить работу сегодня. 2. У детей богатое воображение. Они могут легко придумывать разные истории. 3. Можете ли вы перевести это на французский? 4. Я думаю, что смогу помочь вам. 5. Он смог починить магнитофон сам. 6. Он не умел кататься на лыжах в прошлом году. 7. Вы могли бы поговорить с директором по этому вопросу? 8. Можно взять твой словарь? – Можно, он мне больше не нужен. 9. Я не смогу пойти в театр завтра, я буду занят. 10. Мы были рады, что смогли попасть на спектакль. 11. Она никогда не может прийти вовремя. 12. Кто может приготовить обед? 13. Можно мне посмотреть вашу работу? – Нет, она еще не готова. 14. Не могли бы вы зайти ко мне завтра вечером? 15. Кто знает? Возможно, это и правда. 16. Неужели я ошибаюсь? 17. Неужели он забыл это правило? 18. Не может быть, чтобы она была сейчас в городе! 19. Не может быть, чтобы ты знала всех людей в этом доме! 20. Не может быть, чтобы сейчас было всего три часа! Ваши часы остановились.

Ex. 19. Translate into English using the modal verb May or its equiva-

lent Be allowed.

1. Он, наверное, в читальном зале. 2. Можно мы возьмем Джека с собой на выставку картин? 3. Нет, малыш, зимой мороженое на улице есть нельзя. 4. Вы не могли бы продиктовать мне эту страницу? Можно, я посмотрю вашу фотографию? 5. – Мама, можно мне посмотреть этот фильм вместе с вами? – Нет, нельзя. Это фильм ужасов. 6. Ты мог бы быть более вежливым по отношению к старшим. 7. Мистер Браун, вы могли бы обсудить этот вопрос со мной для начала. Я всё-таки ваш начальник. 8. Майк, может быть, позвонит тебе завтра. 9. Твоя догадка, может быть, верна. 10.Теперь ты можешь всё рассказать своему другу. 11. Он сказал, что мы можем обо всем ей рассказать. 12. Директор сказал, что в пятницу они смогут уйти с работы пораньше. 13. Учитель сказал, что мы можем пользоваться только англо-английскими словарями на экзамене. 14. Сэм, ты мог бы предложить мне свою помощь. Почему ты этого не сделал? 15. Наверное, я забыла перчатки в такси. 16. Нам, наверное, придется перенести собрание с понедельника на вторник, т.к. директор еще не вернулся из командировки в Мюнхен. 17. Возможно, спектакль отменили потому, что продали мало билетов, ну или может, кто-то из актеров заболел. 18. Джейн разрешили сдать курсовую работу на неделю позже. 19. Мне разрешат завести собаку, как только я смогу заботиться о ней самостоятель-

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но. 20. Ты могла бы сказать мне о своей выставке одной из первых. Я же твоя лучшая подруга!

Ex. 20. Translate into English using the modal verb Must or its equiva-

lents Have to/Be to.

1. Я должна купить торт сегодня. 2. Нам придётся завтра отказаться от пикника и остаться дома, т.к. синоптики передают дождь с грозой. 3. Если сестра не купит кофе, мне придется идти в магазин самой. 4. Мне пришлось прочесть массу книг, когда я готовилась к докладу. 5. Она должна уехать завтра, не так ли? 6. Я должен пойти туда немедленно. 7. Надо мне идти туда сейчас? 8. Они, скорее всего, правы. 9. Дети должны ложиться спать не позднее 10 часов. 10. Мы должны купить билеты на поезд заранее. 11. Я должен сделать это сегодня? – Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите. 12. Мне нужно переписать всю работу или мне можно только исправить ошибки? 13. Он, должно быть, попал в пробку. Сейчас как раз час пик. 14. Они сейчас в Греции. Они наверняка наслаждаются теплым морем и солнцем. 15. Он, вероятно, не успел закончить работу к пятнице, и был вынужден потратить на неё все выходные. 16. По контракту строительная компания должна закончить строительство дома в 2016 году. 17. Кто из вас должен был принести документы и не принес? 18. Выбора не было и им пришлось согласиться с их деловым предложением. 19. Я никак не могу найти её дом. Должно быть, она дала мне неправильный адрес. 20. Концерт должен был состояться в субботу, не так ли?

Task 21. Insert correct modals (сan, may, must, be able to, be allowed, have to).

1. You ... not come to help them tomorrow: the work is already done. 2. You ... not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You ... only rewrite the second part. 3. ... you help me now? – I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about eight, and I ...

help you. 4. John ... not tell us the rules of the game: he didn’t know them either. 5. ... I return the book to you on Friday? I am afraid I ... not finish it before. – No, that is too late. You ... bring it to me not later than Wednesday. 6. It

long time. 9. If you want to improve your English, you ... work very hard. 10.

at home for a day or two. 12. There is something wrong with your televisionset. You ... call a repair-man. – It’s not necessary. My brother ... fix it himself.

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13. ... we bring these text-books every day? – No, you ... not: you ... borrow them from the library. 14. ... you go to the country with us? – No, I am afraid I

too heavy, so we … ask the workers to help. 18. When ... you come to see us?

– I ... come only on Sunday. 19. ... you cut something without a knife? 20. Peter, you ... return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 21. Why ... not you understand it? It is so easy. 22. ... we do the exercise at once? – Yes, you

.... 23. ... you pronounce this sound, please? 24. One … go through and pass a series of courses and tests in order to become a teacher. 25. Romney … have won the 2012 election if he had responded. 26. McCain … not have won the election! I don’t believe it! 27. … she be still borrowing money from her friends? 28. George parked his car in the wrong place and … pay a parking fine. 29. Those students who failed the test … come and rewrite it on Monday. 30. These days children … do what they like.

Task 22. Insert modals from the list into spaces. You can use each modal verb as many times as it is indicated in the brackets.

INSECTS.

Can (5), Can/may (6), Need (1), Don’t have to (1), Have to (1), Must (2)

Most people don’t like insects very much. We do everything we (1) ___ get rid of insects in our houses and gardens. But actually, some insects (2) ___be very useful to people. You (3) ___ be surprised to learn that today insects are used in many unusual ways. For example, they are very useful in medicine. Maggots are now used regularly in hospitals. When people get a very bad injury on their body, the dead skin (4) ___ be removed. Maggots (5) ___ eat the dead skin around the injury only making the injury very clean. So many hospitals keep a supply of maggots for this purpose.

Mosquitoes (6) ___ also be very useful. People, who live very far away from the doctor, (7) ___ fall ill and (8) ___ medicine. Now they (9) ___ travel a large distance to solve their medical problems. Doctors give the medicine to mosquitoes that (10) ___ fly far away, bite people and give them medicine.

Fireflies are also significant in the world of medicine and science. Everyone knows that fireflies (11) ___ shine like fire at night. It is possible because there is a special chemical inside them. This chemical (12) ___ be removed from a firefly’s body and used for medical tests and generic engineering experiments.

The termite (13) ___ also be mentioned among useful insects. In many countries where poor people don’t get enough protein to eat, scientists (14)

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___ use termites to make protein that (15) ___ be added to food. This way, many people (16) ___ receive protein that doesn’t cost very much.

CHEVALIER DE SEINGALT

Must (4) Could (2) Can’t (1) Couldn’t (2) Had to (1) Have had to (1)

Toward the end of his life, Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. Since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the XVIII century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. “Chevalier (1) ___ have distorted or invented many events in his memoir. He (2) ___ make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was”, - they say with assurance.

For example, critics note that in 1760, while living in Switzerland, Chevalier (3) ___ have been very wealthy as he himself claimed because there is evidence that he borrowed money from a Swiss merchant at that time. So if Chevalier had been rich, he wouldn’t (4) ___ borrow money.

Critics also doubt the accuracy of the recorded in the memoir conversations between Chevalier and Voltaire. The memoir (5) ___ possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that Chevalier (6) ___ have remembered exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.

Critics insist that the memoir’s account of the Chevalier’s escape from a notorious prison in Venice (7) ___ be also doubted. (8) ___ he really have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof? Critics claim with strong probability that such a daring escape (9) ___ have been invented to make the reading enjoyable. They strongly believe that Chevalier’s jailers (10) ___ have been bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically wellconnected friends in Venice who (11) ___ have offered a bribe.

CONFUCIUS

Could (2) cannot (1) couldn’t (1) managed (2) must (4) should (2) are to be (1) were to be (3)

For over two thousand years Chinese life and culture were permeated by Confucius’s concept of government and his ideas about personal conduct and morality. Little in his childhood background (1) ___ predict the remarkable prestige that was eventually achieved by Confucius. Born in a small principality in northeastern China, he was reared in poverty and (2) ___ get formal education. But through diligent study he (3) ___ to become an educated and learned man.

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His most important teachings were gathered together into a book, the Analects, which was compiled by his disciples. The two cornerstones of personal conduct were Jen and Li. “Jen” (4) ___ defined as “benevolent concern for one’s fellow men”. “Li” is the term that (5) ___ be easily translated; it combines the notion of etiquette, good manners and due concern for virtue rather than wealth.

Confucius believed that respect and obedience (6) ___ owed by children to their parents, by wives to their husbands, and by subjects to their rulers. But he was never a defender of tyranny. One of his key political ideas was that a leader (7) ___ govern primarily by moral rather than by force.

It (8) ___ be said that at the time of his death Confucius (9) ___ have been a respected instructor and philosopher as his ideas were widely accepted throughout China. But in the 3-d century B.C. the ruler Shih Huang Ti decided that the country (10) ___ be reformed entirely. He ordered that all copies of Confucius’s works (11) ___ be burned.

Still some copies (12) ___ to survive the holocaust. A few years later Confucianism re-emerged and under the next dynasty, the Han, it became the official state philosophy. Throughout the next two millennia the commoners could enter the administration and achieve political power by passing the civil service examinations based on knowledge of Confucius classics. So the governing class of China was largely composed of men who (13) ___ study the works of Confucius and absorb his principles.

This enormous influence persisted until the 19-th century when the impact of the West created revolutionary changes in China. Then, in the 20-th century, the Communist Party seized power in China and decided that China (14) ___

be modernized and economic injustice (15) ___ be eliminated. So, radical changes in society (16) ___ be made. As the ideas of Confucius were highly conservative, the Communists made a major effort to eradicate his influence.

Task 23. Translate into English using the modal verbs Can, May, Must

or their equivalents.

1. Говорите громче. Ничего не слышно. 2. Мне надо приготовить салат на ужин. 3. Мне надо было сначала перевести статью. 4. Доктор, можно мне купаться в море? 5. Детям не разрешили пойти в кино вечером. 6. Он спросил меня, можно ли ему посмотреть этот фильм по TВ. 7. Я ничего не вижу на доске, так как в комнате темно. 8. Ты должен много читать по-английски? 9. Я нигде не могла купить эту книгу. 10. Сможет ли он перевести эту статью без словаря? 11. Он сможет скоро плавать. 12. Дети не должны играть со спичками. 13. Нам незачем торопиться, мы можем дойти до станции пешком. 14. Самолет должен подняться в воздух в час ночи. 15. Боюсь, я не смогу двигаться после такой тяжелой тренировки. 16. Могу ли я проводить вас домой? 17. Выбора не было, и ему пришлось

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согласиться на наше предложение. 18. Надеюсь, вам не пришлось долго ждать, не так ли? 19. Не надо переводить весь текст. Каждый должен выбрать 10 предложений. 20. На следующем уроке, возможно, у нас будет контрольная работа. 21. Доктор, можно мне купаться в море? – Нет, нельзя, вы можете опять заболеть. 22. Я должен быть там завтра. 23. Еще пару лет назад мой брат не умел говорить по-английски, а теперь он говорит и на английском, и на немецком весьма неплохо. 24. Вы можете показать мне свою фотографию? 25. Не может быть, что ему сорок лет: он выглядит гораздо моложе. 26. Не может быть, что он забыл прийти. Он, должно быть, был очень занят. 27. Я не могу найти свои часы. – Может быть, вы оставили их на работе. – Нет, я не могла оставить их на работе: я никогда не снимаю их с руки. 28. Вы сможете поговорить с ним завтра? 29. Я, должно быть, заблудилась. Вы не можете мне сказать, как пройти к Эрмитажу? 30. Я не мог вспомнить последние строчки сонета, и мне пришлось специально звонить своему другу. 31. – Не могли бы вы мне сказать, что здесь происходит? – Должно быть, полиция ловит опасного преступника, и поэтому здесь нельзя пройти. 32. Он мог бы объяснить с самого начала, как это важно. 33. Мы должны уважать своих родителей и заботиться о них. 34. Наверное, он сегодня не придет. Уже восемь часов, а он должен был прийти в семь. 35. Ты опять поправилась на три килограмма. Тебе никак нельзя есть сладкое! 36. Неужели он вас не понял? Не могли бы вы повторить свой вопрос? 37. Я должна перевести эту статью к понедельнику, но боюсь, что не успею. Она очень большая и сложная. 38. Ему пришлось ехать на поезде, т.к. самолеты не летали из-за забастовки авиадиспетчеров. 39. Ему разрешили гулять допоздна только после совершеннолетия. 40. Животных во многих зоопарках Европы кормить нельзя.

SELF-ASSESSEMENT TEST

1.Fill in the blanks with the correct modal verb.

1.There were so many questions he ... not answer.

2.It’s too cold. I … to close the window.

3. ... anybody explain this rule to me?

4.He said he ... to do the task by himself.

5.“I am afraid I ... go now,” he said.

6.Her English is very poor, she ... study very hard.

7.You ... to get up very early tomorrow. The only bus leaves at 6.

8.You ... take my book. I don’t need it now.

9.They ... know how to divide their time between studies and rest.

10.I ... not to write my test. It proved to be too difficult.

11.Laila … not swim when she was one year old.

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