English grammar for university students. Part 1. Учебное пособие
.pdfFlies, loaves, men-of-war, spoonfuls, women-doctors, feet, deer, swine, heroes, mice, donkeys, data, fathers-in-law, handfuls, stimuli, wives, boxes, ladies, solos, youths, lice, leaves, wolves, potatoes, teeth, geese, oxen, people, oaths, appendices.
Ex. 8. Give the following sentences in the plural. Remember to change the verb.
Pattern: This is a photo. – These are photos.
1. This is a hero. 2. This is a leaf. 3. This is a child. 4. This is a knife. 5. This is a toy. 6. This is a shoe. 7. This is a tomato. 8. This is a handkerchief. 9. This is a city. 10. This is a roof. 11. This is a key. 12. This is a box.
Ex. 9. Give the following sentences in the singular. Remember to change the verb.
Pattern: Those are teachers. – That is a teacher.
1. Those are girls. 2. Those are children. 3. Those are oxen. 4. Those are horses. 5. Those are students. 6. Those are postmen. 7. Those are mothers-in- law. 8. Those are passers-by. 9. Those are apples. 10. Those are wolves. 11. Those are maps. 12. Those are pencils.
Ex. 10. Give the following sentences in the plural.
Pattern: She is a housewife. They are housewives.
1.He is a hotel-keeper. 2. He is a man-servant. 3. She is a woman-doctor.
4.He is a schoolboy. 5. He is a postman. 6. She is a mother-in-law. 7. She is a judge. 8. He is a child. 9. He is a businessman. 10. She is a landlady.
Ex. 11. Choose the correct verb form.
1. Her information is/are correct. 2. These scissors is/are new. 3. The furniture is/are very old. 4. Some people is/are coming today. 5. Her clothes is/are smart. 6. His trousers is/are well worn. 7. Their advice is/are very useful. 8. The mice is/are caught. 9. Her hair is/are long. 10. The news is/are very interesting. 11. The police has/have already come. 12. The criteria is/are important. 13. My hair is/are clean. 14. Bad news don’t make/doesn’t make people happy. 15. There is/are a hair in my soup. 16. Knowledge is/are power. 17. I need my glasses. Where is/are the glasses? 18. There is/are a lot of sheep in the field. 19. The police wants/want to interview Fred about the accident. 20. Money is/are not everything. 21. Mathematics is/are an exact science. 22. Julia’s clothes is/are in her wardrobe. 23. Our team is/are the best. 24. Our team is/are playing well. 25. The United States have/has a violent history. 26. The geese is/are mine. 27. My family is/are in the kitchen. 28. His progress in sports is/are very good.
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Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Ее одежда очень красива. 2. Его волосы совсем темные. 3. Я купил эти часы вчера. Они очень хорошие. 4. Эти новости очень интересные. 5. Ваши советы очень полезные. 6. Кому принадлежат эти деньги? 7. Его одежда не новая. 8. Эти дети очень вежливые. 9. Где зубные щетки? 10. Эти часы отстают. 11. Математика – мой любимый предмет. 12. Где деньги? Они на столе. 13. Какие новости? 14. Я услышал хорошую новость. 15. Его успехи в спорте – очень хорошие. 16. Это важные сведения, не правда ли? 17. Я не собираюсь следовать Вашим советам.
Ex. 13. Remember the nouns that may be both uncountable and count-
able, but with different meanings.
wine (любое вино) – a wine (сорт вина, бокал вина) coffee (кофе вообще) – a coffee (сорт кофе, чашка кофе) speech (речь) – a speech (доклад)
work (работа) – a work (произведение) light (свет) – a light (фонарь)
nature (природа) – a nature (характер) decision (решимость) – a decision (решение) beauty (красота) – a beauty (красавица)
experience (опыт) – an experience (случай, переживание)
Ex. 14. Choose the correct variant:
1. There was (hard work/a hard work) to be done on the farm. 2. He spoke of the picture as (work/a work) of art. 3. We must live in peace with (nature/a nature). 4. Mr. Brown was a man of (decision/a decision). 5. We couldn’t come to (decision/a decision). 6. (Beauty/a beauty) is only skin deep. 7. She was (beauty/a beauty) twenty years ago. 8. Their journey was (exciting experience/an exciting experience). 9. No one can give you (an experience/experience).
Ex. 15. Insert: much or many.
1. ... people want to see this film. 2. He does not drink ... wine. 3. How ...
sheets of paper do you want? 4. Unfortunately we haven’t got ... time. 5. How
... does it cost? 6. Did you pay ... money for your watch? 7. We haven’t had ...
rain this summer. 8. How ... time does it take to go there? 9. How ... times have you been there? 10. How ... butter did you buy? 11. How ... apples did you buy? 12. He doesn’t eat ... fruit.
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Ex. 16. Insert: little, a little, few, a few.
1. It’s no use asking him about it. He has ... knowledge of the subject. 2. He had very ... friends (hardly any friends). 3. He had ... friends (some friends). 4. He drank ... water and felt much better. 5. There was very ... water in the glass, so he poured in some more. 6. ... people understood what he said (hardly any people). 7. The chairman said ... words (some words). 8. Hurry up! We have very ... time.
Ex.17. Translate into English.
1.Вы сделали большие успехи в своей работе. 2. У него мало друзей.
3.В этом лесу много оленей. 4. Листья уже жёлтые. 5. У меня масса работы сегодня. 6. Объясните эти явления, пожалуйста. 7. Экипаж гордился своим кораблём. 8. Он требовал массу внимания к себе. 9. Вы пропустили несколько занятий. 10. У меня очень мало времени. 11. Там росли незабудки. 12. Сколько у них детей? 13. Сколько стоят эти часы? 14. Не хотите ли несколько яблок? 15. В лесу много волков.
Ex. 18. Write the words in transcription:
Alice’s, the boy’s, Ted’s, a cat’s, a dog’s, a parrot’s, a doll’s, Kate’s, John’s, a son’s, mother’s, Mary’s, a sister’s, a pupil’s.
Ex. 19. Define the words according to the pattern:
Pattern: an aunt – my aunt is my mother’s or my father’s sister.
an uncle, a niece, a nephew, a grandfather, a grandmother, a sister, a brother, a sister-in-law, a brother-in-law, a stepmother, a stepfather.
Ex. 20. Use the nouns in the Genitive Case instead of the prepositional phrase:
Pattern: The daughter of Alice – Alice’s daughter The book of the pupils – the pupils’ books.
The birthday of my son; the ball of my brother; the questions of the child; the dog of our niece; the new tie of my husband; the little sister of Ann; the book of my nephew; the photo of her child; the face of the girl; the cassette of her elder brother; the grandchildren of Andrew; the car of the businessman; the title of the book; the economy of the country; the decision of the government; the reign of Queen Elizabeth II; the death of Princess Diana; the dog of the lady next door; the wedding of Tom and Jane; the brother of Shelly and Don; the dog of Nick and Jane; the works of K. Marx; the toys of my children; the bedroom of my sisters; the house of my brother-in-law; the hobby of my wife; the car of the Millers; the photo of her boyfriend; the umbrella of Professor Jones; the clothes of the boys; the parents of the girls; the conclusions of the experts;
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the dictionaries of the students; the letters of my friends; the houses of my relatives.
Ex. 21. Translate into Russian:
the women’s hats, the Smiths’ bedroom, my friend’s father, the horse’s leg, my brother-in-law’s library, Peter and Helen’s flat, the children’s mother, Jack’s friend, my sister’s husband, the boys’ books; Ann and John’s course books; Jack and Jill’s weeding; Mr. and Mrs. Smith’s house; Frieda and Elton’s father; Mart and Brad’s car; Don and Eliza’s children; Chris and Jane’s daughter; Mike and Adam’s parents; Alice and Nick’s letters; Bill and Kate’s grandchildren,; the Queen Mother’s birthday; the Lord Mayor of London’s speech.
Ex. 22. Translate into English:
Друг Петра, комната друга, комнаты девочек, книги друга моего сына, учитель ее дочери, сумка моей мамы, старшая сестра Марии, новая книга этого писателя, игрушка ребенка, ответ студента.
Ex. 23. Translate into Russian:
at the baker’s, at the chemist’s, at the butcher’s, at the greengrocer’s, at the jeweler’s, at the hairdresser’s, at the dentist’s, at the doctor’s, at the tailor’s.
Ex. 24. Answer the following questions:
1. What can we buy at the baker’s (at the greengrocer’s, at the jeweler’s, at the butcher’s, at the chemist’s)? 2. Do you often go to the hairdresser’s? 3. Is it necessary to go to the dentist’s? Why? 4. Where do you stay in Moscow? 5. Where would you like to stay in London?
Ex. 25. Insert the nouns or noun phrases in the Genitive (Possessive) Case.
1. In Moscow I stayed ... 2. I buy cabbage ... 3. He buys bread ... 4. We buy medicine ... 5. They were married ... 6. We buy meat ... .7. I often go to ... to look smart.
Choose from: at St. Stephen’s, at the butcher’s, at aunt Jane’s, at the baker’s, at the greengrocer’s, the hairdresser’s, at the chemist’s.
Ex. 26. Translate into Russian and explain the use of the Genitive Case:
1. He is a friend of my brother’s. 2. He is my brother’s friend.3. I like Burns’s poems. 4. Peter and Helen’s flat is large. 5. Yesterday’s TV program was very interesting. 6. It’s a good hour’s work. 7. There was a five minutes’
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wait. 8. Aunt Julia’s husband is a doctor. 9. Yesterday I dined at my friends’. 10. I often work in my brother-in-law’s library.
Ex. 27. Translate these sentences into English.
1.Это пальто его жены. 2. Это тетрадь Джона. 3. Подруга моей матери
–бухгалтер. 4. Чей это гараж? – Это гараж моего соседа. 5. Вы видели новый офис моего брата? 6. Это собака наших соседей. 7. Там лежат учебники студентов. 8. Это сумка моей тети. 9. Квартира моего друга на соседней улице. 10. Это книга моего коллеги. 11. Мне нравится квартира Анны. 12. Сын моей сестры хорошо играет на пианино. 13. Он дает уроки брату Ника. 14. Возьми тетрадь Макса. 15. Преподаватель вернул тесты студентов. 16. Чей карандаш на столе? – Нашего учителя. 17. Мне нравится новое платье моей подруги. 18. Есть ли ошибки в домашней работе моего сына? – Нет. 19. Дедушкины очки лежат на столе. 20. Машина Смитов – синего цвета. 21. Мой словарь хороший, но у Хелен – лучше. 22. Эта книга очень интересная, но у Макса – интересней. 23. Он не знает еще решения директора. 24. Это дом мистера и миссис Хопкинс. Он очень большой и красивый. 25. Тетя моей подруги Кэйт – очень известная художница. 26. Один из друзей Джейн – известный политик. 27. Ее друзей зовут Пэм и Джулия. 28. Чьи это диски? – Это диски Джейка и Элисон. 29. Это машина не моих родителей, это машина моего дяди. 30. Дети Дона и Аманды очень смышленые. Они знают много стихотворений
иинтересных историй. 31. По дороге домой я обычно захожу в булочную. 32. Раз в месяц я посещаю парикмахерскую. 33. Сынишка моей подруги Анны очень любит музыку.
SELF-ASSESSEMENT TEST
1. Choose the correct variant.
1. My hair is/are clean. 2. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine is/are not sharp enough. 3. Bad news don’t make/doesn’t make people happy. 4. There is a/is/are hair in my soup. 5. I don’t want advices/an advice/advice or help. 6. I’ve seen some comedies this month. Each was/were funnier than the last. 7. Knowledge is/are power. 8. I need my glasses. Where is/are the glasses? 9. There is/are a lot of sheep in the field. 10. The police wants/want to interview Fred about the accident. 11. Money is/are not everything. 12. Mathematics is/are an exact science. 13. The sunlit roves/roofs look wonderful. 14. It costs four hundred/ hundreds dollars. 15. Julia’s clothes is/are in her wardrobe. 16. Our team is/are best. 17. Our team is/are playing well. 18. The United States have/has a violent history. 19. The geese is/are mine. 20. My family is/are happy. 21. My family is/are in the kitchen. 22. The news is/are very interesting. 23. The police have/has already come. 24. The criteria is/are important.
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25. The information is/are correct. 26. The furniture is/are very old. 27. Some people is/are coming today. 28. The mice is/are caught. 29. Her advice is/are very useful. 30. Her clothes is/are very beautiful. 31. Where is/are the money? 32. What is/are the news? 33. His progress in sports is/are very good. 34. His trousers is/are well worn. 35. The scissors is/are very sharp.
2. Choose the correct variant.
1.Liz/the text-book: A) Liz’s text-book; В) the text-book of Liz; С) the Liz’s text-book
2.the roof/the house: A) the house’s roof; В) the roof of the house
3.the rabbits/the cage: A) the rabbits’s cage; В) the rabbits’ cage; С) the cage of the rabbits
4.our dog / a new kennel: A) our dog’s new kennel; В) a new kennel of our
dog
5.The Smiths/the car: A) the Smiths’ car; В) the Smiths’s car; С) the car of the Smiths
6. Charles/the book: A) Charles’ book; В) the book of Charles; С) Charles’s book
7.a bird/a nest: A) a nest of a bird; В) a bird’s nest
8.those men/the umbrellas: A) those men’ umbrellas; В) those men’s umbrellas; С) the umbrellas of those men
9.my parents/the friends: A) the friends of my parents; В) ту parents’s friends; С) ту parents’ friends
10.Tom and Alice/the car: A) Tom’s and Alice’s car; В) Тот and Alice’s car; С) the car of Tom and Alice
11.King Charles II/the portrait: A) the portrait of King Charles II; В) King Charles the Second’s portrait; С) King’s Charles II portrait
12.the title/the novel I lent you yesterday: A) the title of the novel I lent you yesterday; В) the novel’s I lent you yesterday title; С) the novel’s title I lent you yesterday.
Литература
1.Грамматика английского языка: пособие для студ. пед. институтов и ун-
тов / В.Л.Каушанская, Р.Л. Ковнер и др.. - 5-е изд., испр. и доп.- Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2009.
2.Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. A reference and practice book
for intermediate students of English. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
3. Кобрина Н.А., Корнеева Е.А. и др. Грамматика английского языка. Морфология Синтаксис. СПб.: СОЮЗ, 1999.
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MODULE 2
THE ARTICLE.
The Use of Articles with Class Nouns
General notion: The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns. There are two articles in Modern English: the Indefinite article and the Definite article.
The Indefinite article has the forms a and an. The form a is used before words beginning with a consonant sound (a book, a girl); an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (an orange).
The main meanings are: nominating (classifying), generic and numerical.
1. In its nominating meaning the Indefinite article names the object, refers an object to the class or group of objects of the same kind:
There is a book in her bag. She has a dog. A rose is a beautiful flower.
In the plural no article is used in this case: Roses are beautiful flowers. She has some dogs. There are some books.
In the classifying meaning the Indefinite article is used with a predicative noun: She is a singer. He was a poet.
2. In its generic meaning the Indefinite article shows that what is said of one representative of a class can be applied to all representatives of the class. The article has the meaning of “every”:
A library is a collection of books. A horse has four legs.
In this meaning the Indefinite article is often used in proverbs:
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
3. In its numerical meaning the Indefinite article preserves its old original meaning of “one”. This meaning is often found with nouns denoting time, measure, weight: A week passed. She bought a kilo of apples. They walked a mile.
The Definite article has one graphic form “the”, but it is pronounced in 2 ways: [рe] before a consonant sound and [рi] before a vowel sound. The Definite article has two meanings: specifying and generic.
We use the Definite article in the specifying meaning when:
1.the speaker and the hearer know what particular object is meant:
How did you like the film? I cleaned the car yesterday (=my car);
2.the object is mentioned for the second time: It is a book. The book is
interesting;
3.it is clear in the situation which thing is meant;
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Close the window. Shut the door. Pass me the salt;
4.there is a limiting attribute: There is the house that Jack built. The book we bought yesterday is very interesting;
5.the noun denotes a unique thing: the Sun, the Moon, the Universe;
6.we use “the” before same: Your dress is the same colour as mine;
7.with nouns modified by adjectives in the superlative degree: She is the
tallest girl in the group;
8. with nouns modified by ordinal numerals: He is in the first year at University.
The Definite article has the generic meaning when it denotes: 1. a thing taken as a type, a genre:
The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in Greece. The telephone was invented in the 19th century;
2. when it refers to a class of objects as a whole:
The tiger is a dangerous animal.
The Use of Articles with Material Nouns
1. With nouns of material used in the general sense, no article (zero article) is used:
Coal is black. Honey is wholesome.
2.When a definite part of the substance is meant (when the noun is modified by a limiting attribute or is made clear by the situation), the definite article is used:
The meat you bought yesterday is not good. Did you like the coffee we had after lunch? Pass me the sugar, please.
3.When an indefinite part of the substance is meant, some is used:
We bought some cheese and bread.
4. Nouns of material denoting different sorts or portions of material are countable and can be used with the articles according to the general rule, but this use is very rare (She always drinks a white wine. Could we have two coffees, please?).
The Use of Articles with Uncountable Abstract Nouns
1.When abstract nouns are used in the general sense, no article is used:
While there is life there is hope.
2.When an uncountable abstract noun is modified by a descriptive attribute in pre-position (which just narrows the notion of the abstract noun), no article is used. The following adjectives are always descriptive attributes: English,
French, racial, modern, Victorian, true, false, real, public, romantic, immense, etc. E.g.: modern art, English literature, true friendship, detective literature, immense success, etc.
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3. When abstract nouns are modified by a limiting attribute or when the situation makes the idea definite, they are used with the definite article:
The hopelessness of their efforts was disheartening. We like the English literature of the 19th century.
4. Abstract nouns can be used with the Indefinite article. In this case the abstract noun denotes a certain kind of a quality, feeling, state, etc. Her face expressed a calm dignity.
Some abstract nouns are used with the Indefinite article in set-expressions:
It’s a pity! What a pleasure to see you again.
The noun ‘memory’ always has a descriptive attribute:
You have a fine (bad) memory.
5.The following abstract uncountable nouns are never used with the indefinite article: weather, advice, news, knowledge, luck, traffic, progress, information, accommodation.
What nice weather we are having today!
6. Some abstract nouns function both as countable and uncountable: work, beauty, experience, time, nature, decision.
There is much work to do. |
It is a real work of art. |
He was a man of decision. |
He made a decision to leave. |
You will learn by experience. He had some strange experiences there.
The Use of Articles with Names of Persons
1.Names of persons are used without articles as a rule:
Mary is a student. She looked at Tom and Ann.
2.Names denoting the whole family are used with the definite article: The
Browns live here. The Dashwoods left for London.
3.When names of person are used to denote a representative of a family, the indefinite article is used: You are a real Domby.
4.Names of persons modified by a limiting attribute are used with the definite article: You are not the Daniel I met 5 years ago.
5.Names of persons used as common nouns take the article according to the general rules: You are quite a Monte Cristo.
6.Nouns denoting military ranks and titles such as academician, professor, doctor, count, lord followed by names do not take the article. Thus we say:
Mr. Johnson, Dr. Brown.
But: common nouns denoting professions followed by names of persons are used with the: The painter Shishkin has left many fine pictures.
7. Nouns expressing relationships followed by names of persons do not take the article: Uncle Robert, Aunt Jane.
Nouns expressing relationship not followed by names and the nouns baby, nurse, cook do not take the article if they are used by members of the family:
I’ll talk to mother.
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If other people's relations are meant, the article is used:
The daughter is as pretty as the mother.
8.No article is used with names of persons modified by the adjectives old, young, poor, dear, little, honest, lazy:
She is the sister of poor Robert.
9.Names of persons modified by the adjective ‘certain’ are used with the indefinite article: I heard it from a certain (некой) Miss Brown.
The Use of Articles with Geographical Names
1.Geographical names like all the other proper names are used without articles: England, Moscow.
But we use the in names with Republic, Kingdom, States: The United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Dominican Republic.
2.Geographical names modified by a limiting attribute are used with the definite article: It is the Moscow where I was born.
3.With the names of oceans, seas, rivers, canals we use the definite article:
The Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea.
4.Names of lakes do not take the article when the word lake is used: the Ontario – lake Ontario.
5.With the names of mountain chains the definite article is used, but with the names of mountain peaks no article is used:
The Urals; Elbrus, Everest.
6. With the names of groups of islands the definite article is used, but with the names of single islands there is no article:
The Bermudas; Madagascar.
7. The names of the following towns and countries are used with the definite article:
The Hague, the Netherlands, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Congo.
8.The names of the streets and squares are used without articles:
Oxford Street, Pushkin Street, Red Square; but: The High Street, The Strand.
9.The names of hotels, ships, newspapers are used with the definite article:
The Astoria Hotel, The Morning Star.
THE ARTICLE. EXERCISES.
Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences. Explain the use of the indefinite article.
1.She has a busy life. 2. He is a student. 3. Buy a pound of sugar, please.
4.An apple a day keeps wrinkles away. 5. I have a good library. 6. An hour and a half is enough for this task. 7. Let’s have a snack! 8. Can I have a cup of
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